填空题Cancer Cancer is a group of many related diseases that begin in cells, the body"s basic building blocks. The body is made up of many types of cells. Normally cells grow and divide to produce more cells as they are needed to keep the body healthy. Sometimes, this orderly process goes wrong. New cells form when the body does not need them, and old cells do not die when they should. The extra cells form a mass of tissue called a growth or tumor. Benign (良性的) tumors are not cancer. They can often be removed and, in most cases, they do not come back. Malignant (恶性的) tumors are cancer. Cells in malignant tumors are abnormal and divide without control or order. Scientists have learned that cancer is caused by changes in genes that normally control the growth and death of cells. Certain lifestyle and environmental factors can change some normal genes into genes that allow the growth of cancer. Many gene changes that lead to cancer are the result of tobacco use, diet, exposure to ultraviolet radiation from the sun, or exposure to carcinogens (致癌物) in the workplace or in the environment. Some gene alterations are inherited. Cancer treatment can include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy (化疗), hormone therapy, and biological therapy. The doctor may use one method or a combination of methods, depending on the type and location of the cancer, whether the disease has spread, the patient"s age and general health, and other factors. Because treatment for cancer can also damage healthy cells and tissues, it often causes side effects. Patients and doctors generally discuss the treatment options, weighing the likely benefits of killing cancer cells and the risks of possible side effects. Having cancer does not always mean having pain. Whether a patient has pain may depend on the type of cancer, the extent of the disease, and the patient"s tolerance for pain. Most pain occurs when the cancer grows and presses against bones, organs, or nerves. Pain may also be a side effect of treatment. However, pain can generally be relieved or reduced with prescription medicines or over-the-counter drugs recommended by the doctor.

填空题Research Shows Walking Can Lift Depression New research by German scientists shows that author Charles Dickens was onto a good thing when he took long, brisk walks to relieve periodic bouts of depression. The author of Oliver Twist and David Copperfield would walk for hours in the 1860s as an antidote to intense feelings of sadness which alternated with restless euphoria. (1) Aerobic exercise like rapid walking can be more effective at lifting depression than drugs, reported the scientists led by Dr. Fernando Dimeo. (2) The team found that in 10 of these patients drugs had failed to bring any substantial improvement. The team devised an exercise regime for the group that involved walking on a treadmill for 30 minutes every day. (3) The intensity of the training programme was stepped up as the heart rate adapted. A measurement of depression severity was taken at the start and the end of the programme, and patients were asked to rate their own mood regularly over a 10-day period. The researchers in Berlin found that after 10 days of the course six patients felt "substantially less depressed". (4) Two were slightly less depressed, while four others remained unchanged. Depression levels overall fell by a third and on the self-assessed scores by 25 per cent, said the researchers whose findings appeared in the British Journal of Sports Medicine. The study was small but the extent of the improvement was said by scientists to be impressive. (5) Nineteenth century doctors would have called Dickens's condition melancholia since the psychological condition of depression was unknown. Dickens biographer Peter Ackroyd says the author's son Charles remembers his father's "heavy moods of deep depression" and many times of "intense nervous irritability" , something modern psychologists would certainly recognize. A. The number included five who had not found any relief using drug treatment. B. Long and brisk walks are not necessarily beneficial to every person. C. They studied 12 people with severe depression that had lasted an average of nine months. D. The outcome indicated a clinical benefit which could not be obtained with pharmacological treatment currently available, they said. E. This is also the advice that experts from the Free University in Berlin are giving today. F. According to the regime, intense activity lasting three minutes was alternated with walking at half speed for three minutes.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Priscilla Ouchida's "energy-efficient" house turned out to be a horrible dream. When she and her engineer husband married a few years ago, they built a ＄ 100 000 three-bedroom home in California. Tightly sealed to prevent air leaks, the house was equipped with small double-parted (双层玻璃的) windows and several other energy-saving features{{U}} (46) {{/U}}. Priscilla's eyes burned. Her throat was constantly dry. She suffered from headaches and could hardly sleep.{{U}} (47) {{/U}}. {{U}} (48) {{/U}}. The level of formaldehyde(甲醛)gas in her kitchen was twice the maximum allowed by federal standards for chemical workers. The source of the gas? Her new kitchen cabinets and wall-to-wall carpeting. The Ouchidas are victims of indoor air pollution, which is not given sufficient attention partly because of the nation's drive to save energy.{{U}} (49) {{/U}}. "The indoor environment was dirty long before energy conservation came along," says Moschandreas, a pollution scientist at Geomet Technologies in Maryland. "Energy conservation has tended to accentuate the situation in some cases." The problem appears to be more troublesome in newly constructed homes rather than old ones. Back in the days when energy was cheap, home builders didn't worry much about unsealed cracks.{{U}} (50) {{/U}}. As a result, the pollutants generated in most households seldom built up to dangerous levels. A. The problem itself isn't new. B. Experts finally traced the cause of her illness. C. Problems began as soon as the couple moved in, however. D. They spent a lot of money on decorating the house. E. Because of such leaks, the air in an average home was replaced by fresh outdoor about once an hour. F. It was as tough she had suddenly developed a strange illness.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}} Trade Unions{{/B}}1 Some scholars have associated trade unions with the medieval craft guilds(中世纪的行会), but there are important differences between the two. The guild members were master craftsmen who owned capital and often employed workers. Unions are known as associations of workers with similar skills.2 In the past, individual workers had no control over the conditions of their working lives; political and economic power was concentrated in the hands of wealthy business owners. Workers found, however, that there was strength in uniting. From their earliest years, union objectives have been higher wages and improved working conditions.3 Employers resisted, of course. They made great efforts to stop union organizing its activities. Union members were fired, workers were forced to sign contracts in which they promised not to join a union, and companies hired strikebreakers (罢工破坏者) and even gunmen to frighten organizers.4 One of the earliest successful labor organizations in the United States was the Knights of Labor, founded in 1869. The Knights, which included both skilled and unskilled workers, attempted to organize all workers into one great union. After it successfully struck the Wabash railroad owned by Jay Gould in 1885, its popularity and power grew dramatically. In 1886 the Knights had 700,000 members.5 The decline of the Knights of Labor, however, came quickly. The strike against Gould was gradually broken, and the Knights' radical positions on social issues cost them public support. In the end, a lack of unity as well as the rapid inflow of unskilled immigrants weakened the union's economic power, and the organization came to an end.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有的位置，以恢复文章原貌。请将答案填在相应的横线上。 {{B}} Looking to the Future{{/B}} When a magazine for high-school students asked its readers what life would be like in twenty years, they said: Machines would be run by solar power. Buildings would rotate so they could follow the sun to take maximum advantage of its light and heat. Walls would "radiate light" and "change color with the push of a button". Food would be replaced by pills.{{U}} (1) {{/U}}Cars would have radar. Does this sound like the year 2000?{{U}} (2) {{/U}}. The future is much too important to simply guess about, the way the high school students did, so experts are regularly asked to predict accurately.{{U}} (3) {{/U}}But can they? One expert on cities wrote: cities of the future would not be crowded, but would have space for farms and fields. People would travel to work in "airbuses", large all-weather helicopters carrying up to 200 passengers. When a person left the airbus station he could drive a coin-operated car equipped with radar. The radar equipment of cars would make traffic accidents "almost unheard of". Does that sound familiar? If the expert had been accurate it would, because he was writing in 1957, his subject was "The city of 1982". If the professionals sometimes sound like high-school students, it's probably because future study is still a new field. But economic forecasting, or predicting what the economy will do, has been around for a long time. It should be accurate, and generally it is. But there have been some big mistakes in this field, too.{{U}} (4) {{/U}}In October of that year, the stock market had its worst losses ever, mining thousands of investors who had put their faith in financial foreseers. {{U}} (5) {{/U}}In 1957, H. J. Rand of the Rad Corporation was asked about the year 2000, "Only one thing is certain," he answered. "Children will have reached the age of 43." A. By carefully studying the present, skilled businessmen scientists, and politicians are supposedly able to figure out in advance what will happen. B. School would be taught "by electrical impulse while we sleep." C. One forecaster knew that predictions about the future would always be subject to significant errors. D. In early 1929, most forecasters saw an excellent future for the stock market. E. Everyone may look to the future for it is always promising. F. Actually, the article was written in 1958 and the question was, "what will life be like in 19787"

填空题A. if we can drive yield up B. when Mexico, China and India join in the project C. if we want to fight against malnutrition and poverty D. when we use modern technologies and develop new ones E. when the developed world help the developing world F. when strategic research can be utilized worldwide

填空题下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 Vision Human vision like that of other primates(灵长类) has evolved in an arboreal(丛林) environment. {{U}}(46) {{/U}} In the course of evolution, members of the primate line have acquired large eyes while the nose has shrunk. {{U}}(47) {{/U}}Of mammals(哺乳动物) only humans and some primates enjoy color vision. {{U}}(48) {{/U}} Horses live in a single-color world. Light visible to human eyes, however, occupies only a very narrow band in the whole electro magnetic spectrum(光谱). Ultraviolet rays(紫外线)are invisible to humans though ants and honey bees are sensitive to them. {{U}}(49) {{/U}} The world would look terribly different if human eyes were sensitive to infrared radiation(红外线). Then instead of the darkness of night, we would be able to move easily in a strange shadow less world. {{U}}(50) {{/U}} The color sensitivity of normal human vision is rarely surpassed even by complicated technical devices. A. Humans have no direct perception of infrared rays. B. In the dense complex world of a tropical forest, it is more important to see well than to de velop an acute sense of smell. C. That gives the eye a wilder view. D. The red flag is black to the bull. E. There are different mammals in tropical forest. F. In this world, objects glowed with varying degrees of intensity.

填空题Surgery Involving the Heart 1. The heart-lung machine (pump-oxygenator) is a valuable addition to the modem operating room. This machine has made it possible to perform many operations on the heart and other thoracic organs which could not otherwise be done. There are several types of machines in use, all of which serve as a temporary substitute for the patient's heart and lungs. 2. The machine siphons off the blood from the large vessels entering the heart on the right side so that no blood passes through the heart and lungs. The blood is returned to the general circulation for body distribution through one of the large arteries. While passing through the machine, the blood is oxygenated by means of an oxygen inlet, and carbon dioxide is removed by various chemical means. These are the processes that normally take place between the blood and the air in the lung tissue. While in the machine, the blood is also "defoamed" to be sure that all air bubbles are removed, since such bubbles could be fatal to the patient by obstructing blood vessels. An electric motor in the machine serves as a pump during the surgical procedure to distribute the processed blood throughout the body by means of the artery mentioned above. 3. Diseased valves may become deformed and scarred from endocarditis so that they are ineffective and often obstructive. In some cases a special small knife can be inserted into the heart chamber and the valve can be cut so that it no longer obstructs the blood flow. The valve may even become partially functional. In other cases there may be so much damage that replacement is the only resort. Substitute valves made of plastic materials have proved to be a lifesaving measure for many patients. Very thin butterfly valves made of dacron or other synthetic material have also been successfully used. 4. Artificial hearts or parts of hearts designed to assist the ventricles in their pumping function have not proved as successful as the artificial valves. However, research continues and it is quite possible that an effective device may soon be ready for use. More spectacular is the transplantation of a human heart from the body of a person who has recently died. Tissues of the donor and the recipient should be as closely matched as possible to avoid rejection by the recipient's antibody mechanism. This rejection syndrome is the most serious problem related to heart transplants.

填空题 阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)1～4题要求从所给的6个选项中为第 2～5段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第5～8题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确的选项，分别完成每个句子。请将答案写在相应的位置上。 {{B}} Caring for the Old{{/B}} The old do not have to look exclusively to the past. Relieved of some of life's responsibilities and fortified by many years of experience and knowledge, they may have a much better idea of how to spend their time enjoyably than they did in their youth. And not all enjoyment is restricted to the mental or philosophical. Healthy physical activity remains quite possible for most of us well into our later years. Old people sometimes display surprising freedom and forthrightness in the expression of their thoughts and feelings, and an ability to transmit affection. It is as though some of the rituals which constrict us in earlier life fall away. But a higher percentage of people suffer from emotional distress in old age than at any other time in adult life, and the gap between need and care is often filled by dubious measures, such as heavy-handed prescription of medicine. For many years it was assumed that old people were not appropriate candidates for psychotherapy. But a few clinicians have risen to the challenge and discovered that individual and group psychotherapy is just as effective with the old as with the young. It is easy to understand why an earthquake causes terror. Yet in old age there may be terror of a very private nature, a sense of disintegration sometimes stemming from inner conflicts, sometimes from a premonition of death or the fear of becoming dependent. Dependency is a grim choice: insecurity and deprivation must be weighed against loss of autonomy and integrity. But if there is nothing shameful about the dependency of a baby or a young child, there should be nothing shameful about the dependencies natural with old age and diminishing physical resources. The complexity and impersonality of the bureaucratic establishments, which have the means to provide help, are often threatening to old people. The younger generation today, on the other hand, will have had many decades to interact with "the system" by the time they reach old age. Many of us, including healthcare providers, assume that we know what old people and dying people want, but our assumptions are often a reflections of our won thoughts and feelings based on personal interpretations of scanty bits of observation. Such assumptions are really an excuse to avoid close contact with the terminally ill. Assuming we "know" what they want, we observe ourselves from being with them, and sharing their thoughts about the end of life. We sometimes assume, wrongly, that old people are too confused or senile to be aware of the nearness of death. In consequence, communication between a dying and others is subject to extraordinary omissions and distortions. "Protecting" the dying from knowledge of their condition often serves to protect us from the uncomfortable prospect of talking about dying and death. Evasions like this only lead to increasing isolation at a time when emotional honesty and understanding are most needed.

填空题 下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 {{B}}The Value of Motherhood{{/B}} In shopping malls, the assistants try. to push you into buying "a gift to thank her for her unselfish love". When you log onto(登录的)website, a small pop-up(弹出式菜单) invites you to book a bouquet(花束) for her. {{U}}(46) {{/U}} The American version of Mother's Day was thought up as early as 1905, by Anna Jarvis, as a way of recognizing the real value of motherhood. The popularity of Mother's Day around the world suggests that Jarvis got all she wanted. In fact, she got more —enough to make her horrified. {{U}} (47) {{/U}}They buy, among other things, 132 million cards. Mother's Day is the No.1 holiday for flower purchases. Then there are the various commodities, ranging from jewelry and clothes to cosmetics and washing powder, that take advantage of the promotion opportunities. Because of this, Jarvis spent the last 40 years of her life trying to stop Mother's Day. One protest against the commercialization(商品化) Mother's Day even got her arrested—for disturbing the peace, interestingly. {{U}} (48) {{/U}}As Ralph Fevre, a reporter at the UK newspaper The Guardian, observe, traditionally "motherhood is something that we do because we think it's right." But in the logic of commercialism, people need something in exchange for their time and energy. A career serves this purpose better. In addition, women are being encouraged to pursue any career they desire. So they work hard and play hard.{{U}} (49) {{/U}} {{U}} (50) {{/U}}According to The Guardian; there are twice as many child-free young women as there were a generation ago. Or, they put off the responsibility of parenting until later in their lives. So, Fevre writes that the meaning of celebrating Mother's Day needs to be updated; "It is to persuade people that parenting is a good idea and to honor people for their attempt to be good people." A. Commercial warmth and gratitude are the atmosphere being spread around for this special Sunday in May. B. But what's mote, commercialism changes young people's 'attitude towards motherhood. C. Obviously, the best girl will be a phone call or a visit. D. According to a research by the US card company Hallmark, 96 percent of American consumers celebrate the holiday. E. As a result, motherhood has suffered a huge drop in status since the 1950s. F. Becoming a mother, however, inevitably handicaps career anticipation.

填空题 Optimists Really Do Live Longer, Say Scientists 1 For the philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer optimism was fundamentally wrong, banal and corrupting while the father of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud simply declared it to be neurotic. 2 Experience shows that looking on the bright side of life does have advantages and recent scientific evidence points to the positive mindset as being beneficial to health. In other words, optimists live longer. 3 That was the conclusion reached by experts at the Mayo Clinic in the US State of Minnesota who evaluated answers given by people to a set of questions in the 1960s. Of the 729 candidates, 200 had died and according to scientists, there were a disproportionate number of pessimists among them. 4 Ten points more on the pessimism scale—that was the difference between "slightly pessimistic" and "averagely pessimistic"—were enough to boost a person's chances of dying by 19 percent, according to the study by prominent psychologist Martin Seligman of the University of Pennsylvania. 5 The study does not say why pessimists die. But an older survey taken among children in San Francisco and Los Angeles makes it clear that personal attitude towards the world is a key factor in the longevity equation. 6 The latest evidence to support the theory that optimists tend to cope better with illness of all kinds has been provided by Professor Ralf Schwarzer of Berlin's Free University who questioned 600 heart and lung patients. His conclusion: Optimists recover more swiftly from operations than their pessimistic counterparts, tend to be happier after treatment and return to work more swiftly. 7 There have been suggestions that optimists do not stay healthier but rather turn into optimists later because they enjoy good health. Numerous surveys have taken into account a person's state of health at the outset and the effect remains the same. 8 Studies have shown that optimists do not blind themselves to reality either. They thus interpret it in a positive way. "Sublimating and denying things tend to alter reality but illusions are a way of seeing reality in the best light," said Californian psychology professor Shelley Taylor. 9 German science journal Bild der Wissenschaft, which carries a major article on the topic in its current March issue, commented on "the right attitude" to having a tumor. 10 It seems psychotherapy can go some way towards extending the life span and life quality of a sick person although a complete recovery using psychological technique alone is unlikely. 11 Doctors like, however, to point to the example of US cycling professional Lance Armstrong, who was seriously ill with cancer, but whose unshakeable optimism helped him to take the top trophy twice at cycling's premier Tour de France. 12 The magazine also quoted a study by Sheldon Cohens of the Carnegie-Mellon-University in Pittsburgh: 420 volunteers were deliberately infected with strains of various common cold viruses. A day later checks were carried out to see who had caught a cold. 13 The results showed that in the case of people who had satisfactory, long-term relations with friends, neighbors or colleagues, the virus was less likely to trigger a cold. Of people with three or fewer firm relationships 62 percent became ill compared with only 35 percent of those who had six or more close human links.

填空题 阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有的位置，以恢复文章原貌。请将答案填在相应的横线上。 {{B}} Happy Birthday to You{{/B}} The main problem in discussing American popular culture is also one of its main characteristics: it won't stay American. No matter what it is, whether it is films, food and fashion, music, casual sports or slang, it's soon at home elsewhere in the world. There are several theories why American popular culture has had this appeal. One theory is that it has been "advertised" and marketed through American films, popular music, and more recently, television.{{U}} (1) {{/U}}They are, after all, in competition with those produced by other countries. Another theory, probably a more common one, is that American popular culture is internationally associated with something called "the spirit of America".{{U}} (2) {{/U}}. The final theory is less complex: American popular culture is popular because a lot of people in the world like it. Regardless of why it spreads, American popular culture is usually quite rapidly adopted and then adapted in many other countries.{{U}} (3) {{/U}}"Happy Birthday to You," for instance, is such an everyday song that its source, its American copyright, so to speak, is not remembered. Black leather jackets worn by many heroes in American movies could be found, a generation later, on all those young men who wanted to make this manly-look their own. Two areas where this continuing process is most clearly seen are clothing and music. Some people can' still remember a time when T-shirts, jogging clothes, tennis shoes, denim jackets, and blue jeans were not common dally wear everywhere. Only twenty years ago, it was possible to spot an American in Paris by his or her clothes. No longer so: those bright colors, checkered jackets and trousers, hats and socks which were once made fun of in cartoons are back again in Paris as the latest fashion.{{U}} (4) {{/U}}. The situation with American popular music is more complex because in the beginning, when it was still clearly American, it was often strongly resisted. Jazz was once thought to be a great d. anger to youth and their morals, and was actually outlawed in several countries. Today, while still showing its rather American roots, it has become so well established. Rock and roll and all its variations, country & western music, all have more or less similar histories. They were first resisted, often in American as well, as being "low-class," and then as "a danger to our nation's youth."{{U}} (5) {{/U}}And then the music became accepted and was extended and developed, and exported back to the US. A. As a result, its American origins and roots are often quickly forgotten. B. But this theory fails to explain why American films, music, and television programs are so popular in themselves. C. American in origin, informal clothing has become the world's first truly universal style. D. The BBC, for example, banned rock and roll until 1962. E. American food has become popular around the world too. F. This spirit is variously described as being young and free, optimistic and confident, informal and disrespectful.

填空题Health Education Health education is the part of health care that is concerned with promoting healthy behaviour. A person"s behaviour may be the main cause of a health problem, but it can also be the main solution. This is true for the teenager who smokes, the mother with the poorly nourished (营养) child, and the butcher (屠夫，卖肉的人) who gets a cut on his finger. By changing their behaviour these individuals can solve and prevent many of their own problems. Health education does not replace other health services, but it is needed to promote the proper use of these services. One example of this is immunization (免疫): scientists have made many vaccines (疫苗) to prevent diseases, but this achievement is of no value unless people go to receive the immunization. Health education encourages behaviour that promotes health, prevents illness, cures disease, and contributes to recovery. The needs and interests of individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities are at the heart of health education programs. Thus there are many opportunities for practicing health education. Health education is not the same thing as health information. Correct information is certainly a basic part of health education, but health education must also address the other factors that affect health behaviour such as availability (可获性) of resources, effectiveness of community leadership, social support from family members, and levels of self-help skills. Health education therefore uses a variety of methods to help people understand their own situations and choose actions that will improve their health. Health education is incomplete unless it encourages involvement and choice by the people themselves. Also, in health education we do not blame people if they do not behave in a healthy way. Often unhealthy behaviour is not the fault of the individual. In health education we must work with families, communities, and even regional and national authorities to make sure that resources and support are available to enable each individual to lead a healthy life.

填空题Weight Worries May Start Early for Slim Women There is a range of reasons why thin women think they're too heavy, but the distorted body image may often have its roots in childhood, the results of a new study suggest. Researchers found that among more than 2,400 thin women they surveyed, nearly 10 percent thought they were too heavy. (1) According to the study authors, led by Dr. Susanne Kruger Kjaer of the Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, society's "ideal" female body is moving toward an underweight physique. (2) To investigate body image among thin women, the researchers gave questionnaires to 2,443 women ages 27 to 38 whose body mass index was at the low end of normal. (3) Overall, almost 10 percent of the women thought they were too heavy. Those who reported certain "severe life events" in childhood or adolescence, such as having a parent become ill or having their educational hopes dashed, were more likely than others to have a distorted body image. (4) In contrast, traumatic events in adulthood, such as serious illness or significant marital problems, were not related to poor body image, the researchers report. (5) A. The same was true of women who started having sex or drinking alcohol when they were younger than 15 years old. B. Experiences in childhood, including having an ill parent, or starting to drink or have sex at a particularly young age, were among the risk factors for having a distorted body image. C. "Our results indicate that the risk of being dissatisfied with ( one's) own body weight may be established early in life, " Kjaer and her colleagues write. D. Research suggests that many normal-weight women wish to weigh less. E. If worries have altered your appetite or weight, it will help to talk to someone about it. F. The women were asked about factors ranging from childhood experiences to current exercise habits.

填空题 Smoke Gets in Your Mind 1. Lung cancer, hypertension, heart disease, birth defects-we are all too familiar with the dangers of smoking. But add to that list a frightening new concern. Mental illness. According to some controversial new findings, if smoking does not kill you, it may, quite litter, drive you to despair. 2. The tobacco industry openly pushes its product as something to lift your mood and soothe anxiety. But the short-term feel-good effect may mask the truth: that smoking may worsen or even trigger anxiety disorders, panic attacks and depression, perhaps even schizophrenia. 3. Cigarettes and mental illness have always tended to go together. An estimated 1.25 billion people smoke worldwide. Yet people who are depressed or anxious are twice as likely to smoke, and up to 88 per cent of those with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia smokers. A recent American survey concluded that around half of all cigarettes burn in the fingers of those with mental illness. 4. But the big question is why? The usual story is that the illness comes first. Mentally ill people take up smoking, or smoke more to alleviate some of their distress. Even when smoking seems to start before the illness, most doctors believe that early but invisible symptoms of the disorder spark the desire to light up. But perhaps something more sinister is going on. 5. A growing number of researchers claim that smoking is the cause, not the consequence of clinical depression and several forms of anxiety. "We know a lot about the effects of smoking on physical health, and now we are also starting to see the adverse effects in new research on mental illness," says Naomi Breslau, director of research at the Henry Ford Health Care System in Detroit. 6. Breslau was one of the first to consider this heretical possibility. The hint came from studies, published in 1998, which followed a group of just over 1,000 young adults for a five-year period. The 13 per cent who began the study with major depression were around three times more likely to progress from being light smokers to daily smokers during the course of the study, though there was no evidence that depression increased the tendency to take up smoking. But a history of daily smoking before the study commenced roughly doubled the risk of developing major depression during the five-year period Smoking, it seems, could pre-dateillness. 7. At first Breslau concluded that whatever prompts people to smoke might also make them depressed. But as the results of other much larger studies began to back the statistical link, she became more convinced than ever that what she was seeing were signs that smoking, perhaps the nicotine itself, could somehow affect the brain and cause depression. 8. One of these larger studies was led by Goodman, a pediatrician. She followed the health of two groups of teenagers for a year. the first group of 8,704 adolescents were not depressed, and might or might not have been smokers, while the second group of 6,947 were highly depressed and had not been smokers in the past month. After a year her team found that although depressed teenagers were more likely to have become heavy smokers, previous experimentation with smoking was the strongest predictor of such behaviour, not the depression itself. What is more important is that teenagers who started out mentally fit but smoked at least one packet per week during the study were four times more likely to develop depression than their non-smoking peers. Goodman says that depression does not seem to start before cigarette use among teens. "Current cigarette use is however, a powerful determinant of developing high depressive symptoms (症状)." 9. Breslau, too, finds that smokers are as much as four times more likely to have an isolated panic attack and three times more likely to develop longer-term panic disorder than nonsmokers. It's a hard message to get across, because many smokers say they become anxious when they quit, not when they smoke. But Breslau says that this is a short-lived effect of withdrawal which masks the reality that, in general, smokers have higher anxiety levels than non-smokers or ex-smokers.

填空题Earthquake 1. Every year earthquakes are responsible for a large number of deaths and a vast amount of destruction in various parts of the world. Most of these damaging earthquakes occur either in a narrow belt which surrounds the Pacific Ocean or in a line which extends from Burma to the Alps in Europe. Some of the destruction is directly caused by the quake itself. An example of this is the collapse of buildings as a result of the quake itself. Other damage results from landslides or major fires which are initiated by the quake. 2. These are about a million quakes a year. Fortunately, however, not all of them are destructive. The intensity of an earthquake is measured on the Richter Scale, which goes from upward. The highest scale recorded to date is 8.9. major damage generally occurs from quakes ranging upward from 6.0. 3. The actual cause of the quake itself is the breaking of rocks at or below the earth"s surface. This is produced by pressure which scientists believe may be due to a number of reasons, two of which are the expansion and contraction of the earth"s crust and continental drift. 4. In order to limit the damage and to prevent some of the suffering resulting from earthquakes, scientists are working on ways to enable accurate prediction. Special instruments are used to help people record, for example, shaking of the earth. Scientists are trying to find methods that will enable them to indicate the exact time, location and size of an earthquake. 5. Certain phenomena have been observed which are believed to be the signs of imminent earthquakes. These include strange behaviors of some animals, the changes in the content of mineral water, etc. The magnetic properties of rocks may also display special pattern before earthquakes happen.

填空题Hurricanes 1 Did you know that before 1950, hurricanes had no names? They were simply given numbers. The first names ware simply Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, etc. But in 1953, female names were given because of the unpredictability factor of the storms. In 1979, realizing the sexist nature of such named, the lists were expanded to include both men and women. 2 Hurricanes and typhoons are the same things. If they form in the Atlantic, we call these strong storms hurricanes, from the West Indian word hurricane, meaning "big wind." And if they are pacific storms, they are called typhoons from the Chinese tailfin, meaning "great wind." To be classified as a hurricane, the storm must have maximum winds of at least 75 mph. These storms are big, many hundreds of miles in diameter. 3 Hurricanes get their power from water vapor as it gives out its stored-up energy. All water vapor gives out heat as it condenses from a gaseous state to a liquid state over fixed points on the equator. To make a hurricane, you must have extremely wet, warm air, the kind of air that can only be found in tropical regions. 4 Scientists have determined that the heat given out in the process of water condensation can be as high as 95 billion kilowatts per hours. In just one day alone, the storm can produce more energy than many industrialized nations need in an entire year! The problem is that we don't know how to make such great energy work for us. 5 Predicting the path of a hurricane is one of the most difficult tasks for forecasters, it moves at a typical speed of 15 mph. But not always. Some storms may race along at twice this speed, then suddenly stop and remain in the same location in the ocean for several days. It can be maddening if you live in a coastal area that may be hit. 6 The biggest advance in early detection is continuous watch from weather satellites. With these, we can see the storms form and track them fully, from birth to death. While they can still kill people and destroy property, hurricanes will never surprise any nation again.A. A Short History of Naming HurricanesB. Harnessing the Hurricane EnergyC. Difficulty in Forecasting the Course of a HurricaneD. Huge Energy Stored in a HurricaneE. Forecast a Hurricane Through Satellite WatchingF. No Much Difference Between Hurricane and Typhoon

填空题The Value of Motherhood (母性) In shopping malls, the assistants try to push you into buying" a gift to thank her for her unselfish love". When you log onto a website, a small pop-up invites you to book a bouquet (花束) for her. Commercial warmth and gratitude are the atmosphere being spread around for this special Sunday in May. (46) The popularity of Mother's Day around the worth suggests that Jarvis got all she wanted. In fact, she got more-enough to make her horrified. (47) They buy, among other things, 132 million cards. Mother's Day is the No 1 holiday for flower purchases. Then there are the various commodities, ranging from jewelry and clothes to cosmetics and washing powder, that lake advantage of the promotion opportunities. Because of this, Jarvis spent the last 40 years of her life trying to slop Mother's Day. One protest against the commercialization of Mother's Day even got her arrested-for disturbing the peace, interestingly. (48) As Ralph Fevre, a reporter at the UK newspaper The Guardian, observe, traditionally "motherhood is something that we do because we think it's right. " But in the logic of commercialism, people need something in exchange for their time and energy. A career serves this purpose better. (49) So they work hard and play hard. Becoming a mother, however, inevitably handicaps career anticipation. (50) According to The Guardian, there are twice as many child-free young women as there were a generation ago. Or, they put off the responsibility of parenting until later in their lives. So, Fevre writes that the meaning of celebrating Mother's Day needs to be updated: "It is to persuade people that parenting is a good idea and to honor people for their attempt to be good people. "A. The American version of Mother's Day was thought up as early as 1905 ,by Anna Jarvis, as a way of recognizing the real value of motherhood.B. But what's more, commercialism changes young people's attitude towards motherhood.C. Obviously, the best girl will be a phone call or a visit.D. According to a research by the US card company Hallmark,96 percent of American consumers celebrate the holiday.E. As a result, motherhood has suffered a huge drop in status since the 1950s.F. In addition, women are being encouraged to pursue any career they desir

填空题下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2、4、5、6 段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。 More Than 8 Hours Sleep Too Much of a Good Thing Although the dangers of too little sleep are widely known, a new research suggests that people who sleep too much may also suffer the consequences. Investigators at the University of California in San Diego found that people who clock up 9 or 10 hours each weeknight appear to have more trouble falling and staying asleep, as well as a number of other sleep problems, than people who sleep 8 hours a night. People who slept only 7 hours each night also said they had more trouble falling asleep and feeling refreshed after a night's sleep than 8 hour sleepers. These findings, which DL Daniel Kripke reported in the journal Psychosomatic Medicine, demonstrate that people who want to get a good night's rest may not need to set aside more than 8 hours a night. He added that "it might be a good idea" for people who sleep more than 8 hours each night to consider reducing the amount of time they spend in bed, but cautioned that more research is needed to confirm this. Previous studies have shown the potential dangers of chronic shortages of sleep, for instance, one report demonstrated that people who habitually sleep less than 7 hours each night have a higher risk of dying within a fixed period than people who sleep more. For the current report, Kripke reviewed the responses of 1,004 adults to sleep questionnaires, in which participants indicated how much they slept during the week and whether they experienced any sleep problems. Sleep problems included waking in the middle of the night, arising early in the morning and being unable to fall back to sleep, and having fatigue interfere with day-to-day functioning. Kripke found that people who slept between 9 and 10 hours each night were more likely to report experiencing each sleep problem than people who slept 8 hours. In an interview, Kripke noted that long sleepers may struggle to get rest at night simply because they spend too much time in bed. As evidence, he added that one way to help insomnia is to spend less time in bed. "It stands to reason that if a person spends too long a time in bed, then they'll spend a higher percentage of time a wake. " he said. A. Keprike's research tool B. Dangers of Habitual shortages of sleep C. Criticism on Kripke's report D. A way of, overcoming insomnia E. Sleep problems of long and short sleepers F. Classification of sleep problems

填空题Stonehenge Stonehenge, the mysterious ring of ancient monoliths from the dawn of Britain's proud civilization, could be the work of a central European immigrant, archaeologists said not long ago in a shock statement. An early Bronze Age archer, whose grave was discovered near the stone circles last year, may have helped build the monument. (46) . Or he might have brought up in a region neighboring Switzerland, such as southern Germany or western Austria. The archer "would have been a very important person in the Stonehenge area," said Andrew Fitzpatrick, Wessex Archaeology's project manager, "It is fascinating to think that someone from abroad could have played an important part in the construction of Britain's most famous archaeological site." The 4000-year-old man was identified as an archer because of the flint arrowheads found by his body, along with other artifacts belonging to the Beaker Culture in the Alps during the Bronze Age. (47) . Though it could be coincidence that the man lived close to Stonehenge at about the time the great stones were put in place, archaeologists suspect that he was involved in constructing the monument. The archer, dubbed "The king of Stonehenge" by the British press, lived around 2300B.C., about the time the great stone circle was formed in Amesbury, 120 kilometers southwest of London. The splendid artifacts found in his grave indicated he was a man of wealth, leading archaeologists to speculate he was an important dignitary involved in the monument's creation. Stonehenge was built about the time the rich Beaker Culture came to Britain. (48) . (49) . He was strongly built but suffered an accident a few years before his death that severed his left knee caps. Truman said the cause of death was not known, but it could have been a bone infection caused by his leg injury. Archaeologists also found the grave of a younger man, aged 20 to 25, nearby. (50) . This indicated they were related and were possibly father and son. Tests on the younger man's tooth enamel showed that he grew up in Britain. The archaeologists thus speculated the archer lived in Britain for many years and had a family, and was not just passing through.A. And tests on the chemical components of his tooth enamel showed he grew up in the region that is now known as Switzerland.B. He and the archer shared an unusual bone structure in their feet.C. Stonehenge will remain mysterious for many centuries to come.D. The artifacts found in his rich grave discovered about 5 kilometers from Stonehenge indicated he was obviously a very prominent man.E. The archer was between 35 and 45 years old when he died.F. And people of that time would have been able to communicate in early Celtic tongues.