填空题Earth Angels 1 Joying Brescia was 8 years old when she noticed that cigarette butts (烟头) were littering her hometown beach in Isle of Palms, South Carolina. When she learned that it takes five years for the remains of a cigarette to disintegrate, she decided to take action. Joying launched a "No Butts on the Beach" campaign. She raised money and awareness about the need to keep the beaches clean. With the help of others, Joying also bought or received donations of gallon-size plastic ice-cream buckets. The buckets were filled with sand, and placed at all public-access areas of the beach. The buckets allowed people to dispose of their cigarettes before hitting the beach. Two years later, Joying says the buckets are full and the beach in nearly free of cigarette debris (残片). 2 People who live in or visit Steamboat Springs, Colorado, have Carter Dunham to thank for a new state wildlife refuge that preserves 20 acres of marshland and many species of wildlife. Carter and other students wrote a management plan for the area around the Yampa River. The plan was part of a class project when Carter was a freshman at Steamboat Springs High School. Working with the Colorado Division of Wildlife, Carter and his classmates mapped the area and species of animals living there. They also made decisions about, among other things, where fences and parking areas should be built. 3 Barbara Brown and her friends collect oil. It started as a project for their 4H Club after one of the girls noticed her father using motor oil to kill weeds on their farm in Victoria, Texas. They did some research and discovered that oil can contaminate ground water—a real danger in rural areas, where people live off the water on their land. The girls researched ways to recycle oil and worked with a local oil-recycling company on the issue. Now, the "Don't Be Crude" program runs oil-collection sites—tanks that hold up to 460 gallons—where people in the community can dispose of their oil. 4 Five years ago, 11-year-oId Ryan Hreljac was a little boy with a big dream: for all the people in Africa to have clean drinking water. His dream began in the first grade when he learned that people were dying because they didn't have clean water, and that as little as $ 70 could build a well. "We really take water for granted," says Ryan, of Kemptville, Ontario, in Canada. "In other countries, you have to plan for it. "Ryan earned the first $ 70 by doing extra chores (零工), but with the help of others, he has since raised hundreds of thousands of dollars. His efforts led to the start of the Ryan's Well Foundation, which raises money for clean water and health-related services for people in African countries and developing countries.A．Provide Clean WaterB．Dig Oil WellsC．Save Clean WaterD．Don't LitterE．Don't Be CrudeF．Protect Wildlife

填空题A) rarely is success so mysterious B) large rewards follow C) I eliminate the candidate D) we should drop them and move to something else E) judge the importance of every task F) because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal

填空题Global Warming 1 Smoke is clouding our view of global warming, protecting the planet from perhaps three-quarters of the greenhouse(温室)effect．That might sound like good news, but experts say that as the cover diminishes in coming decadeswe are facing a dramatic increase of warming that could be two or even three times as great as official best guesses. 2 This was the dramatic conclusion reached last week at a workshop in Dahlem, Berlin, where top atmospheric scientists got together, including Nobel prize winner Paul Crutzen and Swedish scientist Bert Bolin, former chairman of the UNS Intergovemmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 3 IPCC scientists have suspected for a decade that aerosols(浮质)of smoke and other particles from burning rainforest, crop waste and fossil fuels are blocking sunlight and counteracting the warming effect of carbon dioxide(二氧化物)emissions．Until now, they reckoned that aerosols reduced greenhouse warming by perhaps a quarter, cutting increases by 0.2.C．So the 0.6.C of warming over the past century would have been 0.8.C. without aerosols. 4 But the Berlin workshop concluded that the real figure is even higher--aerosols may have reduced global warming by as much as three—quarters, cutting increases by 1.8.C. If so, the good news is that aerosols have prevented the world getting almost two degrees warmer than it is now．But the bad news is that the climate system is much more sensitive to greenhouse gases than previously guessed. 5 those gases are expected to continue accumulating in the atmosphere while aerosols stabilize or fall, that means"dramatic consequences for estimates of future climate change", the scientists agreed in a draft report from the workshop.

填空题Virtual Driver Driving involves sharp eyes and keen ears, analyzing with a brain, and coordination between hands, feet and brain. A man has sharp eyes and keen ears, analyzes through his brain, and maintains coordination between his hands and brains. He can control a fast-moving cat with different parts of his body. 1 Apparently there isn"t anyone in the driver"s cab, but there is in fact a virtual driver. This virtual driver has eyes, brains, hands and feet too. The minicameras on each side of the Car are its eyes and are responsible for observing the road conditions ahead of it as well as the traffic to its left and fight. If you open the boot, you can see the most important part of the automatic driving system: a built-in computer. 2 The brain of the Car is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at analyzing their position on the road, choosing the fight path, and giving orders to the wheel and the control system. In comparison with the human brain, the virtual driver"s best advantage is that it reacts quickly. 3 , However, it takes the world"s best racecar driver at least one second to react, and this doesn"t include time he needs to take action. With its rapid reaction and accurate control, the virtual driver can reduce the accident rate on considerably. In this case, is it possible for US to let it have the wheel at any time and in any place? 4 With its limited ability to recognize things, the car can now only travel on expressways. The intelligent car determines its direction by the clear lines that mark the lanes clearly and recognizes vehicles according to their regular shapes. 5 This being the case, people still have high hopes about driverless cars, and think highly intelligent cars are what the cars of the future should be like. A. Experts say that we cannot do that just yet. B. In the near future, intelligent cars will be put into commercial operation. C. This is the brain of the car. D. But how does an intelligent car control itself? E. It completes the processing of the images sent by the cameras within 100 milliseconds. F. However, it cannot recognize moving people and bicycles on ordinary roads that have no clear markings on them.

填空题How to Get Along Well with Your Boss 1 Before you argue with your boss, check with the boss"s secretary to determine his mood. If he ate nails for breakfast, it is not a good idea to ask him for something. Even without the boss"s secretary, there are keys to timing: don"t approach the boss when he"s on deadline, don"t go in right before lunch, when he is apt to be distracted and rushed, don"t go in just before or after he has taken a vacation. 2 If you"re mad, that will only make your boss mad. Calm down first, and don"t let a particular concern open the floodgates for all your accumulated frustration. The boss will feel that you think negatively about the company and it is hopeless trying to change your mind. Then maybe he will dismiss you. 3 Terrible disputes can result when neither the employer nor the employee knows what is the problem the other wants to discuss. Sometimes the fight will go away when the issues are made clear. The employee has to get his point across clearly in order to make the boss understand it. 4 Your boss has enough on his mind without your adding more. If you can"t put forward an immediate solution, at least suggest how to approach the problem. People who frequently present problems without solutions to their bosses may soon find they can"t get past the secretary. 5 To deal effectively with a boss, it"s important to consider his goals and pressures. If you can put yourself in the position of being a partner to the boss, then he will be naturally more inclined to work with you to achieve your goals.

填空题 {{B}}Why Would They Falsely Confess?{{/B}} Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime? To most people, it just doesn't seem logical. But it is logical, say experts, if you understand what call happen in a police interrogation (审讯) room. Under the right conditions, people's minds are susceptible (易受影响的) to influence, and the pressure put on suspects during police grillings (盘问) is enormous.{{U}} (1) {{/U}}"The pressure is important to understand, because otherwise it's impossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn't do. The answer is: to put an end to an uncomfortable situation that will continue until he does confess." Developmental psychologist Allison Redlich recently conducted a laboratory determine how likely people are to confess to things they didn't do.{{U}} (2) {{/U}}The researchers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the "alt" key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility. Redlich's findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely confess: 59 percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed{{U}} (3) {{/U}}. Of the 15-to 16-year-olds, 72 percent signed confessions, as did 78 per cent of the 12-to 13-year-olds. "There's no question that young people are more at risk," says Saul Kassin, Professor at Williams College, who has done similar studies with similar results.{{U}} (4) {{/U}} Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire "interrogation" in their experiments consisted of a simple accusation — not hours of aggressive questioning — and still, most participants falsely confessed. Because of the stress of a police interrogation, they conclude, suspects can become convinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation.{{U}} (5) {{/U}} A. In her experiment, participants were seated at computers and told not to hit "Mt" key, because doing so would crash the systems. B. "In some ways," says Kassin, "false confession becomes a rational decision." C. "It's a little like somebody's working on them with a dental (牙齿的) drill," says Franklin Zimring, a law professor at the University of Calitbmia at Berkeley. D. "But adults are highly vulnerable too." E. How could an innocent person admit to doing something he didn't do? F. Redlich also found that the younger the participant, the more likely a false confession.

填空题You are advised to read something before you ______.

填空题A Strong Greenhouse Gas 1 Methane is a colorless, odorless gas; it is also a potent greenhouse gas, and once released into the atmospheres, it absorbs beat radiating from Earth's surface. That's why methane is a major contributor to the planet's increasing temperature rise or global warming. Molecule for molecule, methane's heat-trapping power in the atmosphere is 21 times stronger than carbon dioxide, the most abundant greenhouse gas. 2 With 13 billion cows belching almost constantly around the world (100 million in the U.S. alone), it's no surprise that menace released by livestock is one of the chief sources of the gas. Other prime methane sources: petroleum, drilling, coal mining, solid-waste landfills and wetlands. 3 Greenhouse gases like methane and carbon dioxide make up only a small part of Earth's atmosphere, which is 78 percent nitrogen and nearly 21 percent oxygen. And without greenhouse gases to trap the sun's heat and warm the planet, life as we know it couldn't exist. But in the last 200 years, human activity that requires burning oil, natural gas, and coal for energy has magnified the greenhouse effect. 4 Atmospheric concentrations of methane have more than doubled in the last two centuries. Blame for this often focuses on big industries and gas-guzzling vehicles. But agriculture plays a major role, too. In the past 40 years alone, the global cattle population has doubled. 5 Cows munch mostly grasses and hay yet they grow big and hefty. Why? Because of the rumen. The lumen holds 160 liters of food and billions of microbes. These microscopic bacteria and protozoa break down cellulose and Fiber into digestible nutrients. A cow couldn't live without its microbes. As the microbes digest cellulose, trey release methane. The process occurs in all animals with a rumen (cows, sheep, and goats, for example), and it makes them very gassy. It's part of their normal digestion process. When they drew their cud, they regurgitate some food to rechew it, and all this gas comes out. The average cow expels 600 liters of methane a day. That's why we say livestock gas is also a major factor of causing the global warming. A Life of Macroscopic Bacteria in Livestock's Rumen B Ways to Reduce Methane's Heat-trapping Power C Agriculture Also Contributes to Increased Concentrations of Methane in the Atmosphere D Why Livestock Releases Methane E Methane as a Strong Greenhouse Gas F Livestock as a Prime Factor of the Greenhouse Effect

填空题A．live a better lifeB．made up of more than 50 islandsC．have more farmlandD．not by the Parliament, but by the people E produce goods of various kinds F have a big population

填空题 A. since he returned B. that his teammates cannot help admiring him C. that he is often yelled at by the coach D. who can play basketball so well E. because he had been injured F. if Houston hopes to win

填空题Like fine food, good writing is something we approach with pleasure and enjoy from the first taste to the last. (46) Quite the contrary, just as the cook has to undergo an intensive training, mastering the skills of his trade, the writer must sit at his desk and devote long hours to achieving a style in his writing, whatever its purpose-school work, matters of business, or purely social communication. (47) There are still some remote places in the world where you might find someone to do your business or social writing for you, for a fee. There are a few managers who are lucky enough to have the service of that rare kind of secretary who can take care of all sorts of letter writing with no more than a quick note to work from. (48) We have to write school papers, business papers or home papers. We are constantly called on to put words to paper. It would be difficult to count the number of such words, messages, letters, and reports put to the mails or delivered by hand, but the daily figure must be enormous. (49) We want to arouse and hold the interest of readers. We want whatever we write to be read, from first word to last, not thrown into some "letters-to-be-read" file or into a wastepaper basket. (50) A. But for most of us, if there is any writing to be done, we have to do it ourselves. B. However, the managers may sometimes cause the writers a lot of trouble. C. Any good writers, like good cooks, do not suddenly appear full-blown (成熟的). D. What is more, everyone who writes expects, or at least hopes, that his writing will be read. E This is the reason we bend our efforts toward learning and practising the skills of interesting, effective writing. F You may be sure that the greater the effort, the more effective the writing, and the more rewarding.

填空题阅读下面的短文，文章中有5处空白，文章后面有6组文字，请根据文章的内容选择5组文字，将其分别放回文章原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。 A Heroic Woman The whole of the United States cheered its latest hero, Ashley Smith, with the Federal Bureau of investigation saying it was planning to give a big reward to her for having a brave heart and wise mind. {{U}} (46) {{/U}} She was moving into her apartment in Atlanta, Georgia early on the morning of March 12, when a man followed her to her door and put a gun to her side. "I started walking to my door, and I felt really, really afraid," she said in a TV interview last week. The man was Brian Nichols, 33．He was suspected of killing three people at an Atlanta courthouse(法院) on March 11 and later of killing a federal agent. {{U}}(47) {{/U}} Nichols tied Smith up with tape, hut released her after she repeatedly begged him not to take her life. "I told him if he hurt me, my little girl wouldn't have a mummy. " she said. In order to calm the man down, she read to him from "The Purpose-Driven Life", a best-selling religious book. He asked her to repeat a paragraph about "what you thought your purpose in life was, what talents were you given. " {{U}}(48) {{/U}} "I basically just talked to him and tried to gain his trust. " Smith said. Smith said she asked Nichols why he chose her. He said he thought "I was an angel sent from God, and we were Christian sister and brother. " she said. "And that he was lost, and that God led him to me to tell him that he had hurt a lot of people. " {{U}}(49) {{/U}} She said Nichols was surprised when she made him breakfast and that the two of them watched television coverage (报道) of the police hunt for him. "I cannot believe that's me. " Nichols told the woman. Then, Nichols asked Smith what she thought he should do. She said, "I think you should turn yourself in. If you don't, lots more people are going to get hurt. " Eventually, he let her go. {{U}}(50) {{/U}} a US $ 60,000 reward had been posted for Nichols' capture. Authorities said they did not yet know if Smith would be eligible (有资格的)for that money.A．The local police were searching for him.B．Smith is a 26-year-old single mother with a daughter.C．Smith tried very hard to kill Nichols.D．She even cooked breakfast for the man before he allowed her to leave.E. And the two of them discussed this topic.F. Then she called the police.

填空题Living Alone Is Joyful More and more Americans are living alone. Some live alone because of divorce or the death of a partner. 1 According to a recent U.S. census (人口普查), 25 percent of all households in the U.S. are made up of just one person. This is a dramatic change from the extended families of just a couple of generations ago. The typical person living alone is neither old nor lonely. 2 The majority of these people have chosen to live alone. They are responding to decreasing social pressure to get married and have a family. It"s now socially acceptable, even fashionable, to live alone. As people get better jobs and become financially independent, it becomes possible for them to maintain a one-person household. 3 However, people who do get married are marrying at a later age and divorcing more often. The number one reason given by most people for living alone is that they simply enjoy doing what they want when they want to do it. "Living alone is a luxury," says Nina Hagiwara, 33. "Once you do it, you can"t ever go back to living with others," David C" Debaca, 46, agrees. 4 Children think that being grown up means being able to do exactly as they please. 5 The chance to discover whether that freedom is as wonderful as it sounds is a chance more and more Americans are taking. A. There"s more pressure to get married nowadays. B. The growing number of women with good jobs has done much to increase the number of people living alone. C. However, even more people are living alone because they have chosen to. D. It seems that many grown-ups today are realizing that childhood dream. E. In fact, a quarter of the 23 million single people in the U.S. are under the age of 35. F. He says, "I like being by myself."

填空题Ford 1. Ford"s great strength was the manufacturing process—not invention. Long before he started a car company, he was a worker, known for picking up pieces of metal and wire and turning them into machines. He started putting cars together in 1891, although it was by no means the first popular automobile, the Model T showed the world just how creative Ford was at combining technology and market. 2. The company"s assembly line alone threw America"s Industrial Revolution into overdrive (高速). Instead of having workers put together the entire car, Ford"s friends, who were great toolmakers from Scotland, organized teams that added parts to each Model T as it moved down a line. By the time Ford"s Highland Park plant was humming (嗡嗡作响) along in 1914, the world"s first automatic conveyor belt could turn out a car every 93 minutes. 3. The same year Henry Ford shocked the world with the $5-a-day minimum wage scheme. The greatest contribution he had ever made. The average Wage in the auto industry then was $2.34 for a 9-hour shift. Ford not only doubled that. He also took an hour off the workday. In those years it was unthinkable that a man could be paid that much for doing something that didn"t involve an awful lot of training or education. The Wall Street Journal called the plan "an economic crime", and critics everywhere laughed at Ford. 4. But as the wage increased later to daily $10,it proved a critical component of Ford"s dream to make the automobile accessible (可及的) to all the critics were too stupid to understand that because Ford had lowered his costs per car, the higher wages didn"t matter—except for making it possible for more people to buy cars.

填空题Geology and Heap 1 The importance of particular metals in the human diet has been realized within the past few decades, and the idea that geology might be related to health has been recognized for a number of elements such as iodine, zinc and selenium. For example, soils with low iodine contents produce crops, and animals deficient in iodine. A lack of iodine in the human diet leads to some serious diseases. 2 The ultimate source of metals within the human body is rocks, which weather into soil, gaining or losing some of their chemical constituents. The crops we eat selectively remove from the soil the elements that they require for growth. The water we drink contains trace elements leached from rock and soil. Thus the geology and geochemistry of the environment have effects on the chemistry and health of plants, animals and people. 3 So far there is no data to suggest that people living on metal-rich soils experience a potential health hazard. The levels of metals within naturally contaminated soils are generally not high enough to cause serious health problems. Living on metal-rich soils does not represent a health risk unless large quantities of soil are digested or metal-rich dust is inhaled. However, small children are particularly exposed to metal-rich topsoil in playgrounds and gardens. They are also the most likely ones to eat potentially dangerous metal-rich soil. 4 Heavy metals are persistent: they do not break down to other chemicals in the environment. Industrially polluted sites usually undergo intensive clean-up and rehabilitation because heavy metals are a health concern once they enter the food chain. Some trace metals are alleged to cause cancer and are also known to cause poisoning 5 In contrast, naturally contaminated soils have not been subject too risk assessment studies and rehabilitation measures, despite the fact that they frequently possess metal concentrations well above those of such polluted by humans and above environmental quality criteria. 6 There is a vital need to understand the potential risks and long-term health effects of living on naturally contaminated soils. Future environmental investigations of naturally polluted soils should concentrate on the potential pathways of metals into the food chain and human body. Geologists should be part of such studies as they can provide the essential background information on rock and soil chemistry as well as the chemical forms of heavy metal pollution. A No Evidence to Indicate Bad of Naturally Contaminated Soil B Potential Hazards of Human Contaminated Soils C Research an Channels of Heavy Metals Getting into Human Food Chain D Geology and Health Problems E Rocks--the Ultimate Source of Soil Pollution F Long-term Health Effects on Children

填空题阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第1～4段每段选择1个正确的小标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确选项，分别完成每个句子。 {{B}} Earth Angels{{/B}} 1．Joying Brescia was 8 years old when she noticed that cigarette butts (烟头) were littering her hometown beach in Isle of Palms, South Carolina. When she learned that it takes five years for the remains of a cigarette to disintegrate, she decided to take action. Joying launched a "No Butts on the Beach" campaign. She raised money and awareness about the need to keep the beaches clean. With the help of others, Joying also bought or received donations of gallon- size plastic ice-cream buckets. The buckets were filled with sand, and placed at all public-access areas of the beach. The buckets allowed people to dispose of their cigarettes before hit- ting the beach. Two years later, Joying says the buckets are full and the beach in nearly free of cigarette debris (残片). 2．People who live in or visit Steamboat Springs, Colorado, have Carter Dunham to thank for a new state wildlife refuge that preserves 20 acres of marshland and many species of wildlife. Carter and other students wrote a management plan for the area around the Yampa River. The plan was part of a class project when Carter was a freshman at Steamboat Springs High School. Working with the Colorado Division of Wildlife, Carter and his classmates mapped the area and species of animals living there. They also made decisions about, among other things, where fences and parking areas should be built. 3．Barbara Brown and her friends collect oil. It started as a project for their 4H Club after one of the girls noticed her father using motor oil to kill weeds on their farm in Victoria, Texas. They did some research and discovered that oil can contaminate ground water—a real danger in rural areas, where people live off the water on their land. The girls researched ways to recycle oil and worked with a local oil-recycling company on the issue. Now, the "Don't Be Crude" program runs oil-collection sites—tanks that hold up to 460 gallons—where people in the community can dispose of their oil. 4．Five years ago, 11-year-old Ryan Hreljac was a little boy with a big dream: for all the people in Africa to have clean drinking water. His dream began in the first grade when he learned that people were dying because they didn't have clean water, and that as little as $ 70 could build a well. "We really take water for granted," says Ryan, of Kemptville, Ontario, in Canada. "In other countries, you have to plan for it."Ryan earned the first $ 70 by doing extra chores (零工), but with the help of others, he has since raised hundreds of thousands of dollars. His efforts led to the start of the Ryan's Well Foundation, which raises money for clean water and health-related services for people in African countries and developing countries.

填空题 The First Four Minutes When do people decide whether or not they want to become friends? During their first four minutes together, according to a book by Dr. Leonard Zunin. In his book, Contact: The first four minutes, he offers this advice to anyone interested in starting new friendships: {{U}} {{U}} 1 {{/U}} {{/U}}A lot of people's whole lives would change if they did just that. You may have noticed that average person does not give his undivided attention to someone he has just met. {{U}} {{U}} 2 {{/U}} {{/U}}If anyone has ever done this to you, you probably did not like him very much. When we are introduced to new people, the author suggests, we should try to appear friendly and self-confident. In general, he says, "People like people who like themselves." On the other hand, we should not make the other person think we are too sure of ourselves. It is important to appear interested and sympathetic, realizing that the other person has his own needs, fears, and hopes. Hearing such advice, one might say, "But I'm not a friendly, self-confident person. That's not my nature. It would be dishonest for me to act that way." {{U}} {{U}} 3 {{/U}} {{/U}}We can become accustomed to any changes we choose to make in our personality. "It is like getting used to a new car. It may be unfamiliar at first, but it goes much better than the old one." But isn't it dishonest to give the appearance of friendly self-confidence when we don't actually feel that way? Perhaps, but according to Dr. Zunin, "total honest" is not always good for social relationships, especially during the first few minutes of contact. There is a time for everything, and a certain amount of play-acting may be best for the first few minutes of contact with a stranger. That is not the time to complain about one's health or to mention faults one finds in other people. It is not the time to tell the whole truth about one's opinions and impressions. {{U}} {{U}} 4 {{/U}} {{/U}}For a husband and wife or a parent and child, problems often arise during their first four minutes together after they have been apart. Dr. Zunin suggests that these first few minutes together be treated with care. If there are unpleasant matters to be discussed, they should be dealt with later. The author says that interpersonal relations should be taught as a required course in every school, along with reading, writing, and mathematics. {{U}} {{U}} 5 {{/U}} {{/U}}. That is at least as important as how much we know. A. In reply, Dr. Zunin would claim that a little practice can help us feel comfortable about changing our social habits. B. Much of what has been said about strangers also applies to relationships with family members and friends. C. In his opinion, success in life depends mainly on how we get along with other people. D. Every time you meet someone in a social situation, give him your undivided attention for four minutes. E. He keeps looking over the other person's shoulder, as if hoping to find someone more interesting in another part of the room. F. He is eager to make friends with everyone.

填空题Keeping Cut Flowers While everybody enjoys fresh cut flowers around their house, few people know how to keep them for as long as possible. This may be clone by keeping in mind a few simple facts. An important thing to remember about cut flowers is that they are sensitive to temperature. For example, studies have shown that cut carnations (康乃馨) retain their freshness eight times longer when kept at 12℃ than when kept at 26℃. Keeping freshly harvested flowers at the right temperatures is probably the most important aspect of flower care. Flowers are not intended by nature to live very long. Their biological purpose is simply to attract birds or insects, such as bees , for pollination (授粉). After that, they quickly dry up and die. The process by which flowers consume oxygen and produce carbon dioxide (二氧化碳), called respiration (呼吸), generates the energy the flower needs to give the flower its shape and color. The making of seeds also depends on this energy. While all living things respire, flowers have a high level of respiration. A result of all this respiration is heat, and for flowers the level of heat relative to the mass of the flower is very high. Respiration also brings about the eventual death of the flower. Thus the greater the level of respiration, the sooner the flower dies. How, then, to control the rate at which flowers die? By controlling respiration. How is respiration controlled? By controlling temperature. We know that respiration produces heat, but the reverse is also true. Thus by maintaining low temperatures, respiration is reduced and the cut flowers will age more slowly. Another vital factor in keeping cut flowers is the quality of the water in which they are placed. Flowers find it difficult to "drink" water that is dirty or otherwise polluted. Even when water looks and smells clean, it almost certainly contains harmful substances that can endanger the flowers. To rid the water of these unwanted substances, household chlorine bleach (含氯漂白剂) can be used in small quantities. It is recommended that 15 drops of chlorine bleach (at 4% solution) be added to each liter of water. The water and solution should also be replaced each day.

填空题U.S. European Drug Officials Approve Inhaled Insulin A form of insulin for people with diabetes to take by mouth is expected to be sold within a few months. The new medicine is called Exubera. The United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Commission both recently approved it for adults. It could make life easier for many diabetics who require daily injections of insulin to control their blood sugar levels. But it will not replace all insulin injections. And it is not for everyone. People who smoke or have stopped smoking for less than six months should not take Exuhera. 1 Three drug companies—Pfizer, Sanofi-Aventis and Nektar Therapeutics—developed the inhaled insulin. 2 Experts say about fifteen percent of diabetics who need insulin do not take it. The treatment can involve several injections each day. Insulin is a hormone that the body uses to change food into energy. Failure to control blood sugar levels can lead to serious problems, including blindness and loss of blood flow to the feet. It can also lead to heart disease, stroke and kidney failure. Insulin has been sold as a drug since the nineteen twenties. This is the first new way to take it. Exubera uses a powder breathed into the lungs through a mouthpiece. Pfizer will study the long-term effects. It says some patients have reported a mild cough while using the inhaled insulin. 3 Many people do not know they have diabetes. There are two forms. Most diabetics have the Type Two form. Their body does not make enough insulin or cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. 4 Most Type Two diabetics do not take insulin. Their medicines can be taken by mouth. Diet, exercise and weight control are also important. Type One diabetes often begins in childhood. 5 Officials say diabetics with either type could use inhaled insulin, either before or after a meal. But Type One diabetics and some with Type Two would still need a longer-lasting injection at least once a day. A. With this type the body is unable to produce insulin. B. Pfizer recently bought the rights to sell it worldwide. C. The control of their blood sugar levels is most important for patients with diabetes. D. It is common in people who are overweight and not active. E. Some patients with lung disease should not take it either. F. People are advised to have their lungs examined before using Exubera, and at least once a year after that.

填空题Messages from the Media The weather forecast, a story about the candidates in an election, and movie reviews are examples of messages from the media. A communication medium, of which the plural (复数的) form is media, is a means of communicating a message. Examples of media are television, radio, newspapers, books and the telephone. The media that can reach many people at once are called mass media. It is not difficult to think of other messages we receive through the mass media. Every day we get hundreds of them. Think about advertisements, for example. We see and hear these messages almost everywhere we go. Advertisements are important messages, even though they are sometimes annoying. They help us compare and evaluate products. Most of us get more information from the media than from the classroom. Think for a moment, about how you learn about local news and events. Do you depend on other people or the media? What about international news? What is the most important source of information for you? People who are asked this question usually answer, "Television. " Think of all the messages you received today. Perhaps you read a newspaper during breakfast, or maybe you read advertisements on billboards (露天广告牌) on your way to school. Did you listen to a weather forecast or the sports news on the radio this morning? Right now you are getting information through a very important medium of mass communication—a book. We use the information we get from radio, television, newspapers, and other media to make decisions and form opinions. That is why the mass media are so important. Editorials and articles in newspapers help us decide how to vote, consumer reports on television help us decide how to spend our money, and international news on the radio makes us think and form opinions about questions of war and peace.