单选题Smoking Since 1939, numerous studies have been conducted to determine whether smoking is a health hazard. The trend of the evidence has been consistent and indicates that there is a serious health risk. Research teams have conducted studies that show beyond all reasonable doubt that tobacco smoking is associated with a shortened life expectancy. Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and cancer of the throat and is believed to be related to cancer of some other organs of the body. Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply. Apart from statistics, it might be helpful to look at what tobacco does to the human body. Smoke is a mixture of gases, vaporized chemicals, minute particles of ash and other solids. There is also nicotine, which is powerful Poison, and black tar. As smoke is breathed in, all those components from deposits on the membranes of the lungs. One point of concentration is where the air tube and bronchus divides. Most lung cancer begins at this point. Filters and low tar tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only slightly reduce, not eliminate the hazards.

单选题Helen and Martin With a thoughtful sigh, Helen turned away from the window and walked back to her favourite armchair. (51) her brother never arrive? For a brief moment, she wondered if she really cared that much. Over the years Helen had given (52) waiting for Martin to take an interest in her. Her feelings for him had gradually (53) until now, as she sat waiting for him, she experienced no more than a sister's (54) to see what had (55) of her brother. Almost without (56) , Martin had lost his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office. Somehow the two of them hadn't (57) to keep in touch and, left alone, Helen had slowly found her (58) in her own judgement growing. (59) the wishes of her parents, she had left university halfway (60) her course and now, to the astonishment of the whole family, she was (61) a fast-growing reputation in the pages of respected art magazines and was actually earning enough to live (62) from her paintings. Of course, she (63) no pleasure in Martin's sudden misfortune, but she couldn't (64) looking forward to her brother's arrival with (65) satisfaction at what she had achieved.

单选题One of the most important features that distinguishes reading from listening is the nature of the audience. (51) the writer often does not know who will read what he writes, he must attempt to be as clear as possible. Time can be taken to plan the piece of writing so that it is eventually organized into some sort of (52) sequence of events or ideas. When we speak, however, we normally have very little time to plan what we intend to say. (53) , we may begin speaking before we have decided what to say. Our thoughts then tumble out in anything but a logical sequence. Since we are actually (54) our audience face to face we may omit some of the information we believe our audience shares. (55) the more familiar we are with our audience, the more information we are likely to leave out. In any (56) they can always stop and ask a question or ask for clarification if we have left out too much. A reader, however, cannot do (57) but can at least attempt comprehension at his own speed ; (58) , he can stop and go backwards or forwards, (59) to a dictionary or just stop and rest. when we listen we may have to work hard to sort out the speaker's (60) by referring backwards and forwards while the speaker continues. As the speaker struggles to organize his thoughts, he will use filler phrases to give him time to plan. (61) these fillers, he will still make mistakes and repeat what he has already said. His speech will be characterized (62) a limited range of grammatical patterns and vocabulary and the use of idioms to (63) some general meaning quickly. It should be clear, then, that the listener has to take an active part in the process by ignoring the speaker's repetitions and mistakes, and by seeking out the main idea through recall and prediction. To keep the process going (64) he also has to inform the speaker that he has understood (65) actually interrupting.

单选题Our arrangements were thrown into complete turmoil .

单选题Sport or Spectacle? Muhammad Ali is probably the most famous sports figure on earth: he is recognized on every continent and by all generations. The 1 of his illness as Parkinson"s disease after his retirement fuelled the debate about the dangers of boxing and criticism 2 the sport. That, plus his outspoken opposition 3 women"s boxing, made people wonder how he would react when one of his daughters decided to 4 up the sport. His presence at Leila"s first professional fight, however, seemed to broadcast a father"s support. Of course Muhammad All wanted to 5 his daughter fight. The ring announcer introduced him as the "the greatest" and as he sat down at the ringside the crowd chanted. Twenty-one-year-old Leila"s debut fight (首次亮相) was a huge success and there was as much publicity for the 6 as her father"s fights once attracted. 7 , Leila"s opponent was much weaker than she was and the fight lasted just 31 seconds. Since then, Laila has won most of her fights by knocking out her opponent. "She knows 8 she"s doing," said one referee about her, "She knows about moving well, you can see some of her dad"s moves." Laila Ali would rather not 9 herself to her father. She prefers to make her own 10 . Her father supports her decision to enter the sport but he has not spared her the details of what can happen. Laila 11 that her father wants her to understand the worst possible scenario (局面) to see 12 she still wants to go forward with it. She knows she"s going to get hit hard at times, that she may get a broken nose or a swollen (肿胀的) face, but at least she is prepared for it. Laila"s decision to start boxing despite her father"s 13 with the symptoms of Parkinson"s disease has of course sparked a mixture of praise and 14 . But Laila is a determined individual and it is her famous last name that has made her a magnet for worldwide media attention. Of course, the 15 on the boxing scene of a woman with her family history attracts even more questions about whether women"s boxing is sport or spectacle.

单选题{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} {{B}} Don't Count on Dung{{/B}} Conservationists (自然保护主义者) may be miscalculating the numbers of the threatened animals such as elephants, say African and American researchers. The error occurs because of a flaw in the way they estimate animal numbers from the piles of dung (粪) the creatures leave behind. The mistake could lead researchers to think that there are twice as many elephants as there really are in some regions, according to Andrew Plumptre of the Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) in New York. Biologist Katy Payne of Cornell University in Ithaca, New York, agrees. "We really need to know elephant numbers and the evidence that we have is quite indirect," says Payne, who electronically tracks elephants. Counting elephants from planes is impossible in the vast rainforests of Central Africa. So researchers often estimate elephant numbers by counting dung piles in a given area. They also need to know the rate at which dung decays. Because it's extremely difficult to determine these rates, however, researchers counting elephants in one region tend to rely on standard decay rates established elsewhere. But researchers at the WCS have found that this decay rate varies from region to region depending on the climate and environment. Using the wrong values can lead the census astray (离开正道), says Plumptre. He and his colleague Anthony Chifu Nchanji studied decaying elephant dung in the forests of Cameroon. They found that the dung decayed between 55 and 65 per cent more slowly than the dung in the rainforests of neighbouring Gabon. If researchers use decay rates from Gabon to count elephants in Cameroon, they would probably find more elephants than are actually around. This could mean estimates in Cameroon are at least twice as high as those derived from decay rates calculated locally, says Plumptre. "However accurate your dung density estimate might be, the decay rate can severely affect the result." Plumptre also says that the dung-pile census should be carried out over a region similar in size to an elephant's natural range. The usual technique of monitoring only small, protected areas distorts numbers because elephants move in and out of these regions, he says. "If the elephant population increases within the protected area, you can not determine whether it is a real increase or whether it is due to elephants moving in because they are being poached (入侵偷猎) outside." Plumptre says that similar problems may also affect other animal census studies that rely on indirect evidence such as nests, tracks or burrows (地洞).

单选题The two banks have announced plans to merge next year.

单选题All the flats in the building had the same Ulayout. /U

单选题This book {{U}}embraces{{/U}} many subjects.

单选题Subsequent events proved the man to be right.

单选题Ronald Kahn and his colleagues can make mice live longer by

单选题Our arrangements were thrown into complete {{U}}turmoil{{/U}}．

单选题What is bothering our sons? Some experts suggest we are witnessing all epidemic of ADHD (注意力缺陷多动障症) and say boys need more treatment. Others say that environmental pollutants found in plastics, among other things, may be eroding their attention spans and their ability to regulate their emotions. Those experts may be right but I have another suggestion. Let's examine the way our child rearing and our schools have evolved in the last 10 years. Then ask ourselves this challenging question : could sonic of those changes we have embraced in our families, our communities and our schools be driving our sons crazy? What might be the reason that caused the problems in the boys according to the author?A. The wide spread of ADHD.B. Environmental pollutants found in things we use.C. The way children are reared and educated.D. Over - attention from parents.

单选题In his two-hour-long lecture he made an exhaustive analysis of the issue.

单选题{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} {{B}}Common Problems, Common Solutions{{/B}} The chances are that you made up your mind about smoking a long time ago — and decided it's not for you. The chances are equally good that you know a lot of smokers — there are, after all about 60 million of them, work with them, and get along with them very well. And finally it's a pretty safe bet that you're open-minded and interested in all the various issues about smokers and nonsmokers — or you wouldn't be reading this. And those three things make you incredibly important today. Because they mean that yours is the voice — not the smoker's and not the anti-smoker's — that will determine how much of society's efforts should go into building walls that separate us and how much into the search for solutions that bring us together. For one tragic result of the emphasis on building walls is the diversion of millions of dollars from scientific research on the causes and cures of diseases which, when all is said and done, still strike the nonsmoker as well as the smoker. One prominent health organization, to cite but a single instance, now spends 28 cents of every publicly contributed dollar on "education" (much of it in and-smoking propaganda) and only 2 cents on research. There will always be some who want to build walls, who want to separate people from people, and up to a point, even these may serve society. The anti-smoking wall-builders have, to give them their due, helped to make us all more keenly aware of choice. But our guess, and certainly our hope, is that you are among the far greatest number who know that walls are only temporary at best, and that over the long run, we can serve society's interest better by working together in mutual accommodation. Whatever virtue wails may have, they can never move our society toward fundamental solutions. People who work together on common problems, common solutions, can.

单选题The story was very touching. A. inspiring B. boring C. moving D. absorbing

单选题Common-cold Sense You can't beat it, but you don't have to join it. Maybe it got the name "common cold" because it's more common in winter. The fact is, though, being cold doesn't have anything to do with getting one. Colds are caused by the spread of rhinoviruses, and, at least so far, medical science is better at telling you how to avoid getting one than how to get rid of one. Children are the most common way cold viruses are spread to adults, because they have more colds than adults—an average of about eight per year. Why do kids seem so much more easily to get colds than their parents? Simple. They haven't had the opportunity to become immune to many cold viruses. There are more than 150 different cold viruses, and you never have the same one twice. Being infected by one makes you immune to it--but only it. Colds ale usually spread by direct contact, not sneezing or coughing. From another person's hand to your hand and then to your nose or eyes is the most common route. The highest concentration of cold viruses anywhere is found under the thumbnails of a boy, although the viruses can survive for hours on skin or other smooth surfaces. Hygiene is your best defense. Wash your hands frequently, preferably with a disinfectant soap, especially when children in your household have colds. But even careful hygiene won't ward off every cold. So, what works when a coughing, sneezing, runny nose strikes? The old prescription of two aspirins, lots of water, and bed rest is a good place to start. But you'll also find some of the folk remedies.., worth Wing. Hot mixtures of sugar (or honey), lemon, and water have real benefits. rhinovirus n. 鼻病毒 immune adj. 免疫的，有免疫力 disinfectant n. 消毒剂，杀菌剂 prescription n. 诀窍；处方，药方 sneeze vi. 打喷嚏 thumbnail n.拇指

单选题Racing the clock every day is such an exhausting effort that when I actually have a few free moments, I tend to collapse .

单选题阅读下面的短文，文中有15处空白，每处空白给出了4个选项，请根据短文的内容从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案。 {{B}} Making Yourself a Good Record{{/B}} If you are an American and you think you might need to borrow money someday, the best thing to do is start early. That's because just as many employers want to hire only people with experience, banks and other creditors are usually reluctant to lend to those {{U}}(51) {{/U}} a proven track record of paying back, {{U}}(52) {{/U}} time, the money they have borrowed. But if you need experience just to get a start, how do you get that stat in the first place? With a little help from your parents usually, while you are still financially dependent {{U}}(53) {{/U}} them. It is easy to get a credit card or student loan when you are in college, because banks figure your parents will bail you out if you fail to pay. So just as students take on internships to build up their resumes, one's university time can be a good time to work on another important personal record: the credit {{U}}(54) {{/U}}. Credit reports are a {{U}}(55) {{/U}} of one's personal credit history, gathered by a credit reporting agency, or CRA. Banks and companies- {{U}}(56) {{/U}} hospitals, landlords and insurance companies- regularly report to the three main CRAs in the US {{U}}(57) {{/U}} how their customers are doing at paying back the money, they {{U}}(58) {{/U}}. Anyone with a "legitimate business need" has the right to order individuals' reports from the CRAs. Potential creditors usually compile the information in the reports into a credit "score", ranking the level of creditworthiness. Lack of experience in borrowing in {{U}}(59) {{/U}} to a bad record of doing so, can result in a low score. Even if you are not considering taking out a loan for such a large purchase as a home or car, your credit report can be important to getting through life. Landlords often ask for the reports to judge {{U}}(60) {{/U}} a person can be trusted to pay the tent. Credit checks are necessary for getting a credit card, even for purchasing a mobile phone calling plan. People can obtain a copy of their own credit report, usually {{U}}(61) {{/U}} a cost of around US$8-9. Some consumer organizations recommend doing this once a year to allow one to catch any mistakes {{U}}(62) {{/U}} have slipped into the record or, even worse, to find out whether any fraud has taken place. Though the system is controlled by laws {{U}}(63) {{/U}} to protect/people's privacy, it isn' t fool-proof: Sometimes people take out bad loans in others' names, {{U}}(64) {{/U}} their records. In a society addicted {{U}}(65) {{/U}} credit, that can be a disaster.

单选题Usually, in an attack of influenza, the patient's limbs {{U}}ache{{/U}}.