单选题Tests have proved that caffeine affects the body by increasing the heart rate and rhythm, which ______ affects the circulatory system. A. in the long run B. in turn C. in return D. as a result

单选题I told Jim how to get here but perhaps I ______ him the map.

单选题By the early 1950s, some business people began to recognize that efficient production and extensive promotion did not guarantee that customers would buy products. These businesses, and many others, found that they must first determine what customers want and then produce it, rather than make products and try to change customers' needs to fit what is expected. As more organizations realized the importance of knowing customers' needs, U.S. businesses entered the marketing era, one of market or customer orientations (取向, 方向). Orientation toward customer satisfaction has resulted in increased concern about ethics and social responsibility and brought about an expansion into global markets. Management at many organizations has realized that we are in the "Total Quality Era", in which improved product quality, and customer focus are major components of successful domestic and global operations. Because the marketing concept affects many parts of a business's operations, and not just marketing, an organization's top management must adopt it wholeheartedly. High-level executives must incorporate the market orientation into their management philosophies so completely that customers become the organization's most important concern. Management's second major task is to restructure the organization. To satisfy customers' objectives as well as its own, a company must coordinate all activities. To achieve this, the internal operations and overall objectives of one or more departments may need restructuring. If the head of the marketing unit is not a member of the organization's top-level management, he or she should be. Some departments may have to be abolished and new ones created. Implementing (实施, 执行) the marketing concept demands the support not only of top management, but also of managers and staff at all levels. The transformation to an organization with a market orientation takes time. In the short run, a firm may experience the need to retain employees, financial constraints, limits on technology, capital equipment limitations, and prohibitive union work rules. Even when an information system is established and the company reorganized, the firm's new marketing approach may not work perfectly. First, a firm's ability to satisfy customers' needs for a particular product is limited. In a mass production economy, most business organizations cannot tailor products to fit the exact needs of each customer. Second, a company may be unable to learn what customers want, and when it does correctly identify customers' needs, it often has a hard time developing a product that satisfies those needs. Third, by striving to satisfy one segment (部分, 部门) of society, a firm sometimes dissatisfies other segments. Producers of tobacco currently face this situation. Fourth, a company may have trouble maintaining employee morale during any restructuring to coordinate the activities of various departments.

单选题Speaker A: I'm going home now, do you want to head out together? Speaker B: ______. I'm going home in about an Hour. A. That's a good idea B. No way C. OK, thank you D. No. Thanks

单选题I"ve tried very hard to improve my English. But by no means with my progress ______.

单选题Woman: Protecting the environment should be on the agenda of every one of us. Man: You took the words right out of my mouth. Question: What did the man mean?

单选题The old couple decided to ______ a boy and a girl though they had three of their own.

单选题Speaker A: If I were you, I'd ride a bike to work. Taking a crowded bus during rush hours is really terrible. Speaker B: ______ A. Yeah, riding a bike is a healthful activity. Don't you think? B. Yes, you're right. Buses are always very crowded during the rush hours. C. Thank you for your advice. But my bike has got a flat tyre. D. Certainly. I don't see why so many people go to work by bus rather than by bike.

单选题It is believed that today's pop music can serve as a creative force ______ stimulating the thinking of its listeners.

单选题Speaker A: Hello, is that Steve? I'm stuck in a traffic jam. I'm afraid I can't make it before seven o'clock. Speaker B: ______ A. OK, but I still hope you'll try your best to arrive on time. B. Yes. The traffic is very heavy because it's the rush hour. C. Why don't you leave home a bit earlier? D. Never mind. I'll be here waiting for you.

单选题Speaker A: Excuse me. When will Flight 666 arrive? Speaker B: ______

单选题She had clearly no ______ of doing any work although she was very well paid.

单选题 On July 15th India will become the latest country to shut down its official telegram service. In Britain, telegrams were replaced by Telemessages, which were simply telegrams printed out and put into the post, in 1982. America's telegram service, operated by Western Union, ended in 2006. Australia shut down its telegram service in 2011. Are telegrams dead? Not quite. The honorable technology still clings to life, and not just in India. The mechanical telegraph dates back to the 1790s. In the 1840s such mechanical telegraphs gave way to electrical telegraphs, which sent messages as coded pulses along wires, and the word "telegram" emerged shortly afterwards to describe a message sent by telegraph. The invention of the telephone in the 1870s did not result in the immediate decline of the telegram, because the technical difficulty and expense of making long-distance phone calls meant that telegrams were still the easiest way to send international messages quickly. But as long-distance telephony became cheaper and easier, it was only a matter of time. From the 1970s, the emergence of electronic means of communication, starting with the fax machine, and then followed by e-mail and mobile-phone text messages in the 1990s, restricted telegrams to ceremonial uses such as messages relating to births, marriages and deaths. In India, the telegram held on a bit longer because it was used for internal government communications. Even after the shut-down of India's official service, the telegram survives in a few other countries, including Belgium, Japan and Sweden, where it was kept as a nostalgic (怀旧的) service. And in many other countries private firms offer telegram-delivery services. So despite several recent reports to the contrary, the telegram is not quite dead, and will probably never die. Moreover, in some ways the tradition of the telegram is healthier than ever. Tweets, like text messages, also require users to keep their messages brief and telegraphic. Such digital messages have undermined the business case for the telegram, but have preserved aspects of telegraphic tradition. Some mobile phones used to announce incoming text messages with beeps that sound like Morse code, the international alphabet of telegraphy. The 19th-century technology of the telegram lives on, in spirit at least, in our 21st-century devices.

单选题A: That's the worst looking painting I've ever seen. B: ______

单选题______ homework did we have to do that we had no time to take a rest.

单选题{{B}}Passage Four{{/B}} Tile media can impact current events. As a graduate student at Berkeley in the 1960s, I re member experiencing the events related to the People's Park that were occurring on campus. Some of these events were given national media coverage in the press and on TV. I found it interesting to compare my impression of what was going on with perceptions obtained from the news media．I could begin to see events of that time feed on news coverage. This also provided me with some healthy insights into the distinctions between these realities. Electronic media are having a greater impact on the people's lives every day. People gather more and more of their impressions from representations. Television and telephone communications are linking people to a global village, or what one writer calls the electronic city. Consider the information that television brings into your home every day. Consider also the contact you have with others simply by using telephone. These media extend your consciousness and your contact. For example, the video coverage of the 1989 San Francisco earthquake focused on "live action" such as the fires or the rescue efforts. This gave the viewer the impression of total disaster. Television coverage of the Iraqi War also developed an immediacy. CNN reported events as they happened．This coverage was distributed worldwide. Although most people were far away from these events, they developed some perception of these realities. In 1992, many people watched in horror as riots broke out on a sad Wednesday evening in Los Angeles, seemingly fed by video coverage from helicopters. This event was triggered by the verdict (裁定) in the Rodney King beating. We are now in an age where the public can have access to information that enables it to make its own judgements, and most people, who had seen the video of this beating, could not understand how the jury (陪审团) was able to acquit (宣布……无罪) the policemen involved．Media coverage of events as they occur also provides powerful feedback that influences events. This can have harmful results, as it seemed on that Wednesday night in Los Angeles. By Friday night the public got to see Rodney King on television plea ding, "Can we all get along?" By Saturday, television seemed to provide positive feedback as the Los Angeles riot turned out into a rally for peace. The television showed thousands of people marching with banners and cleaning tools. Because of that, many more people turned out to join the peaceful event they saw unfolding on television. The real healing, of course, will take much longer, but electronic media will continue to be a part of that process.

单选题You ______ the experiment twice, not once.

单选题Man: Where is Joan? She said she would be here at three. And now it's three-thirty. She must have missed the flight. Woman: I think so. But I hope she won't miss the next one. Otherwise she should be late for the opening address of the conference. Question: What's the woman worried about?

单选题Man: Do you want to turn on the air-conditioner or open the windows? Woman: I love fresh air if you don't mind.Question: What can be inferred from the woman's answer?

单选题{{B}}Passage Two{{/B}} With unemployment rising and housing costs still high, cities around the country are experiencing a new and sudden wave of homelessness. Shelters are overflowing, and more people this year are sleeping on floors in dingy social service centers, living in cars or spending nights on the streets. In New York, Boston and other dries, homelessness is at record levels, a consequence of a faltering (摇晃的) economy that has crumbled even further after the Sept. 11 attacks. A survey by the U. S. Conference of Mayors released last week found that requests for emergency shelter in 27 cities had increased an average of 13 percent over last year. The report said the increases were 26 percent in Trenton; 25 percent in Kansas City, Mo.; 22 percent in Chicago; 20 percent in Denver; and 20 percent in New Orleans. An unusual confluence of factors seems to be responsible for the surge. Housing prices, which soared in the expansion of the 1990's, have not gone down, even though the economy has tumbled. A stream of layoffs has newly unemployed people taking low-wage jobs that might have otherwise gone to the poor. Benefits for welfare recipients are expiring under government imposed deadlines. And charitable donations to programs that help the disadvantaged are down considerably, officials around the country said, because of the economy and the outpouring of donations for people affected by Sept. 11. "This is an unprecedented convergence (集中) of calamities (灾难) ," said Xavier De Souza Briggs, an assistant professor of public policy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard. "It's really a crisis. " More than half the cities surveyed by the mayors' group reported that in the last year people had remained homeless longer, an average of six months. There is no total number for the homeless nationwide. Experts said it was difficult to compare the situation with statistics in previous decades, because counting methods have improved. Yet, several experts said they believed that the increases reported by cities like Boston and Chicago reflected a national trend. "My impression is there is more homelessness now than there was 20 years ago," Gary Burtless, an economist at the Brookings Institution, said, adding that he believed that economic factors were not the sole explanation. "I think that there must be a greater segment of our population that has tenuous connections to family and friends, and therefore has fewer resources to fall back on when something very bad happens like when they lose their job," he said.