单选题Poverty and inadequate health care take their toll on the quality of a community's health. A. destruction B. contribution C. charge D. origin

单选题Through the years, our view of what leadership is and who can exercise it has changed considerably. Leadership competencies have remained constant, but our understanding of what it is, how it works, and the ways in which people learn to apply it has shifted. We do have the beginnings of a general theory of leadership, from history and social research and above all from the thoughts of reflective practitioners such as Moses, Julius Caesar, and James Madison, and in our own time from such disparate sources of wisdom as Gandhi, Winston Churchill, Mao Tse-tung, and Henry Kissinger, who have very little in common except that they have not only been there but tried with some fairness to speculate on paper about it. But tales and reflective observation are not enough except to convince us that leaders are physically strong and abnormally hard workers. Today we are a little closer to understanding how- and who people lead, but it wasn't easy getting there. Decades of academic analysis have given us more than 350 definitions of leadership. Literally thousands of empirical investigations of leaders have been conducted in the last seventy-five years alone, but no clear understanding exists as to what distinguishes leaders from non-leaders, and perhaps more important, what distinguishes effective leaders from ineffective leaders and effective organizations from ineffective organizations. Never have so many labored so long to say so little. Multiple interpretations of leadership exist, each providing a fragment of insight but each remaining an incomplete and wholly inadequate explanation. Most of these definitions don't agree with each other, and many of them would seem quite remote to the leaders whose skills are being examined. Definitions reflect fashions, political tides and academic trends. They don't always reflect reality and sometimes they just represent nonsense. It's as if what Braque once said about art is also true of leadership: "The only thing that matters in art is the part that cannot be explained." Many theories of leadership have come and gone. Some looked at the leader. Some looked at the situation. None has stood the test of time. With such a track record, it is understandable why leadership research and theory have been so frustrating as to deserve the label "the La Brea Tar Pits" of organizational inquiry. Located in Los Angeles, these asphalt pits house the remains of a long sequence of prehistoric animals that came to investigate but never left the area.

单选题 Passage Two The potential of computers for increasing the control of organizations or society over their members and for invading the privacy of those members has caused considerable concern. The privacy issue has been raised most insistently with respect to the creation and maintenance of data files that assemble information about persons from a multitude of sources. Files of this kind would be highly valuable for many kinds of economic and social research, but they are bought at too high a price if they endanger human freedom or seriously enhance their opportunities of blackmailers. While such dangers should not be ignored, it should be noted that the lack of comprehensive data files has never before been the limiting barrier to the suppression of human freedom. Making the computer the villain in the invasion of privacy or encroachment on civil liberties simply divers attention from the real dangers. Computer data bank files can and must be given the highest degree of protection from abuse. But we must be careful also, that we do not employ such crude methods of protection as to deprive our society of important data it needs to understand its down social processes and to analyze its problems. Perhaps the most important question of all about the computer is what it has come and will do to man's view of himself and his place in the universe. The most heated attacks on the computer are not focused on its possible economic effects, its presumed destruction of job satisfaction, or its threat to privacy and liberty, but upon the claim that it causes people to be viewed, and to view themselves, as machines. What the computer and progress in artificial intelligence challenge are an ethic that rests on man's apartness from the rest of nature. An alternative ethic, of course, views man as a part of nature, governed by nature law, subject to the forces of gravity and the demands of his body. The debate about artificial intelligence and the simulation of man's thinking is, in considerable part, a confrontation of these two views of man's place in the universe.

单选题 The upcoming movie "The Scorpions King" is a fiction, but recent archeological studies indicate there really was a King Scorpion in ancient Egypt and that he played a crucial role in uniting the country and building it into the world's first empire. A depiction recently discovered in the Egyptian desert of the Scorpion King's victory in battle against the forces of chaos may be the oldest historical document ever found, some archeologists believe. New discoveries in his tomb suggest that the first writing may have occurred during his reign. Moreover, his tomb in the desert at Abydos may be the rudimentary blueprint upon which subsequent rulers based their own designs. In short, King Scorpion was one of the fathers of Egyptian civilization. Great achievements for a man who for nearly 5,000 years was thought to be mythical. King Scorpion dates from a time when Egypt was composed of two separate kingdoms. Upper Egypt surrounded the upper portion of the Nile; Lower Egypt stretched from just south of what is now Cairo northward to the Mediterranean. For millenniums, all the way back to the ancient Egyptian historian Manetho and the lists of kings found in Egyptian temples, the first true ruler of Egypt—the founder of the First Dynasty of pharaohs—has been listed as King Menes. It was Menes who was thought to have unified Upper and Lower Egypt. But in 1898, excavations at Hierakonpolis in Upper Egypt revealed sacred objects dating back to the very beginnings of Egyptian civilization. The most important of those objects was the so-called Narmer Palette, which depicted a king not mentioned in Egyptian histories. This King Narmer—a name meaning "striking catfish'—was depicted wearing both the white crown of Upper Egypt and the red crown of Lower Egypt, suggesting it was he who had unified the two lands. Some scholars believe that Narmer and Menes were the same person. Others claim Narmer was Menes' immediate predecessor and that his name was not included on the lists for reasons that are not yet known. The argument has yet to be settled. Also found in the 1898 excavations was a mace, the traditional symbol of kings. Themace— the oldest ever found in Egypt—portrays a man wearing the white crown of Upper Egypt, accompanied by the symbols for king and scorpion. In the absence of any supporting evidence, however, most archeologists had believed that this King Scorpion was a mythical figure. One hundred years later, however, Gunter Dreyer of the German Archeological Institute discovered a tomb buried in the sands near Abydos, the Egyptian necropolis, or city of the dead, that he is confident is King Scorpion's. The 12-room tomb is constructed of mud bricks and appears to be a downsized replica of Scorpion's palace. Although the tomb had been pillaged and the mummy stolen, Dreyer found an ivory scepter, a clear indication that it was a royal tomb. Carbon-14 dating showed that the scepter dates from about 3250 BC, making it the oldest scepter found in Egypt. One room in the tomb was filled with pottery shards, apparently from jars used to hold wine and other valuables for the afterlife. Inscribed on each of the jars in ink was the symbol of a scorpion. Dreyer's most controversial find in the tomb was a series of 160 bone and ivory tags the size of postage stamps carved with simple pictures that Dreyer believes are primitive hieroglyphs. If they are, in fact, writing, they predate the commonly accepted origin of cuneiform writing in Mesopotamia by 200 years. More recently, Yale University archeologist John Darnell and his wife Deborah have discovered a primitive scene carved on rocks near the Qena Bend of the Nile River that appears to commemorate a victory by King Scorpion, who already ruled the kingdoms of Abydos and Hierakonpolis, over the kingdom of Naqada-a city that worshipped Set, the god of chaos. Darnell believes it is the oldest known historical document, and that it signifies the unification of Upper Egypt 150 years before Narmer unified the entire country. Conquest of Naqada gave King Scorpion control not only of the Nile, but also of crucial roads leading east to the Red Sea and west to the oases of the western desert.

单选题The doctor advised me to increase my intake of healthy foods that can ______ heart disease. A. give off B. pay off C. set off D. ward off

单选题Microfilm can hold a large {{U}}amount{{/U}} of information in a very small storage space because the image is stored in reduced form. A. packet B. book C. quantity D. cycle

单选题Rescue troops were sent to help the vehicles ______ the deep snow at short notice. A. stuck in B. soaked with C. affiliated to D. intended for

单选题Although US new home sales begin to ______ speed, the rate is still near historical lows. A. turn up B. pick up C. set up D. break up

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单选题After a month or so, she came to dislike the subject and wished she had not ______ it A. put ... up B. given ... up C. taken ... up D. made ... up

单选题The magician picked several people ______ from the spectators and asked them to help him with the performance. A. by chance B. at random C. on occasion D. on average

单选题Whatisthenameofthestudyonpeople'shappinessindifferentcountries?A.SocialResearch.B.WorldValuesSurvey.C.TheWorld'sHappiestCountry.D.PerspectivesonPsychologicalScience.

单选题Japan, after {{U}}spectacular{{/U}} post-war economic growth, became the world's second-biggest economy. A. superficial B. amazing C. virtual D. genuine

单选题Whatdoesthemanmean?A.He'sbroke.B.He'ssick.C.He'sverytired.D.Hehassomethingtodoathome.

单选题"There is a weird power in a spoken word," Joseph Conrad once said. A. mighty B. prospective C. odd D. formidable

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单选题It's in your best ______ to quit smoking, for you have some breathing problems. A. sake B. benefit C. advantage D. interest

单选题In any city, there are some telephone numbers to call {{U}}in case of{{/U}} emergency. A. in the course of B. in the event of C. in the middle of D. in the way of

单选题The decision to strengthen intelligence collection is expected to minimize military casualties.

单选题Learning something new is, after all, what scientific experiments are all ______. A. about B. against C. towards D. around