阅读理解Passage2Questions16—20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Artiseverywhere.Anypublicspacehasbeencarefullydesignedbyanartisticmindtobebothfunctionalandbeautiful.Why,then,isartstillsowidelyconsideredtobetheeasysubjectatschool,insignificanttowidersociety,awasteoftimeandeffort?Artcanconnectculturewithcommercialproductsinawaythatnotmanyotherthingscan;artgeneratesmoneyandholdssignificantemotionalandculturalvaluewithincommunities.Whenpeopleattendaconcert,theyarepayingformusic,sure,maybeevenhotelrooms,meals,andtransport,buttheyalsogainanincredibleexperience,auniqueatmosphereandamemorythatwillgothroughtherestoftheirlives.Peopledontjustwantmaterialthingsanymore;theywanttoexperiencelife—theartsareaperfectcrossover(交叠)betweencultureandcommerce.Furthermore,theartscanbringcommunitiestogether,reducinglonelinessandmakingpeoplefeelsafer.Socialbondsarecreatedamongindividualswhentheysharetheirartsexperiencesthroughreflectionanddiscussion,andtheirexpressionofcommonvaluesthroughartworksinhonourofeventssignificanttoanationsexperience.Theartsclearlyhaveaprettypositiveimpactonphysicalandpsychologicalhealth.Itisfoundthatpeoplewhofrequentculturalplacesorparticipateinartisticeventsaremorelikelytogaingoodhealthcomparedtothosewhodonot;moreengagementwiththeartsislinkedtoahigherlevelofpeopleswellbeing.TheRoyalSocietyofPublicHealthdiscoveredthatmusicandart,whenusedinhospitals,helptoimprovetheconditionsofpatientsbyreducingstress,anxietyandbloodpressure.Childrenwhoareinvolvedwiththeartsmakegreaterachievementsintheireducation:thoseengagedwithdramahavegreaterliteraryabilitywhileotherstakingpartinmusicalpracticeexhibitgreaterskillsinmathandlanguages.Kidswithpreferencefortheartshaveagreaterchanceoffindingemploymentinthefuture.Participatingintheartsisessentialforchilddevelopment;encouragingchildrentoexpressthemselvesinconstructivewayscouldhelptoformhealthyemotionalresponsesinlaterlife.Vitaltohumanlife,artiscelebratedandusedbynationsacrosstheworldforvariouspurposes.Lifewithoutartwouldbeboringanddeadstill,forartisapartofwhatmakesushuman.

阅读理解A．我们要坚决改善社会治安，治理脏乱环境，创建更多的文明城镇。

阅读理解Not everyone in the world requires the same

阅读理解I lose so many things that I am sure they

阅读理解Passage2Manypeoplebelievethatteachingchildrenmusicmakesthemsmarter,betterabletolearnnewthings.Buttheorganizersofanewstudysaytheresnoscientificevidencethatearlymusicaltrainingaffectstheintelligenceofyoungpeople.Anestimated80percentofAmericanadultsthinkmusiclessonsimprovechildrensabilitytolearnandtheirperformanceinschool.Theysaythatthesatisfactionfromlearningtoplayanewsonghelpsachildexpresscreativity.ResearchersatHarvardUniversity,however,havefoundthattheresonethingmusicaltrainingdoesnotdo.Theysayitdoesnotmakechildrenmoreintelligent.SamuelMehr,agraduatestudentatHarvardsSchoolofEducation,saiditiswrongtothinkthatlearningtoplayamusicalinstrumentimprovesachildsintellectualdevelopment.Hesaystheevidencecomesfromstudiesthatmeasuredthementalabilityoftwogroupsof4-year-oldsandtheirparents.Onegroupattendedmusicclass,theotherwenttoaclassthatplacesimportanceonthevisualarts—artsthatcanbeseen.Theevidencethereisno.Wefoundnoevidenceforanyadvantageonanyofthesetestsforthekidsparticipatinginthesemusicclasses,saidMehr.Therewasnoevidencethatthemusicaltraininggroupdidmuchbetteronthementaltasksthantheothergroup.Theresearchersconfirmedtheresultswithalargegroupofchildrenandtheirparents.Mr.Mehrsaysmusiclessonsmaynotofferchildrenafastandeasywaytogainentrytothebestschoolslateroftheirlife.Buthesaysthetrainingisstillimportantforculturalreasons.Inhiswords,weteachmusicbecausemusicisimportantforus.

阅读理解Passage2PerhapsthegreatestchangetheworldhasseeninmoderntimeshasbeentheriseoftheInternet.Itshardtodenythepositivechangesitaddstopeopleslives.TheInternetallowspeopletohavequickaccesstoonlinemapsandonlinestores.Asatool,itsagreatwaytokeepintouchwithfriendsanditoffersawealthofnewssources.Likeanytechnology,though,ithasnegativeeffectsthatbecomeclearaswestarttodependuponit.Likepollutionandtrafficjamsthatcomewiththeconvenienceofcars,theInternetissopopularthatithasgivenrisetoanewkindofsocialepidemic—Internetaddiction.Therearemanystoriesofexcellentstudentswholosttheiruniversityscholarshipsbecauseofpoorgrades,whichweresimplybecausetheyhadspenttoomuchtimeonline.Thesethingshappentothestudentsbecauseofaddiction.Collegefreshmenaremostatriskfromtheseeffectsbecausetheyarejustenteringaworldwheretheironlinehabitsarenolongermonitoredbyconcernedparents.Withoutthedisciplineofhome,studentshavetomanagetimebythemselves.SonoticeifyoufindyouarethinkingabouttheInternetevenwhenyourenotonline,orifyoupreferyouronlinetimetotimewithyourreal-lifefriends.Ifyoufindyourselfdoingthesethings,takeastepback.Lookforotherwaystoenjoyyourlife.TheInternetisapowerfultool,butmakesurethatyouuseitwiselytobenefitfromitandthatyouwontmakeagoodthingbecomesomethingbad.

阅读理解Passage1AlbertEinsteinwasborninGermanyin1879.Inhisearlychildhoodhewasveryslowtolearntotalkanddidntseemtobeverybright.Butbythetimehewas14,hehadtaughthimselfadvancedmathfromtextbooks.Bythenhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup—aphysicist.TheEinsteinsdidnthavesomuchmoneytopayfortheadvancededucationthatyoungAthertneeded.ButhisfamilytriedtheirbesttosendhimtoatechnicalschoolandlatertotheuniversityinSwitzerland.Aftergraduation,hewenttowork,firstasateacher,andtheninagovernmentoffice.WiththepaythathereceivedhewasabletogoonwithhisschoolingattheUniversityofZurich,wherehereceivedadoctorsdegreein1905.ThiswasthefirsttimethathehadbeguntheresearchwhichlaterledtohisfamousTheoryofRelativity.Astimewenton,Einsteinstheoryprovedtobecorrectandby1914hehadbecomeoneofthemostfamousmenintheworld.HisworkwasstoppedbytheFirstWorldWar.Thewarmadehimquitesad.Helostinterestinmuchofhisresearch.Onlywhenthewarwasoverin1918washeabletogethappilybacktowork.HewontheNobelPrizeinPhysicsin1921.In1940,EinsteinbecameanAmericancitizen.HelivedtherestofhislifeintheUnitedStates.Besideshisworkinphysics,hespentmuchtimeworkingforhumanrightsandprogress.HediedintheUnitedStatesin1955.

阅读理解Itiscommonfornewstudentstosharearoomwithotheruniversitystudents.Thenumberofroommateswilldependupontheuniversity,butwillrange21________fromonetothree.Themost22________settingisfortwostudentstoshareoneroom.Theroomwillhavebeds,desks,closetsandstoragecompartmentsforpersonalitems.Thefurnishingswillbeplainbutadequate.Akeyto23________inyourstudiesisagoodunderstandingandapositiverelationshipwithyourroommate.Youwillneedtolearnyourroommates24________andactivitiesinordertohaveapositiveexperiencefromthebeginning.Yourroommatemaybecomeyourclosefriendoryoumaynotspendmuchtimetogether.Italldependsonyouandyourroommate.Respectyourroommatespossessionsandprivacyand25________yourroommatetodothesameforyou.Someroommatesarevery26________andsomearenot.Agoodruletogo27________isIfyouvaluesomething,keepitoutofsightandunderlockandkey.Thiswillkeepyourroommate28________beingtemptedtotakesomethingthatbelongstoyou.Ifyoudiscoverthatyourscheduleandyourroommatesschedule29________andyouhavelittletimetostudy,youwillfindthelibraryanicequietplacetogetawayandstudy.Some30________arenotveryquietandifyouneedaquietplacetostudy,youmayneedtogotothelibrary.

阅读理解Thehiringprocessmaybedifferentfromonecompanytoanother.Nevertheless,thegoalisthesame—getthecandidatewhoisthebestfitfortheposition.Evenso,howtochoosethatperson?Herearesomebestpracticesusedbyindustryleaderstoattractthebesttalentforthejob.Inparticular,thesearethenewtrendsinthehiringprocesstobepreparedforwhenyouhaveajobinterview.Typically,aninterviewisheldinaconferenceroomoroffice.However,thismakesiteasyfortheemployerandthecandidatetoactpredictably.Theproblemwiththisapproachisthatattheendofatypicalinterview,theemployersoftendonthaveamuchbetterfeelforthecandidatethantheydoafterreadingthecandidatesresume.Alternatively,someemployerswalkaroundtheofficeforpartoftheinterview.Thisallowstheemployertogetasenseofhowthecandidateinteractswithotherpeople,andwhetherthecandidateistrulycuriousandinterestedinhowthecompanyruns.Anotherchangeisthatsomeemployerscreateteamstohirenewemployeesincomparisontohavingjustoneadministratorconducttheinterview.Employersthengetopinionsfromtheteammembers.Moreimportantly,thishelpsemployershiresomeonewithwhomcurrentemployeescouldgetalong.Also,employerswanttomakesurethatcandidatesprovidenewviewpointsforthecompany.Beforetheyhiresomeone,theythinkaboutthediversityofviewpointsthatthecandidatecanbringtothecompany.Bepreparedtosharehowyoucanaddvaluetothecompanythroughyourownuniqueperspectiveandhowyouwillhelpthecompanysolveproblemscreatively.Furthermore,manycompaniestrytogetasenseofthekindofworkthecandidateswilldoforthecompanybeforehiringthemasfull-timeemployees.Forexample,theymayofferyouatemporarycontractfirstasaconsultant.Likewise,theymayassignyouasmalltaskaspartoftheinterviewprocess.

阅读理解Examanxietyissomethingthatalmosteveryperson1_____duringhisorherstudentlife.Alittleanxietyhelpsoneconcentrate.However,ifstudentsspendalltheirtime2_____anxious,alotofvaluabletimewillbewasted.Inthishighly3_____world,examscausealotofnervousnesstostudents.Forsome,examanxietyencouragesthemtoworkharder,whileforothersitmaybethemain4_____forpoorperformance,leadingtoacademicfailureinexamsand5_____ofconfidence.Infact,somestudentsare6_____bynature.Theywillhavealowopinionofthemselveseveniftheyhavepreparedwell.Oneofthemostimportantmethodsofavoidingexamanxietyistopreparewellinadvance.Studying7_____forafewhoursadayhelpsincreasetheconfidenceofstudents.Ifstudentsarenot8_____tohandleanxiety,theycantalktotheirteachers,parentsorfriends.Parentsshouldalsoavoidputting9_____ontheirkidstodowell.Creatingapeacefulandrelaxing10_____athomecanbeequallyhelpful.

阅读理解Passage2Questions16—20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Nowadays,itismorecommonforpeopletoexpresstheirthoughtsinane-mailortext.Infact,moreandmorestudentsusetechnologyforwrittencommunicationintheirlives.Evenso,researchshowsthatteachinghandwritingskillshasitsbenefits.However,arethebenefitsworthspendingvaluableclassroomtimeinteachinghandwritingskillswhenstudentscouldbelearningmoreaboutcomputerkeyboarding?Statesacrossthecountryhavegoodreasonstorequirestudentstolearncomputerkeyboardingskills.Forone,studentsarelearningtechnologythatwillhelpthemcommunicatefasterwithmorepeopleandinmanydifferentforms,suchase-mails,websites,blogs,andsoon.Alsothebetterastudentscomputerkeyboardingskills,thegreaterthechancethatastudenthastobecomeabetterwriter.Computertoolssuchasthegrammarandspellcheckmakecorrectingquickandeasy,althoughnot100%accurate.Withtheseandmanyothertools,studentsgainimportantcomputerskills.Furthermore,studentsnolongerhavetoworryabouttheirwritingbeinggradedpoorlybyteachers.Allinall,computerkeyboardingskillsareastepintherightdirection.Still,theadvantagesofcomputerkeyboardingskillsmaynotbeenoughtoleavehandwritinginstructioninthedust.MarlenaHamilton,professorofneurologyatUniversityofPennsylvania,didanexperimentwithherco-workerstostudywhathappensinstudentsbrainswhenwriting.Theyfoundthatmanyoftheareasofthebrainlightup.Thesearethesameareasthatareusedtolearntoread.Theythenwonderedifthesamewouldbetruewhenstudentslookedatlettersonakeyboard.Whatwefound,shestates,isthatbrainsaremuchlessinvolvedwhenwejustlookatletters.Whenweactuallyuseourhandstomakethings,thebrainworksmuchharder.”Schoolsacrossthenationarelookingattheevidenceanddecidingwhattodo.WilliamMcIntyre,areadingcoachatSunshineElementarySchoolinAlbany,NewYork,says,Whatwehavelearnedfromtheresearchisthatlearninghandwritingbenefitsstudentseducationally.Whatwealsoknowisthatstudentsneedtobetaughtkeyboardingskills.Now,itisuptoeachschooltomakeadecision.

阅读理解Passage1Questions11—15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Commercialorganizationshavenotbeenslowtoseethefinancialrewardsofusingmusicinshops,restaurants,banksandthereisnowafascinatingandsignificantbodyofliteratureonthetopic.Thishasbeenspearheaded(做先锋)bytheBritishpsychologistAdrianNorthinmanystudiesthathavebeenimaginativeandinspiring.Inonestudythisresearchgroupagreedwithasupermarkettoplayeitherstereotypically(带有成见地)FrenchorGermanmusiconalternatedaysforafortnightinthepartoftheshopsellingwine.Theymeasuredtheamountandtypeofwineboughtduringthisperiod.Yes,itworked!FrenchmusicledtomoresalesofFrenchwineandGermanmusicledtoapreferenceforGermanwine.Inanotherstudytheresearchteamplayeddifferentkindsofmusicwhilepeopleweretastingwine.Theyshowed,aspredicted,thatthewordspeopleusedtodescribewinelikesmoothorboldwereapartfunctionofthemusicthatwasplaying.Inasimilarstudyeitherclassical,popornomusicatallwasplayedinaBritishrestaurantoverthecourseofnearly3weeks.Researchersmeasuredtimeandmoneyspent,thelatterbeingbroken:ordownbetweendrinkandfood.Thecustomersspentmoretimeandmoney(onstartersandcoffee)whentheclassicalmusicwasplaying.Theresearchersofferedthreeexplanationsforthesepotentiallyimportantfindings:classicalmusicwassynergistic(协同的)withallotheraspectsoftherestaurantatmosphere.Second,thepatrons(顾客)simplypreferredit,andtransferredtheirgoodresponsetoincreasedtimeandmoneyspent.Thethirdexplanationwasthatclassicalmusicpromotesanupmarket(高价位市场的)atmosphereinwhichitisnaturaltospendmoremoney.Ofcourseallexplanationscouldfunctionatthesametime.

阅读理解A job is more than a job, especially to the

阅读理解Passage2Inthetraditionalmarriage,themanworkedtoearnmoneyforthefamily.Mostmenworkedinanoffice,afactoryorsomeotherplacesawayfromthehome.Sincethemanearnedthemoney,hepaidthebills.Themoneywasusedforfood,clothes,ahouseandotherfamilynecessities.Themanmademostofthedecisions.Hewastheboss.Inthetraditionalmarriage,thewomanseldomworkedawayfromthehouse.Shestayedhometocareforthechildrenandherhusband.Shecookedmeals,cleanedthehouse,washedclothesanddidotherhouseholdchores.Herjobathomewasveryimportant.Inrecentyears,manycoupleshavecontinuedtokeepatraditionalrelationshipofthiskind.Themanhasajobandearnsmoneyforthefamily.Thewomanstayshomeandcaresforthechildrenandthehouse.ManyAmericansarehappywiththiskindofmarriage.ButsomeotherAmericanshaveadifferentopinionofmarriageandfamilyresponsibilities.Therearetwoimportantdifferencesinmaleandfemalerolesnow.Oneisthatbothmenandwomenhavemanymorechoices.Theymaychoosetomarryorstaysingle.Theymaychoosetoworkorstayhome.Bothmenandwomenmaychooserolesthataresuitableforthem.Anotherdifferenceisthatwithinmarriagemanydecisionsandresponsibilitiesareshared.Thehusbandandwifemaychoosetohavechildren,ortheymaynot.Iftheyhavechildren,themanmaytakecareofthemsomeofthetime,allofthetimeornotatall.Thewomanmaywanttostayhomeandtakecareofthechildren,orshemaywanttogotowork.Menandwomennowdecidethesethingstogetherinamarriage.Manymarriedpeoplenowsharethesedecisionsandtheresponsibilitiesoftheirfamilies.

阅读理解Robert Todd Duncan was born in 1903 in the

阅读理解Passage2Thehabit-formingprocesswithinourbrainsisathree-steploop(回路).Firstthereisacue,atriggerthattellsyourbraintogointoautomaticmodeandwhichhabittouse.Thenthereistheroutine,whichcanbephysicalormentaloremotional.Finally,thereisareward,whichhelpsyourbrainfigureoutifthisparticularloopisworthrememberingforthefuture.Overtime,thisloop—cue,routine,reward—becomesmoreandmoreautomatic.Thecueandrewardbecomeintertwined(交织)untilapowerfulsenseofanticipationandadesireappears.Eventually,ahabitisborn.Habitsarentdestiny.Habitscanbeignored,changed,orreplaced.Butthereasonwhythediscoveryofthehabitloopissoimportantisthatitrevealsabasictruth:Whenahabitappears,thebrainstopsfullyparticipatingindecision-making.Itstopsworkingsohard,orshiftsfocustoothertasks.Sounlessyoudeliberatelyfightahabit—unlessyoufindnewroutines-thepatternwillunfoldautomatically.Habitsneverreallydisappear.Theyreencoded(嵌入)intothestructuresofourbrain,andthatsahugeadvantageforus,becauseitwouldbeawfulifwehadtorelearnhowtodriveaftereveryvacation.Theproblemisthatyourbraincanttellthedifferencebetweenbadandgoodhabits;andsoifyouhaveabadone,itsalwayslurking(隐藏)there,waitingfortherightcuesandrewards.Thisexplainswhyitssohardtocreateexercisehabits,forinstance,orchangewhatweeat.Oncewedeveloparoutineofsittingonthesofa,ratherthanrunning,orsnackingwheneverwepassadoughnutbox,thosepatternsalwaysremaininsideourheads.Bythesamerule,though,ifwelearntocreatenewneurological(神经系统的)routinesthatoverpowerthosebehaviors—ifwetakecontrolofthehabitloop-wecanforcethosebadtendenciesintothebackground.Andoncesomeonecreatesanewpattern,studieshavedemonstrated,goingforajogorignoringthedoughnutsbecomesasautomaticasanyotherhabit.Ofcourse,thosedecisionsarehabitual,effortless.Aslongasyourbasalganglia(基底核)iscompleteandthecuesremainconstant,thebehaviorswilloccurunthinkingly.Atthesametime,however,thebrainsdependenceonautomaticroutinescanbedangerous.Habitsareoftenasmuchacurseasabenefit.

阅读理解Passage1Everyoneknowsthatlazinessisnotgood.Weallhaveprobablyhadlecturestellingthatlazinessisimmoral,thatitiswasteful,andthatlazypeoplewillnevergainanythinginlife.Butlazinesscanbemoreharmfulthanthose,anditisoftencausedbymorecomplexreasons.Somepeoplemaybeunabletojoininanygrouptaskforfearofbeinglaughedatorhavingtheirideasstolen.Thesepeoplewhoseemlazymaybeaffectedbyafearoffailure.Somepeoplearesobusyplanninggreatworkthattheyareunabletodealwitheasierworkonhand.StillothersaresimplyputtingofftheirworkLaziness,however,sometimescanactuallybehelpful.Somepeoplemaylooklazywhiletheyarereallythinking,planningandresearching.Weshouldallrememberthatgreatscientificdiscoveriesmayhappenbychance.Newtonwasntworkingonthefarmwhenhewashitbytheappleandadvancedthetheoryofgravity.Allofuswouldliketohavesomeonelazybuildthecarwebuy,particularlyifthatlazinessiscausedbytheworkersspendingtimecheckingeachstepofhisworkanddoinghisjobright.Andsometimes,beinglazy—thatis,takingtimeoff—isgoodfortheoverworkedpeople.Sobecarefulwhenyouwanttocallsomeonelazy.Thatpersonmaybethinking,resting,orplanninghisorhernextwork.

阅读理解The easiest way for the English to deal with

阅读理解Passage1Therearequiteafewadvantagesofwearingschooluniforms.Theideamayseemdisagreeableatfirst,butifyouthinkofallthebenefitsofwearinguniforms,youwillbemorelikelytoenjoythem.Teachersloveschooluniformsbecausetheyprovideagoodlearningenvironmentforstudents.Andstudentscanpaytheirattentiontostudyratherthanclothingstyles.Buyingschooluniformsisveryeasyandneedslessthought.Nomatterwhattheschoolrulesare,thereareonlybasicpiecesoftheclothesthatarenecessary,andschooluniformscanlastalongtime,soitwontbreakthebank.Parentscanalsoenjoyaneasymorning,asitwilltakelesstimetochooseasetofclothesfortheschoolday.Studentswearinguniformswillfeeleasieraboutchoosingwhattowear.Somestudentsmaynotlikeuniformswhichlackindividuality,butsomeschoolsdressrulesmayofferthemthechancetoshowtheiruniquestyles.Andschooluniformstodayarealsobecomingmorefashionableandcanbefoundinmanyareasofpopculture.Superstarsandfashiondesignersareusinguniformsasencouragementtoshownewlooks,whichalsointerestsstudents.

阅读理解Baths have long been considered of medical