阅读理解Passage1Questions11—15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Commercialorganizationshavenotbeenslowtoseethefinancialrewardsofusingmusicinshops,restaurants,banksandthereisnowafascinatingandsignificantbodyofliteratureonthetopic.Thishasbeenspearheaded(做先锋)bytheBritishpsychologistAdrianNorthinmanystudiesthathavebeenimaginativeandinspiring.Inonestudythisresearchgroupagreedwithasupermarkettoplayeitherstereotypically(带有成见地)FrenchorGermanmusiconalternatedaysforafortnightinthepartoftheshopsellingwine.Theymeasuredtheamountandtypeofwineboughtduringthisperiod.Yes,itworked!FrenchmusicledtomoresalesofFrenchwineandGermanmusicledtoapreferenceforGermanwine.Inanotherstudytheresearchteamplayeddifferentkindsofmusicwhilepeopleweretastingwine.Theyshowed,aspredicted,thatthewordspeopleusedtodescribewinelikesmoothorboldwereapartfunctionofthemusicthatwasplaying.Inasimilarstudyeitherclassical,popornomusicatallwasplayedinaBritishrestaurantoverthecourseofnearly3weeks.Researchersmeasuredtimeandmoneyspent,thelatterbeingbroken:ordownbetweendrinkandfood.Thecustomersspentmoretimeandmoney(onstartersandcoffee)whentheclassicalmusicwasplaying.Theresearchersofferedthreeexplanationsforthesepotentiallyimportantfindings:classicalmusicwassynergistic(协同的)withallotheraspectsoftherestaurantatmosphere.Second,thepatrons(顾客)simplypreferredit,andtransferredtheirgoodresponsetoincreasedtimeandmoneyspent.Thethirdexplanationwasthatclassicalmusicpromotesanupmarket(高价位市场的)atmosphereinwhichitisnaturaltospendmoremoney.Ofcourseallexplanationscouldfunctionatthesametime.

阅读理解A job is more than a job, especially to the

阅读理解Passage2Inthetraditionalmarriage,themanworkedtoearnmoneyforthefamily.Mostmenworkedinanoffice,afactoryorsomeotherplacesawayfromthehome.Sincethemanearnedthemoney,hepaidthebills.Themoneywasusedforfood,clothes,ahouseandotherfamilynecessities.Themanmademostofthedecisions.Hewastheboss.Inthetraditionalmarriage,thewomanseldomworkedawayfromthehouse.Shestayedhometocareforthechildrenandherhusband.Shecookedmeals,cleanedthehouse,washedclothesanddidotherhouseholdchores.Herjobathomewasveryimportant.Inrecentyears,manycoupleshavecontinuedtokeepatraditionalrelationshipofthiskind.Themanhasajobandearnsmoneyforthefamily.Thewomanstayshomeandcaresforthechildrenandthehouse.ManyAmericansarehappywiththiskindofmarriage.ButsomeotherAmericanshaveadifferentopinionofmarriageandfamilyresponsibilities.Therearetwoimportantdifferencesinmaleandfemalerolesnow.Oneisthatbothmenandwomenhavemanymorechoices.Theymaychoosetomarryorstaysingle.Theymaychoosetoworkorstayhome.Bothmenandwomenmaychooserolesthataresuitableforthem.Anotherdifferenceisthatwithinmarriagemanydecisionsandresponsibilitiesareshared.Thehusbandandwifemaychoosetohavechildren,ortheymaynot.Iftheyhavechildren,themanmaytakecareofthemsomeofthetime,allofthetimeornotatall.Thewomanmaywanttostayhomeandtakecareofthechildren,orshemaywanttogotowork.Menandwomennowdecidethesethingstogetherinamarriage.Manymarriedpeoplenowsharethesedecisionsandtheresponsibilitiesoftheirfamilies.

阅读理解Robert Todd Duncan was born in 1903 in the

阅读理解Passage2Thehabit-formingprocesswithinourbrainsisathree-steploop(回路).Firstthereisacue,atriggerthattellsyourbraintogointoautomaticmodeandwhichhabittouse.Thenthereistheroutine,whichcanbephysicalormentaloremotional.Finally,thereisareward,whichhelpsyourbrainfigureoutifthisparticularloopisworthrememberingforthefuture.Overtime,thisloop—cue,routine,reward—becomesmoreandmoreautomatic.Thecueandrewardbecomeintertwined(交织)untilapowerfulsenseofanticipationandadesireappears.Eventually,ahabitisborn.Habitsarentdestiny.Habitscanbeignored,changed,orreplaced.Butthereasonwhythediscoveryofthehabitloopissoimportantisthatitrevealsabasictruth:Whenahabitappears,thebrainstopsfullyparticipatingindecision-making.Itstopsworkingsohard,orshiftsfocustoothertasks.Sounlessyoudeliberatelyfightahabit—unlessyoufindnewroutines-thepatternwillunfoldautomatically.Habitsneverreallydisappear.Theyreencoded(嵌入)intothestructuresofourbrain,andthatsahugeadvantageforus,becauseitwouldbeawfulifwehadtorelearnhowtodriveaftereveryvacation.Theproblemisthatyourbraincanttellthedifferencebetweenbadandgoodhabits;andsoifyouhaveabadone,itsalwayslurking(隐藏)there,waitingfortherightcuesandrewards.Thisexplainswhyitssohardtocreateexercisehabits,forinstance,orchangewhatweeat.Oncewedeveloparoutineofsittingonthesofa,ratherthanrunning,orsnackingwheneverwepassadoughnutbox,thosepatternsalwaysremaininsideourheads.Bythesamerule,though,ifwelearntocreatenewneurological(神经系统的)routinesthatoverpowerthosebehaviors—ifwetakecontrolofthehabitloop-wecanforcethosebadtendenciesintothebackground.Andoncesomeonecreatesanewpattern,studieshavedemonstrated,goingforajogorignoringthedoughnutsbecomesasautomaticasanyotherhabit.Ofcourse,thosedecisionsarehabitual,effortless.Aslongasyourbasalganglia(基底核)iscompleteandthecuesremainconstant,thebehaviorswilloccurunthinkingly.Atthesametime,however,thebrainsdependenceonautomaticroutinescanbedangerous.Habitsareoftenasmuchacurseasabenefit.

阅读理解Passage1Everyoneknowsthatlazinessisnotgood.Weallhaveprobablyhadlecturestellingthatlazinessisimmoral,thatitiswasteful,andthatlazypeoplewillnevergainanythinginlife.Butlazinesscanbemoreharmfulthanthose,anditisoftencausedbymorecomplexreasons.Somepeoplemaybeunabletojoininanygrouptaskforfearofbeinglaughedatorhavingtheirideasstolen.Thesepeoplewhoseemlazymaybeaffectedbyafearoffailure.Somepeoplearesobusyplanninggreatworkthattheyareunabletodealwitheasierworkonhand.StillothersaresimplyputtingofftheirworkLaziness,however,sometimescanactuallybehelpful.Somepeoplemaylooklazywhiletheyarereallythinking,planningandresearching.Weshouldallrememberthatgreatscientificdiscoveriesmayhappenbychance.Newtonwasntworkingonthefarmwhenhewashitbytheappleandadvancedthetheoryofgravity.Allofuswouldliketohavesomeonelazybuildthecarwebuy,particularlyifthatlazinessiscausedbytheworkersspendingtimecheckingeachstepofhisworkanddoinghisjobright.Andsometimes,beinglazy—thatis,takingtimeoff—isgoodfortheoverworkedpeople.Sobecarefulwhenyouwanttocallsomeonelazy.Thatpersonmaybethinking,resting,orplanninghisorhernextwork.

阅读理解The easiest way for the English to deal with

阅读理解Passage1Therearequiteafewadvantagesofwearingschooluniforms.Theideamayseemdisagreeableatfirst,butifyouthinkofallthebenefitsofwearinguniforms,youwillbemorelikelytoenjoythem.Teachersloveschooluniformsbecausetheyprovideagoodlearningenvironmentforstudents.Andstudentscanpaytheirattentiontostudyratherthanclothingstyles.Buyingschooluniformsisveryeasyandneedslessthought.Nomatterwhattheschoolrulesare,thereareonlybasicpiecesoftheclothesthatarenecessary,andschooluniformscanlastalongtime,soitwontbreakthebank.Parentscanalsoenjoyaneasymorning,asitwilltakelesstimetochooseasetofclothesfortheschoolday.Studentswearinguniformswillfeeleasieraboutchoosingwhattowear.Somestudentsmaynotlikeuniformswhichlackindividuality,butsomeschoolsdressrulesmayofferthemthechancetoshowtheiruniquestyles.Andschooluniformstodayarealsobecomingmorefashionableandcanbefoundinmanyareasofpopculture.Superstarsandfashiondesignersareusinguniformsasencouragementtoshownewlooks,whichalsointerestsstudents.

阅读理解Baths have long been considered of medical

阅读理解People say that money cannot buy happiness.

阅读理解In the Harry Potter films, Hermione Granger

阅读理解In the fall of 1985 , I was a bright-eyed

阅读理解A. Actually, there are a number of ways to

阅读理解Visitors to museums have to

阅读理解Socialchangeismorelikelytooccursocietieswherethereisamixtureofdifferentkindsofpeoplethaninsocietieswherepeoplearesimilarinmanyways.Thesimplereasonforthisisthataremoredifferentwaysoflookingatthingspresentinthefirstkindofsociety.Therearemoreideas,moredisagreementsininterest,andmoregroupsandorganizationswithdifferentbeliefs.Inaddition,thereisusuallyagreaterworldlyinterestandgreatertoleranceinmixedsocieties.Allthesefactorstendtopromotesocialchangebyopeningmoreareasoflifetodecision.Inasocietywherepeoplearequitesimilarinmanyways,therearefeweroccasionsforpeopletoseetheneedortheopportunityforchangebecauseeverythingseemstobethesame.Andalthoughconditionsmaynotbesatisfactory,theyareatleastcustomaryandundisputed.Withinasociety,socialchangeisalsolikelytooccurmorefrequentlyandmorereadilyinthematerialaspectsoftheculturethaninthenon-material,forexample,intechnologyratherthaninvalues;inwhathasbeenlearnedlaterinliferatherthanwhatwaslearnedearly;inthelessbasicandlessemotionalaspectsofsocietythanintheiropposites;inthesimpleelementsratherthaninthecomplexones;informratherthaninsubstance;andinelementsthatareacceptabeltothecultureratherthaninstrangeelements.

阅读理解Passage1Questions11—15arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Afour-wheeledrobot,knownasRover,hasbeentestedbyateamatSydneyUniversity.Itwasusedtomoveaherdofcowsfromafieldtoadairy.Researcherswereamazedathoweasilycowsacceptedthepresenceoftherobot.Theywerenotdisturbedbyitandthegatheringprocesswascalmandeffective.Becausetherobotmovedinasteadymanneritallowedcowstomoveattheirownspeed,whichwasimportantinreducinginjuriesamongcattle,saidDr.KendraKerrisk,dairyresearcherandassociateprofessor.Therobotwasadaptedfromonethatwasalreadybeingusedtomonitorfruitandtreesonfarms.AteamatSydneyUniversitysCentreforFieldRoboticsimprovedtherobotsothatitcouldbeputinafieldwithcowsinorderfortheresearcherstogatherdataonrobot-cowinteraction.Therobotneedstobeoperatedbyahumannowbutitshopedthatinthefutureaversioncanbedevelopedthatwillbefullyautomated.Aswellasgatheringcowsanewversioncouldalsocollectinformationusefulforfarmers.Usingrobotstogetcowstothedairywillbebetterfortheirwell-being.Theresearchisinitsveryearlystagesbutrobotictechnologiescertainlyhavethepotentialtotransformdairyfarming,saidDr.Kerrisk.Whenwehavediscussedthisconceptwithfarmerstheyhavebeenextremelyexcitedandwehavehadaseriesofcallsandemailsaskinghowtheycangetholdofone.”sheadded.Therobotcouldalsocutdownthenumberofaccidentsinvolvinghumansonfarms.MostdairyfarmersinAustraliausebikestorounduptheircattleandtheyareoneoftheleadingcausesofinjury.Theteamhopesthatbyusingtherobottodothejobinstead,accidentratescouldfall.

阅读理解Passage2StephenHawkingwasborninOxford,theUK,on8thJanuary,1942.HewenttoschoolinStAlbans,asmallcitynearLondon.Althoughhedidwell,hewasnevertopduringhisbasiceducation.Assoonasheleftschool,HawkingwentfirsttotheUniversityofOxford;inOxford,hestudiedphysics.AndthenhewenttotheUniversityofCambridgeandstudiedcosmology(宇宙学).Ashehimselfadmitted,hedidntworkhard.Althoughhedidverylittlework,hestillachievedhighscores.Itwasattheageof20thatHawkingfirstnoticedthattherewassomethingwrongwithhisbody.Whenhewasonceathomeduringhiswinterholiday,hisparentswereawareofhisillnessandtookhimtohospitalfortests.Finally,theygottheresult:Hawkinghadmotorneurondisease(运动神经元病),anincurabledisease.Doctorssaidtheyhadnomedicaltreatmenttohelphimsohewoulddieofthediseasebefore23.However,tothedoctorssurprise,hediedattheageof76.Atfirst,Hawkingwasverydepressed.Afterawhile,though,hebegantoseehislifeinadifferentway.Ashelaterwrote,Beforemyillnesswasdiagnosed,Ihadbeenveryboredwithlife.Hethoughttherewasnothingworthdoinguntilthedayhecameoutofhospital.Hawkingmadeuphismindtofightagainsthisdisease.Hegotmarried,andhadthreechildren.HefoundajobattheUniversityofCambridgeasaprofessor.Healsowentontodosomeofthemostimportantscientificresearches.Themotorneurondiseasemadehimunabletospeak,breatheormovewithoutthehelpofamachine,butitdidntpreventhimfromhavingaveryhappyfamilyandbeingsuccessfulinhiswork.

阅读理解Somehow Rey had managed to struggle free from

阅读理解Many people have the experience that getting

阅读理解Passage2Questions16—20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ItwasaquarterpastnineasMariehurriedintotheofficebuildingwhereshewasgoingtowork.Herbushadinchedalongthroughheavymorningtraffic,makingherafewminuteslateforherveryfirstjob.Shedecidedtostartouthalfanhourearlierthenextday.Onceinsidethelobby,shehadtostandattheelevatorsandwaitseveralminutesbeforeshecouldgetononegoingtothesixthfloor.Whenshefinallyreachedtheofficemarked“KingEnterprises”,sheknockedatthedoornervouslyandwaited.Therewasnoanswer.Shetappedonthedooragain,butstilltherewasnoreply.Frominsidethenextoffice,shecouldhearthesoundofvoices,sosheopenedthedoorandwentin.AlthoughshewassureitwasthesameofficeshehadbeenintwoweeksbeforewhenshehadtheinterviewwithMr.King,itlookedquitedifferentnow.Infact,ithardlylookedlikeanofficeatall.Theemployeeswerejuststandingaroundchattingandsmoking.Atthefarendoftheroom,somebodymustbetellingagoodjoke,shethought,becausetherewasaloudburstoflaughterasshecamein.Foramomentshehadthoughttheywerelaughingather.Thenoneofthemenlookedathiswatch,clappedhishandsandsaidsomethingtotheothers.Quicklytheyallwenttotheirdesksand,inamatterofseconds,everyonewashardatwork.NoonepaidanyattentiontoMarie.Finallyshewentuptothemanwhowassittingatthedesknearesttothedoorandexplainedthatthiswasherfirstdayintheoffice.Hardlylookingupfromhiswork,hetoldhertohaveaseatandwaitforMr.King,whowouldarriveatanymoment.ThenMarierealizedthatthedaysworkintheofficebeganjustbeforeMr.Kingarrived.LatershefoundoutthathelivedinConnecticutandcameintoManhattanonthesametraineverymorning,arrivingintheofficeat9:35,sothathisstaffknewexactlywhentostartworking.