复合题TheExpressionsofEmotionsPara.1Joyandsadnessareexperiencedbypeopleinallculturesaroundtheworld,buthowcanwetellwhenotherpeoplearehappyordespondent?Itturnsoutthattheexpressionofmanyemotionsmaybeuniversal.Smilingisapparentlyauniversalsignoffriendlinessandapproval.Baringtheteethinahostileway,asnotedbyCharlesDarwininthenineteenthcentury,maybeauniversalsignofanger.Astheoriginatorofthetheoryofevolution,Darwinbelievedthattheuniversalrecognitionoffacialexpressionswouldhavesurvivalvalue.Forexample,facialexpressionscouldsignaltheapproachofenemies(orfriends)intheabsenceoflanguage.Para.2Mostinvestigatorsconcurthatcertainfacialexpressionssuggestthesameemotionsinallpeople.Moreover,peopleindiverseculturesrecognizetheemotionsmanifestedbythefacialexpressions.InclassicresearchPaulEkmantookphotographsofpeopleexhibitingtheemotionsofanger,disgust,fear,happiness,andsadness.Hethenaskedpeoplearoundtheworldtoindicatewhatemotionswerebeingdepictedinthem.ThosequeriedrangedfromEuropeancollegestudentstomembersoftheFore,atribethatdwellsintheNewGuineahighlands.Allgroups,includingtheFore,whohadalmostnocontactwithWesternculture,agreedontheportrayedemotions.TheForealsodisplayedfamiliarfacialexpressionswhenaskedhowtheywouldrespondiftheywerethecharactersinstoriesthatcalledforbasicemotionalresponses.Ekmanandhiscolleaguesmorerecentlyobtainedsimilarresultsinastudyoftenculturesinwhichparticipantswerepermittedtoreportthatmultipleemotionswereshownbyfacialexpressions.Theparticipantsgenerallyagreedonwhichtwoemotionswerebeingshownandwhichemotionwasmoreintense.Para.3Psychologicalresearchersgenerallyrecognizethatfacialexpressionsreflectemotionalstates.Infact,variousemotionalstatesgiverisetocertainpatternsofelectricalactivityinthefacialmusclesandinthebrain.Thefacial-feedbackhypothesisargues,however,thatthecausalrelationshipbetweenemotionsandfacialexpressionscanalsoworkintheoppositedirection.Accordingtothishypothesis,signalsfromthefacialmuscles(feedback)aresentbacktoemotioncentersofthebrain,andsoapersonsfacialexpressioncaninfluencethatpersonsemotionalstate.ConsiderDarwinswords:Thefreeexpressionbyoutwardsignsofanemotionintensifiesit.Ontheotherhand,therepression,asfaraspossible,ofalloutwardsignssoftensouremotions.Cansmilinggiverisetofeelingsofgoodwill,forexample,andfrowningtoanger?Para.4Psychologicalresearchhasgivenrisetosomeinterestingfindingsconcerningthefacial-feedbackhypothesis.Causingparticipantsinexperimentstosmile,forexample,leadsthemtoreportmorepositivefeelingsandtoratecartoons(humorousdrawingsofpeopleorsituations)asbeingmorehumorous.Whentheyarecausedtofrown,theyratecartoonsasbeingmoreaggressive.Para.5Whatarethepossiblelinksbetweenfacialexpressionsandemotion?Onelinkisarousal,whichisthelevelofactivityorpreparednessforactivityinanorganism.Intensecontractionoffacialmuscles,suchasthoseusedinsignifyingfear,heightensarousal.Self-perceptionofheightenedarousalthenleadstoheightenedemotionalactivity.Otherlinksmayinvolvechangesinbraintemperatureandthereleaseofneurotransmitters(substancesthattransmitnerveimpulses.)Thecontractionoffacialmusclesbothinfluencestheinternalemotionalstateandreflectsit.Ekmanhasfoundthattheso-calledDuchennesmile,whichischaracterizedbycrow’sfeetwrinklesaroundtheeyesandasubtledropintheeyecoverfoldsothattheskinabovetheeyemovesdownslightlytowardtheeyeball,canleadtopleasantfeelings.Para.6Ekman’sobservationmayberelevanttotheBritishexpression“keepastiffupperlip”asarecommendationforhandlingstress.Itmightbethata“stiff”lipsuppressesemotionalresponse--aslongasthelipisnotquiveringwithfearortension.Butwhentheemotionthatleadstostiffeningthelipismoreintense,andinvolvesstrongmuscletension,facialfeedbackmayheightenemotionalresponse.

复合题In the absence of optimism, we are left with nothing but critics, naysayers, and prophets of doom. When a nation expects the worst from its people and institutions, and its experts focus exclusivel

复合题Through a series of experiments an American scientist has obtained an understanding of the social structure of the most complex of ant societies. The ant examined are the only creatures other th

复合题AJapanesecolleaguetheotherdaywastalkingaboutameetingwithamanwhomsheabruptlydescribedusing

复合题Forsometimepastithasbeenwidelyacceptedthatbabiesandothercreatureslearntodothingsbecause&n

填空题The features that define our human languages can be called ________features.

填空题We can use the word book to talk about a book, and we can also use the expression the word book to talk about the sign “book” itself. Such a function can be called the_______function of language.

填空题IPA is the short form for International Phonetic ________.

填空题The _______ function of language is primarily to change the social status of persons, as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing of criminals, the blessing of children, the naming of a ship at the launching ceremony, and the cursing of enemies.

填空题________is the smallest component of meaning.

填空题All languages have three major components: a sound system, system of lexicogrammar and a system of _______.

填空题_______ antonymy can be found in antonyms like alive: dead, male: female, present: absent.

填空题Textual cohesiveness can be realized by employing various cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, reference, and________, etc.

填空题The word follow is a variable word, while the word since is a(n) ________one.

填空题As far as the Cooperative Principle goes, the utterance Peter is a lion violates the _______ maxim.

填空题A syllable must have a nucleus or ________, which is often the task of a vowel.

填空题The infinitive structure used in I have tried to consciously stop, worrying about it is called ________infinitive.

填空题Corpus linguistics distinguishes four common types of corpora: general corpora, ________ corpora, sample corpora, and monitor corpora.

填空题I met a man who had a son whose wife sold cookies that she had baked in her kitchen that was fully equipped with electrical appliances that were new. In the sentence above, the rule that govern the repetitive use of clauses is called _______.

填空题Word Trade Organization can be written into WTO for short. Words that form this way are called _______.