完形填空Education in Britain is primarily the responsibility of local educational authorities【A1】______ the central government lays【A2】______ guidelines and provides or withholds money. From the end of the Second World War until the 1960s education【A3】______ state control depended on the “11-plus” examination, 【A4】______ by all pupils between the ages of eleven and twelve. The most successful went to grammar schools or direct-grant schools, while【A5】______ went to secondary modem schools. Since the 1960s almost all local【A6】______ have introduced comprehensive schools, where all pupils attend the same school, 【A7】______ there is usually an attempt to separate them【A8】______ ability once they are there. Local authorities where the Labor party is usually in control tend by now to be almost 【A9】______ “comprehensive”; those where the Conservatives hold power have been more【A10】______ to the change. Throughout this period the public schools, which are private in all 【A11】______ name, have continued to exist,【A12】______ of the state system. Some became direct-grant school, accepting students 【A13】______ has passed the 11-plus examination and were paid for by local authorities, but this system came【A14】______ an end in many cases when a Labor-controlled local authority refused to go on paying the grants because of its 【A15】______ to comprehensive education. 【A16】______ political conviction, there remains, a public debate between the supporters of comprehensive schools and those who want to 【A17】______ or revive grammar schools. For one group the overriding consideration is equality and the need to【A18】______ privilege, 【A19】______ it means ruling out any form of parental choice; for the other, the belief that its own children have the best chance of belonging to the educational elite is sufficient reason for 【A20】______ it.

完形填空NASAastronautPeggyWhitsonisonthe【A1】______ofbecomingtheoldestwomantotravelinspace.Whitsonwillbe56【A2】______sherocketsofftheplanetThursday.She’llcelebrateher57th【A3】______inFebruaryontheInternationalSpaceStation.That’sa【A4】______cryfromJohnGlenn’sspaceshuttleflightat【A5】______77,andit’sa【A6】______yearsshyofthemalerunners-upovertheyears.Butit’senoughto【A7】______BarbaraMorgan’srecordastheworld’soldestspacewoman.MorganwasselectedforNASA’steacher-in-spaceprogramin1985【A8】______didn’tgetachancetoflyuntil2007,whenshewas55.ThiswillbethethirdspacestationmissionforWhitson,abiochemist,andhersecondstint【A9】______commander.She’lllaunchfromKazakhstan,inCentralAsia,【A10】______twoyoungermen,oneRussianandthe【A11】______French.IloveworkingatNASA,butthepartthathasbeenthe【A12】______satisfyingonaday-to-day【A13】______hasbeenworkingonboardthespacestation,”Whitson【A14】______reportersoverthesummer.“Itdoesn’t【A15】______ifI’mcleaningthefilters.IfeellikeI’mhelpingpersonallypush【A16】______exploration...that’s【A17】______Iwanttogoagain.”Whitsonalreadyhas【A18】______377daysinspaceandhasperformedmultiplespacewalks.Herupcomingsix-monthmissionshouldpushher【A19】______534daysinspace,theU.S.record【A20】______inSeptemberby53-year-oldastronautJeffreyWilliams.

完形填空New York is too big to be dominated by any group, by Wasps or Jews or blacks, or by Catholics of many origins — Irish, Italian, Hispanic. All have their little 【A21】______, all are sizable enough to be reckoned【A22】______ and tough in asserting their claims, but【A23】______ is powerful enough to subdue the others.【A24】______, the city swallows up the United Nations and refuses to take it【A25】______, regarding it as an unworkable 【A26】______ of the idealistic, the impractical, and the 【A27】______. But New Yorkers themselves are in training in how to live【A28】______ in a diversity of races — the necessary 【A29】______ into the future.The【A30】______ gives endless color to the city, so that walking in it is a 【A31】______ education in sights and smells. There is a wonderful【A32】______ of places to eat or shop, and though the most successful of【A33】______ places are likely to be touristy hybrid 【A34】______ , they too have genuine roots. Other American cities have ethnic【A35】______ jealously defended, but【A36】______, I think, such an admixture of groups, thrown together in such jarring 【A37】______. In the same way, avenues of high-rise luxury in New York are【A38】______ far from poverty and 【A39】______ streets. The sadness and fortitude of New York must be celebrated, 【A40】______ with its treasures of art and music. The combination is unstable; it produces friction, or an uneasy forbearance that sometimes becomes a real toleration.

完形填空Jane Goodall was born in London on April 3, 1934. On her second birthday, her father gave her a【A1】______ chimpanzee named Jubilee. Jubilee was named【A2】______ a baby chimp in the London Zoo, and seemed to foretell the【A3】______ Jane’s life would take. To this day, Jubilee sits in a chair in Jane’s London home. From an【A4】______ age. Jane was fascinated by animals and animal stories. By the age of 10, she was【A5】______ about going to Africa to live among the【A6】______ there. At the time, in the early 1940s, this was a radical【A7】______ because women did not go to Africa by themselves.As a young woman, Jane finished school in London,【A8】______ secretarial school, and then worked for a documentary filmmaker for a while. When a school friend invited her to【A9】______ Kenya, she worked as a waitress until she had 【A10】______ the fare to travel there by boat. She was 23 years old.【A11】______ in Kenya， she met Dr. Louis Leakey, a famous paleontologist and anthropologist. He was impressed with【A12】______ thorough knowledge of Africa and its wildlife, and hired her to assist him and his wife on a fossil-hunting【A13】______ to Olduvai Gorge. Dr. Leakey soon realized that Jane was the【A14】______ person to complete a study he had been planning for some time. She expressed her【A15】______ in the idea of studying animals by living in the【A16】______ with them, rather than studying dead animals through paleontology.One of the first significant observations that Jane【A17】______ during the study was that chimpanzees make and use tools, 【A18】______ like humans do, to help them get food. It was previously thought that humans 【A19】______ used tools. Also thanks to Jane’s research, we now know that chimps eat meat as well as plants and fruits. In many ways, she has helped us to see how chimpanzees and humans are【A20】______. In doing so, she has made us more sympathetic toward these creatures, while helping us to better understand ourselves.

完形填空NEW DELHI, JANUARY 30, 1948—Mohandas K. Gandhi was 【A21】______ today by a Hindu extremist whose act plunged India into【A22】______ and fear.Rioting broke out immediately in Bombay.The seventy-eight-year-old leader whose people had christened him the Great Soul of India died at 3:45 P.M. (1:15 A M. EST) with his head cradled in the【A23】______ of his sixteen-year-old granddaughter, Mani.Just half an hour before, a Hindu fanatic, Ram Naturam, had pumped three bullets from a revolver【A24】______ Gandhi’s frail body, emaciated by years of fasting and asceticism.Gandhi was shot in the luxurious gardens of Birla House in the【A25】______ of one thousand of his followers, whom he was leading to the little summer pagoda where it was his habit【A26】______ make his evening devotions.Dressed as always in his homespun, sacklike dhoti, and【A27】______ heavily on a staff of stout wood, Gandhi was only a feet from the 【A28】______ when the shots were fired.Gandhi crumpled instantly, 【A29】______ his hand to his forehead in the Hindu gesture of【A30】______ to his assassin.Three bullets penetrated his body at close range, one in the upper right thigh, one in the abdomen, and 【A31】______ in the chest.The shots【A32】______ like a string of firecrackers and it was a moment【A33】______ Gandhi’s devotees realized what had happened. Then they 【A34】______ on the assassin savagely and would have torn him to bits had not police guards intervened with rifles and drawn bayonets.Over all India the word 【A35】______ like wildfire. Minutes after the flash was received in Bombay rioting broke out, with Hindu extremists 【A36】______ Moslems. A panic-stricken Moslem woman echoed the thoughts of thousands with a【A37】______: “God help us all!”In Delhi itself, in the quick-gathering 【A38】______ of the night, the news set the people on the march.They walked slowly【A39】______ the avenues and out of the squalid bazaars, converging on Birla House. There【A40】______ the thousands they stood weeping silently or moaning a wailing.

完形填空Earlier today, my colleague Derek Thompson argued that; it’s misleading to think of marriage【A1】______ a “luxury good”. Why? Because luxury goods are something the 【A2】______ buy and the poor can’t afford. But in the case of【A3】______ the trend is more complex. The vast majority of Americans tie the knot at some point in their lives, he argues. It’s just that those【A4】______ a college education are far, far more likely to get divorced. Marriage is for everyone; failed marriages are【A5】______ the poor.Bleak stuff. But it’s getting bleaker.Derek’s post is based 【A6】______ a long-term study of young Baby Boomers, who were at least 46【A7】______ old by 2010. But among younger Americans, marriage really is looking more and more【A8】______ something you’d have to buy at Tiffany’s. According to 2012 Census Bureau report, 【A9】______ shows the percentage of men who have never married by age and income, the less a guy earns nowadays, the【A10】______ likely they are to have ever gotten married.Well, that’s not l00 percent true. Among twenty-somethings there seems to be a rich bachelor【A11】______ going on (or an overworked young professional effect, if you prefer). Those making $75,000 or more are somewhat less likely to have been married than 【A12】______ making between $40,000 and $75,000.This particular set of Census data unfortunately tells us much less about 【A13】______ and marriage. The problem: Stay-at-home moms.The key to remember, though, is that many educated, high-earning women, the sorts who are likely to meet and【A14】______ educated and high-earning men, leave the workforce or go part time once they have children. So a publicist who once made over $70,000 a year might 【A15】______ earn $20,000 if she decided 【A16】______ work fewer hours while【A17】______ for her children at home.Here’s why this trend—not just the move towards divorce like Derek talked about, 【A18】______ the move from marriage entirely—is so gloomy. Getting married, and staying married, is 【A19】______ of the surest ways of securing a middle class life. By choosing 【A20】______ to wed in the first place, the poor are abandoning that chance at stability.

完形填空In the midst of a glorious summer day, I returned home to find my husband 【A1】______, legs dangling off our bed, looking for the world as【A2】______ he had lost his best friend. In a way, he had. When queried about his mood, he simply 【A3】______, “Everybody hates me.” We had been experiencing【A4】______ of those weeks as parents when nobody understands the language you’re speaking — and it was taking 【A5】______ toll!My husband is not prone 【A6】______ moodiness, or worrying too much about【A7】______ likes him and who doesn’t. The military taught him that【A8】______ over the course of more than twenty【A9】______. His last assignment in the military was 【A10】______ a Company Commander training recruits in the basic rudiments of the military way. This particular【A11】______ demands a no nonsense style of authority and discipline—and he 【A12】______ this well. Why then were a few 【A13】______ giving him so many problems?While doing his job, Paul understood that recruits are not supposed to【A14】______ you when doing your job well — one of the qualities that【A15】______ him outstanding at his job. Unfortunately, Paul, like most【A16】______ parents, expects to discipline their children and have 【A17】______ like us; not only 【A18】______ that expectation unrealistic, it can make us terribly ineffective at our jobs as parents. In the long【A19】______, it is the guideline we lay down for children 【A20】______ cultivates a lasting love, respect and security as they grow.

完形填空Music comes in many forms; most countries have a style of their own. 【A1】______ the turn of the century when jazz was born, American had no prominent 【A2】______ of its own. No one knows exactly when jazz was【A3】______, or by whom. But it begins to be【A4】______ in the early 1900s. Jazz is America’s contribution to 【A5】______ music. In contrast to classical music, which【A6】______ formal European traditions, jazz is spontaneous and, free form. It bubbles with energy, 【A7】______ the moods, interests, and, emotions of the people. In the 1920s jazz 【A8】______ like America, and【A9】______ it does today. The 【A10】______ of this music are interesting as the music 【A11】______. American Negroes, or blacks, as they are called today, were the jazz 【A12】______. They were brought to Southern States 【A13】______ salves. They were sold to plantation owners and forced to work long 【A14】______. When a Negro died his friends and relatives【A15】______ a procession to carry the body to the cemetery. In New Orleans, a band often accompanied the【A16】______. On fee way to the cemetery the band played slow, solemn music suited to the occasion.【A17】______ on the way home the mood changed. Sprits lifted. Death had removed one of their【A18】______, but the living were glad to believe. The band played【A19】______ music, improvising on both the harmony and the melody of the tunes【A20】______ at the funeral. This music made everyone want to dance. It was an early form of jazz.

完形填空A road has been cleared to the【A21】______ town of Kaikoura on New Zealand’s east coast four days after it was cut off by a magnitude 7.3 quake that 【A22】______ the North Canterbury region of the South Island.The inland road to Kaikoura was【A23】______ on Thursday morning, but only for trucks and【A24】______ drive vehicles as it remained unstable and badly damaged.A convoy of 27 army vehicles【A25】______ with relief supplies was immediately sent to the town.Gale-force winds and heavy downpours in quake-stricken areas continued to【A26】______ the pace of relief efforts, 【A27】______ the majority of the 1,200 tourists stranded in Kaikoura had been evacuated by sea and air.Nearly 500【A28】______ came into Christchurch early on Wednesday morning on the HMNZS Canterbury and were 【A29】______ up in empty student dormitories, where they were【A30】______ cooked breakfasts and【A31】______ showers after arriving at 5am.Police in Marlborough were using a military Iroquois 【A32】______ to begin checking on isolated high- country farms from the Clarence river【A33】______ the upper Awatere valley, delivering 【A34】______ food and medical supplies to farmers who had gone【A35】______ assistance since the quake early on Monday.Police【A36】______ Dan Mattison said many people on isolated properties still had no phone or internet 【A37】______ and the next few days would be the first 【A38】______ for police to check on them.Aftershocks continued to be 【A39】______ but less often. GeoNet said on Wednesday it had recorded more than 2,600 tremors since the【A40】______ quake.

完形填空A major reason for conflict in the animal world is territory. The male animal 【A1】______ an area. The size of the area is 【A2】______ to provide food for him, his 【A3】______ and their offspring. Migrating birds, for example, divide up the best territory in the order of “first come, first 【A4】______ ” The late arrivals may acquire 【A5】______ territories, but less food is available, or they are too close to the【A6】______ of the enemies of the species.When there is【A7】______ over territory, animals will commonly use force, or a【A8】______ of force, to decide which will stay and which will go. It is interesting to note, 【A9】______ that animals seem to use only the 【A10】______ amount of force necessary to drive away the intruder. There is usually no killing. In the 【A11】______ of those animals which are capable of doing each other harm, there is a 【A12】______ for the losing animal to show the winning animal that he wishes to submit. When he shows this, the【A13】______ normally stops fighting. Animals (especially birds), which can【A14】______ escape from conflict seem to have no【A15】______ against killing, and equally no mechanism for 【A16】______. The losing bird simply flies away. However, if two doves are【A17】______ in a cage, and they start fighting, they will continue to fight until one kills the other. We all think of the dove as a 【A18】______ of peace and, 【A19】______ its natural habitat, it is peaceful. But the “peace” mechanism does not 【A20】______ in a cage.

完形填空Consistent discipline is not the only lesson Paul and I have learned from the military. We have also learned the principles of double jeopardy. In the military and in the American justice system, double jeopardy is【A1】______ to be avoided. In our life【A2】______ parents, we totally believe in double jeopardy and spread the word!Our children dread the first time I go in to meet their【A3】______. From the time they’ve been in kindergarten, I’ve【A4】______ the effort to go in and establish a relationship with their teachers and administrators 【A5】______ to the first conference. One of the reasons I do this is to 【A6】______ a feel for the curriculum, the person teaching【A7】______ and to make our views 【A8】______ regarding double jeopardy. We believe that 【A9】______ a child is disciplined at school for 【A10】______ infraction of the rules, the situation should also be addressed and have consequences at 【A11】______. This backs up the discipline policy of the 【A12】______ and precludes a child shouting “You can’t do anything to me, my mom said so!”Is that really【A13】______ we want? When called to school, listen carefully to what the teacher or principal has to say. It is then equally important to listen just as 【A14】______ to the child’s side of the story. Decide if the seriousness of the situation rates 【A15】______ action. Sometimes it does, sometimes it doesn’t -but you need to find【A16】______. Do not discount the fact; a mistake could have been made at the school. If this has happened, by all means, act as an advocate for your child! If your child has【A17】______ a rule infraction, deal with it immediately and resolutely. Make sure he knows you support the school and their【A18】______, that any further problem will lead【A19】______ a greater consequence and then choose the【A20】______ (if needed) to fit the crime. At the very least, a genuine rule infraction shows a lack of respect for leaders, society and rules.

完形填空Fromchildhoodtooldage,wealluselanguageasameansofbroadeningourknowledgeofourselvesandtheworldaboutus.Whenhumansfirst【A1】______,theywerelikenewbornchildren,unabletousethis【A2】______tool.Yetoncelanguagedeveloped,thepossibilitiesformankindfuture【A3】______andculturalgrowthincreased.Manylinguistsbelievethatevolutionis【A4】______forourabilitytoproducemiduselanguage.They【A5】______thatourhighlyevolvedbrainprovidesus【A6】______innatelanguageabilitynotfoundin.lower【A7】______.Proponentsofthisinnatenesstheorysaythatour【A8】______forlanguageisinborn,butthatlanguageitselfdevelopsgradually,【A9】______afunctionofthegrowthofthebrainduringchildhood.Thereforetherearecritical【A10】______timesforlanguagedevelopment.Current【A11】______ofinnatenesstheoryaremixed.However,evidencesupportingtheexistenceofsomeinnateabilitiesisundeniable.【A12】______moreandmoreschoolsarediscoveringthatforeignlanguagesarebesttaughtin【A13】______grades.Youngchildrenoftencanlearnseverallanguagesbybeing【A14】______tothem,whileadultshaveamuchhardertimelearninganotherlanguageoncethe【A15】______theirfirstlanguagehavebecomefirmlyfixed.【A16】______someaspectsoflanguageareundeniablyinnate,languagedoesnotdevelopautomaticallyinavacuum.Childrenwhohavebeen【A17】______fromotherhumanbeingsdonotpossesslanguage.Thisdemonstratesthat【A18】______withotherhumanbeingsisnecessaryforproperlanguagedevelopment.Somelinguistsbelievethatthisisevenmorebasictohumanlanguage【A19】______thananyinnatecapacities.Thesetheoristsviewlanguageasimitative,learnedbehavior.【A20】______,childrenlearnlanguagesfromtheirparentsbyimitatingthem.Parentsgraduallyshapetheirchildren’slanguageskillbypositivelyreinforcingpreciseimitationsandnegativelyreinforcingimpreciseones.

完形填空Why does the idea of progress 【A21】______ so large in the modern world? Surely because progress of a【A22】______ kind is actually taking place around us and is becoming more and more 【A23】______. Although mankind has 【A24】______ no general improvement in intelligence or morality, it has made【A25】______ progress in the accumulation of knowledge.Knowledge began to increase as soon as the thoughts of one individual could be communicated to another by means of 【A26】______. With the invention of writing, a great advance was made, for knowledge could then be not only communicated but also 【A27】______. Libraries made education possible, and education in its【A28】______ added to libraries: the growth of knowledge 【A29】______ a kind of compound interest law, which was greatly 【A30】______ by the invention of printing. All this was【A31】______ slow until, with the coming of science, the tempo was suddenly【A32】______. Then knowledge began to be accumulated according to a【A33】______ plan. The trickle became a stream; the stream has now become a 【A34】______. Moreover, as soon as new knowledge is【A35】______, it is now turned to practical account. What is called “modern civilization” is not the result of a【A36】______ development of all man’s nature, but of accumulated knowledge【A37】______ to practical life. The problem now 【A38】______ humanity is: What is going to be done with all this knowledge? As is so often pointed out, knowledge is a【A39】______ weapon which can be used equally for good and evil. It is now being used【A40】______ for both.

完形填空New York will bestow the gifts of loneliness and privacy on anyone who desires such queer prizes. It is this largeness that accounts for the【A21】______ within the city’s walls of a【A22】______ section of the population; for the residents of Manhattan are largely strangers who have pulled up【A23】______ somewhere and come to town, seeking【A24】______ or fulfillment or some greater or lesser grail. The capacity to make such【A25】______ gifts is a mysterious quality of New York. It can destroy an individual, or it can【A26】______ him, depending a good deal on luck. No one should come to New York to live unless he is willing to be【A27】______.Although New York often imparts a feeling of great【A28】______ or【A29】______, it seldom seems dead or un-resourceful; and you always feel that either by shifting your【A30】______ ten blocks or by reducing your【A31】______ by five dollars you can experience 【A32】______. Many people who have no real 【A33】______ of spirit depend on the city’s【A34】______ variety and sources of excitement for spiritual 【A35】______ and【A36】______ of morale. In the country there are a few【A37】______ of sudden rejuvenation — a shift in weather, perhaps, or something arriving in the mail. But in New York the chances are endless. I think that although many persons are here from some 【A38】______ of spirit (which caused them to break away from their small town), some, too, are here from a 【A39】______ of spirit, who find in New York a【A40】______, or an easy substitution.

完形填空We are fortunate in having two different kinds of scientists. Among them are the basic scientists 【A1】______ have curiosity as their impelling motive, who report their findings and 【A2】______ not bother to follow the long road 【A3】______ useful applications of their discoveries. When a research is carried as 【A4】______ as they desire, they return to their【A5】______ and work on other pioneering problems in which they are【A6】______, and again they feed their results into 【A7】______ world’s pool of scientific knowledge. Such【A8】______ predominate in academic laboratories.【A9】______ type of scientist, found largely in industrial laboratories, is interested in science 【A10】______ applied in technology. These scientists try to adapt the results of pure【A11】______ to human needs and to solve specific【A12】______ in order to improve products or increase efficiencies of manufacturing. The【A13】______ scientists often work in teams which contain scientists of【A14】______ backgrounds, perhaps a mathematician, a physicist, a chemist, and an engineer. Rapid advances are【A15】______ through this programmatic applied research, for【A16】______, the three short years from the discovery of nuclear fission to the first nuclear chain reaction, and a【A17】______ three years from the nuclear chain reaction to the nuclear explosion.There is no fixed line 【A18】______ basic and applied research: practical applications often require additional basic research in order to fill 【A19】______ in available knowledge, and many good ideas for basic investigations come from applied 【A20】______. Applied research feeds on basic research, but basic research and its tools are also dependent on applied research. So technology grows.

完形填空Americans haven’t given up on marriage as a cherished ideal. Indeed, most Americans continue to prize and value marriage【A1】______ an important life goal, and the vast 【A2】______ of us will marry at least once in a lifetime. By the mid-thirties, a majority of Americans have married at least once.Most couples enter marriage with a strong【A3】______ and determination for a lifelong, 【A4】______ partnership. Moreover, this desire may be【A5】______ among the young. Since the 1980s, the percentage of young Americans who say【A6】______ having a good marriage is extremely important to them as a life goal has increased slightly.But when men and women【A7】______ today, they are entering a union that looks very different from the【A8】______ that their parents or grandparents entered.As a couple’s relationship, marriages are more likely to be broken by divorce【A9】______ by death. And although one might expect that greater freedom to leave an unhappy marriage might increase the【A10】______ that intact marriages would be very happy, this does not 【A11】______ to be the case. Marriages are less【A12】______ today than in past decades.As an 【A13】______ stage in the life course, marriage is shrinking. Americans are living longer, marrying later, exiting marriage 【A14】______ quickly, and choosing to live together before marriage, after marriage, in-between marriages, and as an alternative【A15】______ marriage. A small but growing percentage of American adults will never marry. As a【A16】______, marriage is surrounded by longer periods of 【A17】______ or unpartnered singlehood over the course of a lifetime.Among young women, social confidence in marriage is wavering. Until very recently, young women were highly optimistic about their chances for 【A18】______ happiness and success. Now, according to youth surveys, their【A19】______ in their ability to achieve successful marriage is 【A20】______. Moreover, they are notably more accepting of alternatives to marriage, such as unwed parenthood and cohabitation.

完形填空As a new civilization arrives, it【A21】______ the fundamental and the trivial【A22】______. Thus today we see an enormous 【A23】______ of things that were inconceivable, unavailable, or socially disapproved【A24】______ in the past—everything from【A25】______ transplants to Frisbees and yogurt franchises, from condos and consultants to【A26】______ lenses, from spacewalks to Game Boy cartridges, from Jews for Jesus to New Age 【A27】______, from laser surgeons to CNN, from ecological fundamentalism to chaos【A28】______.Change all these social, technological, and cultural elements at once, 【A29】______ you create not just a transition buta 【A30】______, not just society【A31】______ the beginnings, at least, of a 【A32】______ new civilization.But to introduce a new civilization【A33】______ the planet and then expect peace and tranquility is the【A34】______ of strategic naivete. Each civilization has its 【A35】______ economic (and hence political and military) 【A36】______.In this trisected world the First Wave【A37】______ supplies agricultural and mineral【A38】______, the Second Wave sector【A39】______ cheap labour and does the mass production, and a【A40】______ expanding Third Wave sector rises to dominance based on its new ways in which it creates and exploits knowledge.

完形填空Postgraduate study ranges from programs emphasizing intensive training in a specific aspect of professional practice【A1】______ degree programs of several years’ duration, either in an academic【A2】______ a professional field. Many professions also require periodic postgraduate study in 【A3】______ to maintain certification for practice.Graduate schools generally award master’s degrees or doctorates to【A4】______ who have satisfactorily completed prescribed 【A5】______ of study. A year is usually required to obtain a master’s degree, 【A6】______ demands the acquisition of a 【A7】______ level of knowledge than is needed for a baccalaureate. The doctoral 【A8】______ involves a longer period of study and requires participation 【A9】______ and summation of some type of original research, as well as written and 【A10】______ examinations.The demands for specific courses of postgraduate study change with the 【A11】______ of society. In most developing nations, for example, professional【A12】______ in engineering and the health sciences is【A13】______ great demand. In the United States and Canada the 【A14】______ of persons applying to schools of medicine, and business management greatly increased during【A15】______ 1970s. Preparation for a 【A16】______ in medicine represents the most intensive curriculum, 【A17】______ a medical degree requires at least four years beyond the baccalaureate, and 【A18】______ into a medical specialty can require four or more years of study. Many other occupations are currently【A19】______ upgraded to the status of professions, 【A20】______ accompanying increases in the amount of postgraduate education needed for entry and advancement.

完形填空Communicating—getting our message across—is the concern not only of second language teachers but of us all in our daily lives in whatever language we happen to use. Learning how to be better【A1】______ is important to all of us in both our private and public lives. Better communication means better understanding of 【A2】______ and others; less isolation【A3】______ those around us; and more productive happy lives.We begin communicating【A4】______ birth by interacting with those around us to keep warm, dry and【A5】______. We soon learn that the success of a particular communication strategy depends【A6】______ the willingness of others to understand and on the interpretation they【A7】______ to our meaning.As we grow up our needs grow【A8】______ complex and, along with them, so 【A9】______ our communication efforts. Different words, we discover, are appropriate in different【A10】______ The expressions we hear on the playground or through the bedroom door may or may not be【A11】______ at the supper table. Along with words we learn to use intonation, 【A12】______, facial expression, and many features of communication to convey our meaning,Formal training in the classroom affords systematic practice in an even wider【A13】______ of communicative activities. A concern for communication extends 【A14】______ school years and into adult life. Assertiveness training, the development of strategies for conquering stage 【A15】______, and an awareness of body language are among the many avenues to improved adult communication.

写作题Nowadays, people have different views about which is more important in getting a good job: outstanding performance in examinations or rich experiences in social activities.【】Write a composition of approximately 400 words on this issue to state your own opinion.【】 In the first part of your essay you should present your thesis statement, and in the second part you should support the thesis statement with appropriate details. In the last part you should bring what you have written to a natural conclusion with a summary.【】Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks.【】Write your composition on the Answer Sheet.