阅读理解Directions: in this section there are 3 passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passage and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage oneHollywood suggests attraction, a place where the young teenagers with star dreams could with a bit of luck fulfill their drams. Hollywood suggests luxurious houses with vast palm-fringed swimming pools, cocktail bars and furnishings fit for a millionaire. And the big movie stars were millionaires. Many spent their fortunes on yachts, Rolls-Royces and diamonds. A few of them lost their attraction quite suddenly and were left with nothing but emptiness and debts.Movies were first made in Hollywood before World War I. The constant sunshine and mild climate of southern California made it an ideal site for shooting motion pictures. Hollywood’ s fame and fortune reached its peak in the 1930s and 1940s, the golden days of the black and white movies. In those days Hollywood was like a magnet, drawing ambitious young men and women from all over the world. Most of them had only their good looks to recommend them and had no acting experience — or ability — whatsoever. Occasionally they got jobs, if they were lucky enough to be noticed.As for the star themselves, they were held on a tight control by the studio chiefs who could make or break all but the stars with really big appeal. The stars were “persuaded” to sign seven-year contracts, during which time the studios built up their images. Under their contracts the stars did not have the right to choose their roles. Their studios decide everything.No country in the world has developed so expertly the skill of advertising as the Americans. They advertise everything, from ice cream to candidates for the Presidency. The Hollywood studios, by means of advertising, turned common people into superstars. Many studio chiefs were rich, determining to get their own way at all costs.Stars were often typecast, that is, if he or she appealed to the public as a lover, then he or she always played the part of a lover. A star popular as a cowboy or a bad guy got the same kind of role again and again. There was little arguing. “You’ re the perfect dumb blond, baby, and that’ s how you’ re going to stay, ” they would say. They even tried to interfere in their stars’ private lives: “No, sugar! You just can’ t marry Mel Billigan. He’ s too intellectual. He’ d destroy your image. ” Only when they ceased to be stars did some of them discover that they were also good actors.Hollywood is no longer the heart of the world’ s motion picture industry. Most movies today are filmed on location, that is to say, in the cities, in the countryside, and in any part of the world that the script demands. The Hollywood studios are still standing, but most of them have been leased to television networks. About 80% of all American TV entertainment comes from Hollywood.Yet Hollywood has not lost all its glamour. Movie stars still live there, or in neighboring Beverley Hills, and so do many of the California. There is also the attractive Hollywood Bowl, the huge outdoor amphitheater where every summer since 1922 “Symphonies under the Stars” is played by America’ s best orchestras before packed audiences.Hollywood, above all, has the glamour of the past. It is a name which will always be associated with motion picture- making and for many years to come the old Hollywood movies will be shown again and again in movie houses and on television screens all over the world.

阅读理解Petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil, and lubricating oils, come from one source-crude oil found below the earth’ s surface, as well as under large bodies of water, from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep as 25, 000 feet into the earth’ s interior. Sometimes crude oil is secured by drilling a hole through the earth, but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oil. Pressure at the source or pumping forces crude oil to the surface. Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products are always measured 42-gallon barrels.Petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance: thin, thick, transparent or opaque, but regardless, their chemical composition is made up of two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements found in union with the hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities. Trace elements are also found, but these are of such minute quantifies that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joining of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors. These products are the so-called light oils, such as gasoline, kerosene, and distillate oil. The residue remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers. Additional complicated terming processes rear-range the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons to produce other products, some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasoline.

阅读理解Directions: In this section there are three passages followed by fifteen multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then choose the one answer that you think is the correct to each question.Text 2Charlie Bell became chief executive of McDonald’ s in April. Within a month doctors told him that he had colorectal cancer. After stock market hours on November 22nd, the fast-food firm said he had resigned; it would need a third boss in under a year. Yet when the market opened, its share price barely dipped then edged higher. After all, McDonald’ s had, again, shown how to act swiftly and decisively in appointing a new boss.Mr. Bell himself got the top job when Jim Cantalupo died of a heart attack hours before he was due to address a convention of McDonald’ s franchisees. Mr. Cantalupo was a McDonald’ s veteran brought out of retirement in January 2003 to help remodel the firm after sales began falling because of dirty restaurants, indifferent service and growing concern about junk food. He devised a recovery plan, backed by massive marketing, and promoted Mr. Bell to chief operating officer. When Mr. Cantalupo died, a rapidly convened board confirmed Mr. Bell, a 44-year-old Australian already widely seen as his heir apparent, in the top job. The convention got its promised chief executive’ s address, from the firm’ s first non-American leader.Yet within weeks executives had to think about what to do if Mr. Bell became too ill to continue. Perhaps Mr. Bell had the same thing on his mind: he usually introduced Jim Skinner, the 60-year-old vice-chairman, to visitors as the “steady hand at the wheel” . Now Mr. Skinner, an expert on the firm’ s overseas operations, becomes chief executive, and Mike Roberts, head of its American operations, joins the board as chief operating officer.Is Mr. Roberts now the new heir apparent? Maybe McDonald’ s has brought in supposedly healthier choices such as salads and toasted sandwiches worldwide and, instead of relying for most of its growth on opening new restaurants, has turned to upgrading its 31, 000 existing ones. America has done best at this; under Mr. Roberts, like-for-like sales there were up by 7. 5% in October on a year earlier.The new team’ s task is to keep the revitalization plan on course, especially overseas, where some American brands are said to face political hostility from consumers. This is a big challenge. Is an in-house succession the best way to tackle it? Mr. Skinner and Mr. Roberts are both company veterans, having joined in the 1970s. Some recent academic studies find that the planned succession of a new boss from within, such as Mr. Bell and now (arguably) Mr. Roberts, produces better results than looking hastily, or outside, for one. McDonald’ s smooth handling of its serial misfortunes at the top certainly seems to prove the point. Even so, everyone at McDonald’ s must be hoping that it will be a long time before the firm faces yet another such emergency.

阅读理解Passage 2The Internet has, in a short space of time, become fundamental to the global economy. More than a billion people worldwide use it, both at work and in their social lives. Over the past three decades it has grown from an experimental research network and now underpins a range of new economic activities as well as activities and infrastructures that support our economies, from financial markets and health services to energy and transport.But are we making the most of what the Internet has to offer our economies and societies? What are likely future developments, and can we make sure they are positive ones?Major changes are taking place in how we access the Internet and how we make use of it. As a result, the Internet’ s reach, capabilities and potential achievements are high on the policy agenda in OECD and non-OECD countries.The Internet offers access to a host of activities through both wired and wireless technologies. It provides a platform for innovation, for new communication technologies, the provision of new products and services and access to an unparalleled wealth of information. But this also raises concerns, notably in the area of reliability, scalability, security and openness of access. If global supply-chain management depends on the Internet, then a breakdown or security breach could cause major economic damage. If peopled personal data are compromised online, it may breach their privacy or affect many other aspects of their lives.Looking forward, the Internet is poised to connect an ever-greater number of users, objects and information infrastructures. This means that the policy framework governing its use and development also needs to be adaptable, carefully crafted and co-ordinated across policy domains, borders and multiple stakeholder communities.This Policy Brief looks at likely future developments in the Internet economy, and how all stakeholders can help the Internet to meet the increasing demands made upon it, continue to drive innovation, provide new communications services and platforms, while being secure and respecting privacy.The Internet is making economic activity more efficient, faster, and cheaper, and extending social interaction in unparalleled ways. Increasingly, the largest productivity gains for businesses come from using online networks in some form. The multinational food giant Nestle®, for example, now receives all of its orders directly from supermarkets over the Internet. The shipping company UPS used online networks to optimise its delivery routes, saving 12 million litres of fuel in 2006 from nearly 100 000 trucks.The Internet has also brought unprecedented user and consumer empowerment as well as opportunities for new innovative and social activities. Individuals have greater access to information, which facilitates comparisons and creates downward pressure on prices. Internet users are extremely active, creating new content themselves and interacting in new ways.The Internet is quickly permeating all economic and social domains, and most public policy areas. For instance, e- government has become the prime tool for supporting government functions and interaction with citizens and businesses. Healthcare systems are increasingly making use of the Internet and online networks to increase affordability, quality and efficiency, through electronic patient record systems, remote patient monitoring and healthcare delivery, along with improved diagnostics and imaging technologies. Educational performance is found to be correlated with home access to, and use of, computers - all other things being equal. Moreover, environmentally- friendly technologies based on the Internet in buildings and transport systems and alternative power generating systems can help address climate change and improve energy efficiency.The influence of the “network of networks” is inherently global; helping to forge closer integration of our economies and societies. Moreover, as the Internet expands even further it can help the economic and social development of people of all countries. While there have been remarkable developments in recent years, much remains to be done: about 20% of the world’ s population use the Internet, but over 5 billion people still lack access to it.Before the rapid development of the Internet, separate systems - telephone, television and video, individual computer systems - stored and transmitted voice, video and data. Today, these systems are converging onto the Internet. In addition to convergence of network platforms, convergence is also taking place at several other levels: at the content level with Video on Demand (VoD) and television over Internet Protocol networks (IPTV) ; at the business level, with companies offering combined television, Internet and telephone services to subscribers; and at the device level, with multi-purpose devices that can combine email, telephone and Internet, for example.Indeed, this has become the era of converged media. Users upload some 10 hours of video per minute alone to the video sharing site YouTube. By 2008, nearly 300 million people are registered to use free VoIP (voice over Internet Protocol) software Skype, enabling them to make phone calls worldwide at little or no extra cost via their existing Internet access. Converged media are also increasingly becoming mobile with the expansion of wireless broadband networks.As convergence takes place and investment in next generation networks (NGN) begins, the role of very fast optical fibre networks “to the home” becomes increasingly important given that emerging applications, such as high-definition television and video-on-demand， require increasing amounts of bandwidth.The regulatory challenges associated with convergence are significant. With migration to Internet Protocol-based networks, one network can handle many types of converged services. This means that governments face a fundamental shift in the way they regulate broadcasting and telecommunication services. The issue for the future of the Internet Economy is how best to stimulate a competitive environment as technologies and markets evolve, to ensure that the Internet can meet growing expectations, especially as high speed networks, both fibre and wireless, develop. For this, insight is needed into the impact of convergence on competition, the regulatory and policy issues of network infrastructure and services, the promise of multi-platform competition, and the implications for greater connectivity, pricing, sustainable competition, investment and innovation.As communication platforms converge towards using the Internet Protocol (IP) , IP addresses are crucial to the scalability of the Internet and thus to the continued growth of the Internet economy, as all devices connected to the Internet need IP addresses to communicate. Over 85% of the total four billion IPv4 address blocks are already allocated and expectations are that the current pool of unallocated IP version 4 address blocks will be depleted within the next few years. Deploying the newer IP version 6 address blocks is necessary to enable growth in use of the Internet. But making the switch is difficult and it takes time and resources as well as a commitment by all stakeholders, including governments.The Internet and information and communications technologies (ICTs) are profoundly changing how research and creative activity are undertaken, for example by enabling distributed research, grid and cloud computing, simulation, or virtual worlds . They are also changing the organisation of science, research and innovation, by linking the creativity of individuals and allowing organisations to collaborate, pool distributed computing power and exploit new ways of disseminating information.This is fostering competition, stimulating the restructuring of industries and institutions, with potentially major impacts on innovation and growth. ICTs and the Internet account for a significant share of total research and development, patent applications, firm start- ups and venture capital. The global nature of the Internet is further spurring the pace and scope of research and innovation, and encouraging new kinds of entrepreneurial activity.Digital technology and the Internet are also transforming platforms for delivering news, entertainment and other information. Participative networks enable users to contribute to developing, rating, collaborating and distributing Internet content and customising Internet applications, driving a range of new social and economic opportunities alongside new models of production. In Korea, for example, more than 40% of Internet users have their own blog. The policy challenge is to encourage innovation, growth and change, and develop appropriate governance that does not stifle creativity or affect the openness of the Internet as a dynamic platform for innovation.Because the marginal costs of exchanging and reproducing information and digital content are very low, another policy challenge is to facilitate access to and use of digital content and develop new business models while preventing unauthorised use. Many new business models are emerging around the provision of content, and this area is evolving rapidly. The music and video industries, for example, are still grappling with these issues as they seek to develop new， more effective and popular ways of commercialising their products on line.Public organisations play a significant role in creating large amounts of publicly funded Internet content, research and information and holding digital content created by others. Facilitating access and commercial re- use of public sector content and information can bring significant economic and social benefits when re-used. An example is in developing innovative value-added services that utilise map and weather information.The question of security was not at the top of the agenda when the Internet was originally designed for a small and trusted community. Today, as a global platform for commerce and social interaction, confidence in the Internet is vital if full use is to be made of its potential, whether in buying and selling goods online, interacting with public administrations such as filing tax returns, or in managing of sensitive personal information such as health records. Absolute trust may never be achievable but users need to be confident that their online activities are as secure as offline equivalents.Increasing trust online requires policies and measures to strengthen the security of information systems and networks, and more effectively ensure respect of privacy and personal data, to create trustworthy digital identities, and to protect consumers, minors and other vulnerable groups.The Internet is widely viewed as both a critical infrastructure in itself and a key enabler of other critical infrastructures. The monitoring and control of power grids and water plants, for example, often depend on the functioning of underlying IP-based networks. In addition, most industrial control systems that monitor and control critical processes are increasingly connected, directly or indirectly (through corporate networks) , to the Internet and therefore face new threats. Protecting the Internet is a public policy priority.Cybercriminality has become a multi-million dollar industry that takes advantage of the borderless nature of the Internet. Cybercriminals develop malicious software or “Malware” to infiltrate or damage computer systems and to steal identities and confidential data such as credit card details. They use networks of several hundred thousands of malware-“infected” computer systems to extort money from public and private organisations by threatening to overload their services and make them unavailable. Law enforcement is essentially based on the idea that the criminal is physically present at the scene of the crime. However, “Internet criminals” can be on another continent, and frequently route through several third-party countries, making their precise location difficult to determine and creating challenges for law enforcement.Protecting privacy is also becoming much more difficult in the Internet age. The Internet makes it possible to store or transfer huge amounts of data at little cost. At the same time, vast amounts of personal information are searchable, linkable and traceable. As a result, privacy- related risks are increasing. The more personal data are transferred from one entity to another, or are used to extract information for other purposes, the more likely a breach of privacy becomes. When thousands of personal records can be stored on a laptop or USB key, the loss or theft of that device can pose a major problem. The information could be used for fraud or identity theft purposes, it could be made public and severely damage a large number of individuals9 privacy or it could simply be lost or damaged if no backup copy had been made.Beyond the current Internet, a set of new technologies, such as radio frequency identification (RFID) and location-based technologies, are predicted to enable new innovative applications and cause the network to evolve into an “Internet of Things” . In the longer term, small wireless sensor devices embedded in objects, equipment and facilities are likely to be integrated with the Internet through wireless networks that will enable interconnectivity anywhere and at anytime. The future uses and capacities of technologies that bridge the physical and virtual worlds are expected both to bring economic benefits and raise new societal challenges.An “Internet of things” is predicted to be able to help individuals in their daily tasks and enhance business processes, supply chain management and quality assurance. It will enable distance monitoring of ambient conditions (e. g. temperature, pressure) and be used in a myriad of new applications, in areas such as healthcare and environmental monitoring. However, concerns relating to the invisibility of data collection and to the ability to trace and profile individuals could be exacerbated if tags and readers become pervasive and are combined with sensors and networks.Another pressing need for policy makers is to better understand the role and contribution of the Internet and other information and communications technology in driving productivity and economic growth, and as a platform for innovation, increased collaboration and shared creation. There is also a need to analyse the economic, social and cultural impacts of emerging Internet technologies, applications and services, including virtual worlds, sensor-based networks and social networking platforms.In addition, more should be done to promote more open and competitive markets for goods and services, and to meet the challenges of transforming government and the public sector so that they are more efficient, transparent and accountable. Further research is also needed into the impact of Internet and related ICTs in addressing climate change and improving energy efficiency and into translating these findings into policy action.As the global reach of the Internet increases, it is necessary to ensure that co-operation on regulatory enforcement expands as well. OECD governments have already developed policy frameworks to assist in cross-border co- operation on law enforcement in the areas of consumer protection, spam (unwanted e-mail) and privacy. More work is needed to improve cross-border co-operation, broaden access to information, and combat threats to the security and stability of the Internet, as well as assessing the impact of changing technologies, markets and user behaviour on our concept of privacy security and consumer empowerment.Finally, to craft appropriate policies, a broad range of information is required. Being able to better measure and assess the growth and performance of the Internet is one vital piece of information. The Internet still represents a “black box” of unknowns for many stakeholders, despite its status as an increasingly critical infrastructure in many countries- There is also a need to improve statistical systems to measure the changing use of the Internet and related ICT networks by individuals and businesses in order to provide reliable information on evolving uses and the impact of the Internet on economic performance and social well-being.Internet-related policies should be crafted with the input of business, government, civil society and technical experts. The participation of all stakeholders is needed to develop and implement policies and principles. Evolving towards an inclusive multi-stakeholder approach is the starting point for good governance in the information society. An effective and innovative multi-stakeholder approach is needed for government, the private sector, the Internet technical community, civil society and individual users to jointly shape the policy environment for the future of the Internet economy.

阅读理解Read the following passages carefully and choose one best answer for each question in passage 1, 2 and 3, and answer the questions in passage 4 based on your understanding of the passage.(4) By the mid-century there emerged a trend in writing that favored a new approach to constructing the novel that abandoned many of the time-honored traditions of form. Indeed, there has been debate about whether many of the works of the times should rightly be considered novels at all. Although not all writers of the period pursued experimental methods, two of them, William Burroughs and Henry Miller, served as exemplary figures. William Burroughs published journals depicting his travels through South America and North Africa. He was heavily influenced by his encounter with foreign languages and associations with strange customs. The impact of his experience son his writing led to a uniquely detached style. Often it is difficult to determine who is telling the stories, or where the characters have come from. In his most celebrated work Naked Lunch, Burroughs is said to have physically cut up the manuscript and pasted it back together, to further disturb the conventional notion of narration. Although these writing techniques did not boost initial sales of his works, American academia accepts him as an important practitioner of literary theory. Henry Miller wrote about his personal life in a depth that previous authors had avoided. In order to better expose compulsive desires, he used very graphic language to describe the details of his intimate relationships. His books Tropic of Capricorn and Tropic of Cancer were banned in some states when they were first published. Although there are disagreements about Miller’s moral positions, he is acknowledged as an important contributor to mid- twentieth century American fiction.

阅读理解Directions: There are 7 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage 4In North Beach in San Francisco, where some pretty superfood gets served every night.“Absolutely very super food! “ “I really like thetaste” are comments by two diners.But we’ re not just talking about taste. Research nowshows some foods, including tomatoes, onions, garlic, andolive oil—are among the super foods. Super foods arepacked with powerful chemicals that may offer your bodygreat protection against chronic disease—“Includingcancer, obesity, and heart disease. Vibrantly colored redyellow orange and green all giving you different types ofphytochemicals! ”Natalie Ledesma is a registered dietician at U. C. S. F. Shesays compounds found in super foods—called phytochemicals—can reduce the risk of cancer, boost the immune system,and even protect the heart. She showed us what everyoneshould try to eat each week for optimal health.On her shopping list? Herbs!“Dark green ones (herbs) , like rosemary and thyme,And any intensely colored spice, like tumeric or redpepper. ”“Both of those have anti-inflammatory properties. ”Tumeric may reduce the risk of leukemia, skin, and livercancers. Hot peppers may reduce the risk of colon,stomach, and rectal cancers. Also on the list: greenveggies, but not just any green veggies.Brussel sprouts are part of the cruciferous vegetablefamily that has significant anti-cancer properties, saidLedesma. That family also has a very favorable effect onhormone metabolism. Other cruciferous veggies include cabbage, broccoli, andcauliflower. And don’ t forget the tomato.It is probably the best source of lycopene, which is oneof the phytochemicals that has shown significantanticancer properties, especially with prostate andpotentially lung and breast cancer as well, said Ledesma.As for fruit, citrus contains Vitamin C, limonoids, andphenols, which inactivate cancer cells and strengthen theimmune system. Cantaloupes, mangos, and carrots containcancer-fighting carotenoids. And berries are bursting withflavonoids and ellagic acid—antioxidants that protectagainst cancer, ulcers, and viruses. Natalie recommendsorganic.Organic fruits and veggies have shown not only to havelower pesticide toxicities and lower pesticide levels, butalso now have been shown to have higher phytochemicalcontent, she said.Don’ t forget the fatty fish or flaxseed—both areexcellent sources of Omega Three fatty acids that inhibitthe growth of cancer cells and boost the immune system,olive oil, which may reduce breast, prostate, or coloncancer, and soy.Soy has protective effects for heart disease as well asosteoporosis, potentially, Ledesma said.And finally onions, garlic, and shallots. They may protectthe heart, fight cancer, and help with asthma.

阅读理解Directions: There are 7 passages in this section. Eachpassage is followed by some questions or unfinishedstatements. For each of them there are four choices markedA, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice.Passage 6The human brain contains 10 thousand million cells andeach of these may have a thousand connections. Suchenormous numbers used to discourage us and cause us todismiss the possibility of making a machine with human—like ability, but now that we have grown used to movingforward at such a pace we can be less sure. Quite soon, inonly 10 or 20 years perhaps, we will be able to assemble amachine as complex as the human brain, and if we can wewill. It may then take us a long time to render itintelligent by loading in the right software or byaltering the architecture but that too will happen.I think it certain that in decades, not centuries,machines of silicon will arise first to rival and thenexceed their human ancestors. Once they exceed us theywill be capable of their own design. In a real sense theywill be able to reproduce themselves. Silicon will haveended carbon’ s long control. And we will no longer beable to claim ourselves to be the finest intelligence inthe known universe.As the intelligence of robots increased to match that ofhumans and as their cost declines through economies ofscale we may use them to expand our frontiers, first oneach through their ability to withstand environments,harmful to ourselves. Thus, deserts may bloom and theocean beds be mined. Further a head, by a combination ofthe great wealth this new age will bring and thetechnology it will provide, the construction of a vast,man-created world in space, home to thousands or millionsof people, will be within our power.

阅读理解Directions: Read the following passages and answer the questions. Choose the most appropriate answer for each question and circle the letter on the answer sheet. Remember to write the letter corresponding to the question number.Like most people, I’ve long understood that I will be judged by my occupation, that my profession is a gauge people use to see how smart or talented I am. Recently, however, I was disappointed to see that it also decides how I’m treated as a person.Last year I left a professional position as a small-town reporter and took a job waiting tables. As someone paid to serve food to people, I had customers say and do things to me I suspect they’d never say or do to their most casual acquaintances. One night a man talking on his cell phone waved me away, then beckoned (示意) me back with his finger a minute later, complaining he was ready to order and asking where I’d been.I had waited tables during summers in college and was treated like a peon (勤杂工) by plenty of people. But at 19 years old, I believed I deserved inferior treatment from professional adults. Besides, people responded to me differently after I told them I was in college. Customers would joke that one day I’d be sitting at their table, waiting to be served.Once I graduated, I took a job at a community newspaper. From my first day, I heard a respectful tone from everyone who called me. I assumed this was the way the professional world worked — cordially.I soon found out differently. I sat several feet away from an advertising sales representative with a similar name. Our calls would often get mixed up and someone asking for Kristen would be transferred to Christie. The mistake was immediately evident. Perhaps it was because money was involved, but people used a tone with Kristen that they never used with me.My job title made people treat me with courtesy. So it was a shock to return to the restaurant industry.It’s no secret that there’s a lot to put up with when waiting tables, and fortunately, much of it can be easily forgotten when you pocket the tips. The service industry, by definition, exists to cater to others’ needs. Still, it seemed that many of my customers didn’t get the difference between server and servant.I’m now applying to graduate school, which means someday I’ll return to a profession where people need to be nice to me in order to get what they want. I think I’ll take them to dinner first, and see how they treat someone whose only job is to serve them.

阅读理解Professional boxing has long been viewed askance by the respectable elements of society. Generally banned by law in earlier days, the fighting was usually done with bare fists, and bouts often lasted forty or fifty rounds.In 1882 John L. Sullivan, a slugging fighter of great power, won the world heavyweight championship from Paddy Ryan in a bare-fisted battle marked by hitting, wrestling, scratching, and biting. Five years later, while fighting Patsy Cardiff at Minneapolis, Sullivan broke his right arm in the third round, but he continued fighting to a six-round draw. In 1889, Sullivan defeated Jake Kilrain in the last bare-knuckle championship fight, winning twenty thousand dollars and a diamond prize belt. His admirers talked then of running him for Congress, but he traveled to Australia for a boxing tour instead, coming back only to lose his title in a twenty-one-round bout with a young Californian named James J. Corbett.“Gentleman Jim’s” victory in this bout marked a turning point in professional pugilism, for it demonstrated the superiority of scientific boxing over sheer brute strength. But Corbett’s reign ended in 1897, when his opponent, Bob Fitzsimmons, accomplished three epochal feats in less than three seconds. Fitzsimmons knocked out an Irishman on Saint Patrick’s Day, won the heavyweight championship of the world, and invented the terrible “solar plexus punch”.

阅读理解Directions: There are 7 passages in this section. Eachpassage is followed by some questions orunfinishedstatements. For each of them there are four choices markedA, B, C, and D. You should decideon the best choice.Passage 4To paraphrase 18th-century statesman Edmund Burke, “allthat is needed for the triumph of a misguided cause isthat good people do nothing. ” One such cause now seeks toend biomedical research because of the theory that animalshave rights ruling out their use in research. Scientistsneed to respond forcefully to animal rights advocates,whose arguments are confusing the public and therebythreatening advances in health knowledge and care. Leadersof the animal rights movement target biomedical researchbecause it depends on public funding, and few peopleunderstand the process of health care research. Hearingallegations of cruelty to animals in research settings,many are perplexed that anyone would deliberately harm ananimal.For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animalrights booth at a recent street fair was distributing abrochure that encouraged readers not to use anything thatopposed immunizations, she wanted to know if vaccines comefrom animal research. When assured that they do, shereplied, “Then I would have to say yes. ” Asked what willhappen when epidemics return, she said, “Don’ t worry,scientists will find some way of using computers. ” Suchwell-meaning people just don’ t understand.Scientists must communicate their message to the public ina compassionate, understandable way-in human terms, not inthe language of molecular biology. We need to make clearthe connection between animal research and agrandmother’ s hip replacement, a father’ s bypassoperation a baby’ s vaccinations, and even a pet’ s shots.To those who are unaware that animal research was neededto produce these treatments, as well as new treatments andvaccines, animal research seems wasteful at best and cruelat worst.Much can be done. Scientists could “adopt” middle schoolclasses and present their own research. They should bequick to respond to letters to the editor, lest animalrights misinformation go unchallenged and acquire adeceptive appearance of truth. Research institutions couldbe opened to tours, to show that laboratory animalsreceive humane care.Finally, because the ultimate stakeholders are patients,the health research community should actively recruit toits cause not only well-known personalities such asStephen Cooper, who has made courageous statements aboutthe value of animal research, but all who receive medicaltreatment. If good people do nothing there is a realpossibility that an uninformed citizenry will extinguishthe precious embers of medical progress.

阅读理解A Though many distinct cultures are prevalent

阅读理解A. When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald’ s in January 2004, the world’ s biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia, but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining. One exception was France, where Mr Hennequin had done a sterling job as head of the group’ s French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots. His task was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries where anti-globalisers’ favorite enemy operates.B. So far Mr. Hennequin is doing well. Last year, European sales increased by 5. 8% and the number of customers by 3. 4%, the best annual results in nearly 15 years. Europe accounted for 36% of the group’ s profits and for 28% of its sales. December was an especially good month as customers took to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain, and to a promotion in Germany based on the game of Monopoly.C. Mr. Hennequin’ s recipe for revival is to be more open about his company’ s operations, to be “locally relevant” , and to improve the experience of visiting his 6, 400 restaurants. McDonald’ s is blamed for making people fat, exploiting workers, treating animals cruelly, polluting the environment and simply for being American. Mr. Hennequin says he wants to engage in a dialogue with the public to address these concerns.D. He introduced “open door” visitor days in each country which became hugely popular. In Poland alone some 50, 000 visitors came to McDonald’ s through the visitors’ programme last year. The Nutrition Information Initiative, launched last year, put detailed labels on McDonald’ s packaging with data on calories, protein, fat, carbohydrates and salt content. The details are also printed on tray-liners.E. Mr. Hennequin also wants people to know-that “McJobs” , the low-paid menial jobs at McDonald’ s restaurants, are much better than people think. But some of his efforts have backfired: last year he sparked a controversy with the introduction of a “McPassport” that allows McDonald’ s employees to work anywhere in the European Union. Politicians accused the firm of a ploy to make cheap labour from eastern Europe more easily available to McDonald’ s managers across the continent.F. To stay in touch with local needs and preferences, McDonald’ s employs local bosses as much as possible. A Russian is running McDonald’ s in Russia, though a Serb is in charge of Germany. The group buys mainly from local suppliers. Four-fifths of its supplies in France come from local farmers, for example. (Some of the French farmers who campaigned against the company in the late 1990s subsequently discovered that it was, in fact, buying their produce. ) And it hires celebrities such as Heidi Klum, a German model, as local brand ambassadors.G. In his previous job Mr. Hennequin established a “design studio” in France to spruce up his company’ s drab restaurants and adapt the interior to local tastes. The studio is now masterminding improvements everywhere in Europe. He also set up a “food studio” , where cooks devise new- recipes in response to local trends.H. Given France’ s reputation as the most anti- American country in Europe, it seems odd that McDonald’ s revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman, using ideas cooked up in the French market. But France is in fact the company’ s most profitable market after America. The market where McDonald’ s is weakest in Europe is not France, but Britain.I. “Fixing Britain should be his priority, ” says David Palmer, a restaurant analyst at UBS. Almost two- thirds of the 1, 214 McDonald’ s restaurants in Britain are company-owned, compared with 40% in Europe and 15% in America. The company suffers from the volatility of sales at its own restaurants, but can rely on steady income from franchisees. So it should sell as many underperforming outlets as possible, says Mr. Palmer.J. M. Mark Wiltamuth, an analyst at Morgan Stanley, estimates that European company-owned restaurants’ margins will increase slightly to 16. 4% in 2007. This is still less than in the late 1990s and below- America’ s 18-19% today. But it is much better than before Mr. Hennequin’ s reign. He is already being tipped as the first European candidate for the group’ s top job in Illinois. Nobody would call that a McJob.Questions(1)-(6)：Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Passage One?TRUEifthestatementreflects”theclaimsofthewriterFALSEifthestatementcontradicts”theclaimsofthewriterNOTGIVENifitisimpossibletosaywhatthewriterthinksaboutthisQuestions(7)-(10)：Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them on your answer sheet.

阅读理解(2)Being told I would be expected to talk

阅读理解Directions： Read the following passages that are followed by some questions respectively. For each question there are four answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best： answer to each of the questions after reading the corresponding passage.Passage 3I do not think that there is such a thing as ABSOLUTE religious or sacred music. What is true of other things in life is true of music. It is relative. What is true in art today may be deemed quite untrue by the next generation. Take, for example, the musical consonance and discord once recognized as essential elements in music. Modem composers and musicians do not recognize the old order of things. The Gregorian Chant has been associated in Christian nations with religion for hundreds of years, so it invokes within us religious feeling. In a non-Christian land the same chant might re-use martial sentiment, if it had been used there for that purpose TRADITIONALLY. Play the Gregorian chant to an Australian bushman and it may not affect him devotionally at all-but a certain crude melody of his own will. At the same time, his wild music may inspire feelings of a quite different nature in others in a different environment.The same is true of the music of different musical instruments. The horn has been associated with the chase. When we think of the chase we instinctively think of the horn. The guitar is associated with romance—a gondola（平底鞋） under the Rialto in Venice, or a young man under a window in Seville. Nowadays, we associate war with trumpet and drum—the instruments of fire and fury. But in ancient Greece the bards were wont to lash the country into feverish martial activities by singing and playing on the lyre. The Gaelic bards did the same. Now, the lyre is to US an instrument of tender tones and romantic feeling.During the exciting days of the French Revolution the singing of the Marseillaise was thought more dangerous by those in power than incendiary speeches or weapons of war. It inspired people to make sacrifices; it roused them to fight and to die fighting. I am certain that, in a country that knows nothing about the French Revolution or of this great song of France, the Marseillaise could be effectively used for religious revival.Art, then is influenced by environment, education, and association of ideas. Art, like love, is a state of mind and heart, and the art of music more so than other arts. The arts of poetry, painting, and sculpture have tangible forms. But music is formless it is all feeling. For that reason it is the more dynamic, and produces a deeper emotional effect.

阅读理解Directions: This part consists of two sections. In Section A, there are three passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. In Section B, there are two passages followed by a total of 10 short-answer questions. Read the passages and write your answers on the Answer Sheet.Passage 4Kazuko Nakane’s history of the early Japanese immigrants to central California’s Pajaro Valley focuses on the development of farming communities there from 1890 to 1940. The Issei (first-generation immigrants) were brought into the Pajaro Valley to raise sugar beets. Like Issei laborers in American cities, Japanese men in rural areas sought employment via the “boss” system. The system comprised three elements: immigrant wage laborers; Isseiboardinghouses where laborers stayed; and labor contractors, who gathered workers for a particular job and then negotiated a contract between workers and employer. This same system was originally utilized by the Chinese laborers who had preceded the Japanese. A related institution was the “labor club,” which provided job information and negotiated employment contracts and other legal matters, such as the rental of land, for Issei who chose to belong and paid an annual fee to the cooperative for membership.When the local sugar beet industry collapsed in 1902, the Issei began to lease land from the valley’s strawberry farmers. The Japanese provided the labor and the crop was divided between laborers and landowners. The Issei thus moved quickly from wage-labor employment to sharecropping agreements. A limited amount of economic progress was made as some Issei were able to rent or buy farmland directly, while others joined together to form farming corporations. As the Issei began to operate farms, they began to marry and start families, forming an established Japanese American community. Unfortunately, the Issei’s efforts to attain agricultural independence were hampered by government restrictions, such as the Alien Land Law of 1913. But immigrants could circumvent such exclusionary laws by leasing or purchasing land in their American-born children’s names.Nakane’s case study of one rural Japanese American community provides valuable information about the lives and experiences of the Issei. It is, however, too particularistic. This limitation derives from Nakane’s methodology—that of oral history—which cannot substitute for a broader theoretical or comparative perspective. Future research might well consider two issues raised by her study: were the Issei of the Pajaro Valley similar to or different from Issei in urban settings, and what variations existed between rural Japanese American communities?

阅读理解(1) Mount Vesuvius, a volcano located between the ancient Italian cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, has received much attention because of its frequent and destructive eruptions. The most famous of these eruptions occurred in A. D. 79. The volcano had been inactive for centuries. There was little warning of the coming eruption, although one account unearthed by archaeologists says that a hard rain and a strong wind had disturbed the celestial calm during the preceding night. Early the next morning, the volcano poured a huge river of molten rock down upon Herculaneum, completely burying the city and filling the harbor with coagulated lava. Meanwhile, on the other side of the mountain, cinders, stone and ash rained down on Pompeii. Sparks from the burning ash ignited the combustible rooftops quickly. Large portions of the city were destroyed in the conflagration. Fire, however, was not the only cause of destruction. Poisonous sulfuric gases saturated the air. These heavy gases were not buoyant in the atmosphere and therefore sank toward the earth and suffocated people. Over the years, excavations of Pompeii and Herculaneum have revealed a great deal about the behavior of the volcano. By analyzing data, much as a zoologist dissects an animal specimen, scientists have concluded that the eruption changed large portions of the area’ s geography. For instance, it turned the Sarno River from its course and raised the level of the beach along the Bay of Naples. Meteorologists studying these events have also concluded that Vesuvius caused a huge tidal wave that affected the world s climate. In addition to making these investigations, archaeologists have been able to study the skeletons of victims by using distilled water to wash away the volcanic ash. By strengthening the brittle bones with acrylic paint, scientists have been able to examine the skeletons and draw conclusions about the diet and habits of the residents. Finally, the excavations at both Pompeii and Herculaneum have yielded many examples of classical art, such as jewelry made of bronze, which is an alloy of copper and tin. The eruption of Mount Vesuvius and its tragic consequences have provided everyone with a wealth of data about the effects that volcanoes can have on the surrounding area. Today, volcanologists can locate and predict eruptions, saving lives and preventing the destruction of other cities and cultures.

阅读理解LET’S GO BATSA. Bats have a problem: how to find their way around in the dark. They hunt at night and cannot use light to help them find prey and avoid obstacles. You might say that this is a problem of their own making, one that they could avoid simply by changing their habits and hunting by day. But the daytime economy is already heavily exploited by other creatures such as birds. Given that there is a living to be made at night, and given that alternative daytime trades are thoroughly occupied, natural selection has favored bats that make a go of the night-hunting trade. It is probable that the nocturnal trades go way back in the ancestry of all mammals. In the time when the dinosaurs dominated the daytime economy, our mammalian ancestors probably only managed to survive-at all because they found ways of scraping a living at night. Only after the mysterious mass extinction of the dinosaurs about 65 million years ago were our ancestors able to emerge into the daytime in any substantial numbers.B. Bats have an engineering problem: how to find their way and find their prey in the absence of light. Bats are not the only creatures to face this difficulty today. Obviously the night-flying insects that they prey on must find their way about somehow. Deep-sea fish and whales have little or no light by day or by night. Fish and dolphins that live in extremely muddy water cannot see because, although there is light, it is obstructed and scattered by the dirt in the water. Plenty of other modern animals make their living in the conditions where seeing is difficult or impossible.C. Given the questions of how to maneuver in the dark, what solutions might an engineer consider? The first one that might occur to him is to manufacture light, to use a lantern or a searchlight. Fireflies and some fish (usually with the help of bacteria) have the power to manufacture their own light, but the process seems to consume a large amount of energy. Fireflies use their light for attracting mates. This doesn’ t require a prohibitive amount of energy: a male’ s tiny pinprick of light can be seen by a female from some distance on a dark night, since her eyes are exposed directly to the light source itself. However, using light to find one’ s own way around requires vastly more energy, since the eyes have to detect the tiny fraction of the light that bounces off each pail of the scene. The light source must therefore be immensely brighter if it is to be used as a headlight to illuminate the path, than if it is to be used as a signal to others. In any event, whether or not the reason is the energy expense, it seems to be the case that, with the possible exception of some weird deep-sea fish, no animal apart from man uses manufactured light to find its way about.D. What else might the engineer think of? Well, blind humans sometimes seem to have an uncanny sense of obstacles in their path. It has been given the name ‘ facial vision’ , because blind people have reported that it feels a bit like the sense of touch, on the face. One report tells of a totally blind boy who could ride his tricycle at good speed round the block near his home, using facial vision. Experiments showed that, in fact, facial vision is nothing to do with touch or the front of the face, although the sensation may be referred to the front of the face, like the referred pain in a phantom limb. The sensation of facial vision, it turns out, really goes in through the ears. Blind people, without even being aware of the fact, are actually using echoes of their own footsteps and of other sounds, to sense the presence of obstacles. Before this was discovered, engineers had already built instruments to exploit the principle, for example to measure the depth of the sea under a ship. After this technique had been invented, it was only a matter of time before weapons designers adapted it for the detection of submarines. Both sides in the Second World War relied heavily on these devices, under such codenames as Asdic (British) and Sonar (American) , as well as Radar (American) or RDF (British) , which uses radio echoes rather than sound echoes.E. The Sonar and Radar pioneers didn’t know it then, but all the world now knows that bats, or rather natural selection working on bats, had perfected the system lens of millions of years earlier, and their ‘radar’achieves feats of detection and navigation that would strike an engineer dumb with admiration. It is technically incorrect to talk about bat ‘radar’, since they do not use radio waves. It is sonar. But the underlying mathematical theories of radar and sonar are very similar, and much of our scientific understanding of the details of what bats are doing has come from applying radar theory to them. The American zoologist Donald Griffin, who was largely responsible for the discovery of sonar in bats, coined the term ‘echolocation’to cover both sonar and radar, whether used by animals or by human instruments.Complete the sentences below. Choose ONE MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers on your answer sheet.【A5】Long before the invention of radar, _____ had resulted in a sophisticated radar-like system in bats. 【A6】Radar is an inaccurate term when referring to bats because _____ are not used in their navigation system. 【A7】Radar and sonar are based on similar _____ . 【A8】The word ‘echolocation’was first used by someone working as a _____ .

阅读理解(3)The sonata form is a general way of organizing short pieces of music or individual movements of longer pieces. Although it first appeared in the classical era, it was not specifically described or named until the late nineteenth century. Mozart and Beethoven, the best known composers of sonatas, never heard of the term. The sonata has at least three distinct sections. The first section, called the exposition, introduces the basic material of the piece. In the next section, the development, the material introduced in the exposition is fragmented, rearranged, and “discussed” in a dramatic way. Finally, the opening material returns in a more stable, confident form in a section called the recapitulation. Later composers introduced variations on this form. Some sonatas have a brief introduction before the exposition. Some have a brief coda after the recapitulation. Since many sonata movements are in faster tempos, the introduction is usually slow, a stately preface to the body of the work. The coda generally stays in the main tempo, but sounds more conclusive. Early sonatas often repeated the exposition to establish basic themes before moving on to the development. Beethoven generally avoided this repetition, and most later composers followed his example. The development section of the sonata is often divided into two parts, often called the “primary theme” and the “secondary theme” joined by a “bridge. ” These terms are useful in discussing some sonatas, but they do not apply to many examples of the form. Haydn, for example, typically used only one theme in the development section, and Beethoven sometimes used more than two. These terms are still helpful, though, in terms of describing key. The primary theme begins in the home key of the movement (also called the tonic) . The bridge provides a transition to a related key, called the dominant key or the relative major key if the tonic is a minor key. In other words, the fundamental purpose of the development s two parts is not so much thematic as tonal.The term “sonata” is commonly used to describe independent pieces of music, but the sonata form is also employed as the organizing principle of the movements in symphonies.

阅读理解(4)The following passages were adapted from articles published in the mid-1990s. Passage A In January 1995 a vast section of ice broke off the Larsen ice shelf in Antarctica. While this occurrence, the direct result of a regional warming trend that began in the 1940s, may be the most spectacular manifestation yet of serious climate changes occurring on the planet as a consequence of atmospheric heating, other symptoms - more intense storms, prolonged droughts, extended heat waves, and record flooding have been emerging around the world for several years. According to scientific estimates, furthermore, sea-level rise resulting from global warming will reach 3 feet (1 meter) within the next century. Such a rise could submerge vast coastal areas, with potentially irreversible consequences. Late in 1995 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reported that it had detected the “fingerprint” of human activity as a contributor to the warming of atmosphere. Furthermore, panel scientists attributed such warming directly to the increasing quantities of carbon dioxide released by our burning of fossil fuels. The IPCC report thus clearly identifies a pattern of climatic response to human activities in the climatological record, thereby establishing without doubt that global warming can no longer be attributed solely to natural climate variability. Passage B Over the past two decades, an extreme view of global warming has developed. While it contains some facts, this view also contains exaggerations and misstatements, and has sometimes resulted in unreasonable environmental policies. According to this view, global warming will cause the polar ice to melt, raising global sea levels, flooding entire regions, destroying crops, and displacing millions of people. However, there is still a great deal of uncertainty regarding a potential rise in sea levels. Certainly, if the earth warms, sea levels will rise as the water heats up and expands. If the polar ice caps melt, more water will be added to the oceans, raising sea levels even further. There is some evidence that melting has occurred; however, there is also evidence that the Antarctic ice sheets are growing. In fact, it is possible that a warmer sea surface temperature will cause more water to evaporate, and when wind carries the moisture- laden air over the land, it will precipitate out as snow, causing the ice sheets to grow. Certainly, we need to have better knowledge about the hydrological cycle before predicting dire consequences as a result of recent increases in global temperatures.This view also exaggerates the impact that human activity has on the planet. While human activity may be a factor in global warming, natural events appear to be far more important. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, for example, caused a decrease in the average global temperature, while El Nino, a periodic perturbation in the ocean s temperature and circulation, causes extreme global climatic events, including droughts and major flooding. Of even greater importance to the earth’ s climate are variations in the sun s radiation and in the earth s orbit. Climate variability has always existed and will continue to do so regardless of human intervention.

阅读理解Directions: in this section there are 3 passages followed by multiple-choice questions. Read the passage and then mark your answers on your answer sheet.Passage twoThe act of Googling oneself has become the digital age’ s premiere guilty pleasure — an activity enjoyed by all and admitted by few. The phenomenon has even been the subject of scholarly research. Last year, a study concluded that the practice of self-Googling can partly be traced to a rise in narcissism (自恋) in society, but that it is also an attempt by people to identify and shape their personal online “brand” .The reason people search for themselves is that they’ re curious about what other people see when they search for their name. One problem is they don’ t have any control over the search results and they will never appear on the first page of the search results. If your name is Brian Jones and you’ re not the former Rolling Stones guitarist, you don’ t exist.To give people a bit more control over search results, Google introduced a feature this week called a “Google profile” which users can create, so that a little personal information appears at the bottom of US name search pages. Once users create a Google profile, their names, occupation, locations and photos appear in a box on the first page of the search results for their names. Besides, there’ s a link to a full Google profile page that in many ways resembles a Facebook page.The similarity to Facebook is no accident. By giving users a little control over the results that appear on a search for their names, Google hopes to establish a social network base and take on wildly popular sites like Facebook and MySpace. Facebook users who otherwise wouldn’ t be bothered to set up a separate profile page on Google might find the idea appealing if it gives them some control over the Google search results for their names.The more information you add to your profile, the higher your page is likely to be ranked on a Google search for your name and associated keywords, such as the name of your hometown, your job title or where you work or go to school. And the more richly detailed your Google profile is, the more Google knows about you. There is no advertisement attached to Google profiles, but in the future, the company could easily sell ads targeted to your personal details, much as they’ ve already done on Gmail.