复合题Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should de

复合题Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Text 4For those who moved to the developi

复合题Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.Text 1In the 1997 general-election camp

复合题You probably know more about writing than you realize, but you may not know how to use that knowledge to accomplish the full range of writing you need to do. You may have been discouraged by assignments that seemed silly and pointless. If so, you probably wondered, “Why?” and when you finished, “So what?” what you sensed was that real writing is done for a real purpose: Someone has a motive for writing—a motive stronger than simply wanting to complete an assignment. There are, as you will see, many motives for writing. Whatever the specific motive may be, however, writers write because they understand that writing is a way to satisfy a purpose that is important to them.This book takes the position that successful writing begins with having a motive for writing and understanding how that motive can be fulfilled. The ten chapters that follow this introduction discuss a number of these motives and show how various writers have realized them: to interpret information, to evaluate something, to move others, to persuade others, to amuse others and to experiment with form. The final chapter emphasizes writing to understand reading, but the entire book assumes that reading is intimately connected to writing. Recognizing, through reading, the motives of other writers can help you discover your own sense of what you hope to accomplish when you write and so understand the principles likely to help you succeed.And act of writing involves five elements that together form what is called the rhetorical situation: author, audience, purpose, topic and occasion.As writers pursue different motives, they emphasize certain elements of the rhetorical situation over others. Recording a memory and exploring experience focus mainly on satisfying the needs of the writer. Moving, persuading and amusing others focus mainly on eliciting an appropriate response from the audience. Although reporting and interpreting information, evaluating something, and writing about reading certainly satisfy the writer’s needs and require the writer to think about the reader’s needs, they all focus to varying degrees on the subject matter or topic. Whatever your emphasis, though, you can seldom lose sight of any of these elements of the rhetorical situation for long.

复合题Directions: For passages 1 to 4, each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best

复合题In the 19th century, the invention of the telegraph and the telephone forever changed how messages moved around the world. In the 20th century, radio, television, computers and the Internet further revolutionized the near-instantaneous processing and transmission of data.【B1】 ___________.Linking it all together? An absence of wires, a wireless age.Every month, it seems, a new cell phone comes out that’s “smarter” than the last in its ability to gather and transmit a growing amount of data: voice, images, news and more.Cell phones, or at least the technology behind them, have been around since the 1960s. By the 1980s, mobile phones had evolved but were still “giant, brick-shaped luxury items for geeks or the rich,” said Norm Rose, head of Travel Technology Consulting.【B2】 ____________.The Internet also played a large role in shaping the wireless world, changing not only how businesses worked but also how information was shared. Laptop computer and PDA users can now sit down and instantly sync （同步） up on the internet at tens of thousands of “hotpots” in homes, cafes and other high traffic areas nationwide.【B3】 ____________.“Everyone is going to be able to tap into this pervasive wireless world,” said Wade Roush, senior editor of Technology Review, pointing to rapidly improving technology and falling prices. “Wireless technologies are going to change the way we communicate with each other.”Those connected with the wireless world say wireless technologies are in their infancy and may just be beginning a significant growth spurt. Telecommunications companies, meanwhile, are hyping （大肆宣传） a significant mobile network upgrade-dubbed 3G or “Third Generation”—that will let cell phones and other such devices transmit more data, and do it faster than ever before.【B4】 ____________.“Smartphones”—cell phones that gather and display information beyond simply sound—have garnered much of the buzz domestically. A new wave of better, faster phones will hit the United States only after 3G or other such networks become a reality, Rose said.【B5】 ____________.You will be able to go down to the store and buy almost any piece of consumer electronics, plug it into your wall, it’ll sense your Wi-Fi network and automatically configure itself. It’s going to be one of those technologies that weaves into all facets of our lives.“We’ll start to think of computing as a natural part of our environment in the same way we might think about heating and air conditioning now,” Roush said, “It’s just always there.”A. Wi-Fi （wireless-fidelity, 无线保真） is also developing, strong pace, at a steady in ways that its inventors never intended. Engineers are working to incorporate Wi-Fi into cell phones, PDAs and other such devices.B. Soon, pundits predict, many more consumer electronics - from computers stereos to coffee makers-could electronically connect with one another, as well as with thermostats, watches and other digital devices.C. Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and other wireless technologies work under the same general concept, the differentiating factors typically being the speed and distance a user can move from the base station and still maintain the connection.D. Even with the tremendous technological improvements in cell phones—sending images, text messages and, of course, sound -such upgrades become moot （无实际意义的） if mobile users cannot always get a clear connection because of an imperfect network.E. Experts say the 21st century will usher in a second Information Age in which these technologies, and their benefits, will be accessible anytime, anywhere.F. “Think of the Internet, back in 1995-1996,” said Norm Rose. “Wireless and mobile technology is the next boom. When it takes off, it will be even more disruptive than the Internet.”G. In the 1990s, cell phones and laptops became less bulky and expensive, new gadgets like personal digital assistants （PDAs） help people better manage their lives electronically, and a growing number of other devices—from kitchen appliances to televisions—began incorporating digital technology.

复合题Ever since humans have lived on the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts and feelings has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier, communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for letters, words, and ideas. Tourists and the people unable to hear or speak have had to resort to this form of expression. Many of these symbols of whole words are very vivid and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot.Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A wink can be a way of indicating that the party is only joking. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the head indicates a negative reaction.Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in Braille (a system of raised dots read with the fingertips), signal flags, Morse code, and smoke signals. Road maps and picture signs also guide, warn and instruct people.While language is the most common form of communication, other systems and techniques also express human thoughts and feelings.

复合题From 2007 to 2010, American households lost $11 trillion in real estate, savings, and stocks. More than half of all U. S. workers either lost their jobs or were forced to take cuts in hours or pay during the recession. The worst may be behind them now, but the shocking losses of the past few years have reshaped nearly every facet of their lives—how they live, work, and spend—even the way they think about the future.For Cindy, the recession began when her husband was relocated to Rhinelander, Wisconsin, by his company forcing the family to move in a hurry. The couple bought a new house but were unable to sell their two-bedroom home in Big Lake, Minnesota. With two mortgages（ 抵押借款） , and two young children to care for, Cindy couldn’t imagine how to stretch her husband’s paycheck to keep her family fed.Then she stumbled upon an online community called Blotanical, a forum for gardeners, many with an interest in sustainability. “The more I read and discussed these practices, the more I realized this would help not only our budget but also our health,” she says.Cindy admits that before the recession, she was a city girl with no interest in growing her own dinner. “I grew flowers mostly—I didn’t think about plants that weren’t visually interesting.” But to stretch her budget, she began putting in vegetables and fruit—everything from strawberry beds to apple trees—and as her first seedlings grew, her spirits lifted. She no longer thinks of gardening and making her own jams as just a money saver; they’re a genuine pleasure. “It’s brought us closer together as a family, too,’’ she says. Her kids voluntarily pitch in with（ 主动帮助） the garden work, and the family cooks together instead of eating out. The food tastes better—it’s fresher and organic— and the garden handily fulfills its original purpose: cost cutting. Now she spends about $200 to $300 a month on groceries, less than half of the $650 a month that she used to lay out.After discovering how resourceful she can be in tough times, Cindy is no longer easily discouraged. “It makes me feel proud to be able to say I made it myself,” she says. “I feel accomplished, and I’m more confident about attempting things I’ve never done before.” Now she avoids convenience stores and has begun learning to knit, quilt, and make her own soap. “I don’t think I would have ever begun this journey if it weren’t for the recession,” she says. “I have a feeling that from now on, it will affect my family’s health and happiness for the better.”

复合题Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should de

复合题Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Text 4In 2011, many shoppers chose to avo

复合题Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Text 3Play is the principal business of c

复合题Directions: There are 4 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should de

复合题In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic（ 官僚主 义的） management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling is done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and “human-relations” experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become powerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact, the blue and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matter of self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for the tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again and again by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one’s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or to nineteenth- century “free enterprise capitalism”? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social from a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities—those of and of reason—are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.

复合题Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Markyour answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Text 2A proven method for effe

复合题Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th

复合题Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Text 2President Coolidge’s statement, “Th

复合题Directions: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.Text 4As a young bond trader, Buttonwood

复合题Text 4The widely held assumption that people would volunteer for AIDS-tests in droves once treatment became available was wrong. And the reason for that appears to be that the government has not managed to reduce the stigma associated with AIDS, and thus with seeking out a test for it if you suspect you might be infected.To combat this, the whole basis of AIDS testing in Botswana has just been changed. The idea is to “downgrade,” the process into something low-key, routine and stigma-free. Until now, a potential test subject had to opt in, by asking for a test. Having asked, he was given 40 minutes of counseling to make sure he really knew what he was doing before any test was carried out. The new policy is to people routinely when they visit the doctor. That way, having a test cannot be seen as an indication that an individual believes he may be infected. The test is not compulsory, but objectors must actively opt out. Silence is assumed to be consent, and no counseling is offered-just as would be the case for any other infectious disease.This policy shift is probably just the first of many that will take place in Botswana, South Africa and other African countries that are planning the mass provision of anti-AlDS drugs in public hospitals. Dwain Ndwapi, a doctor at Botswana’s largest AIDS clinic thinks that there are circumstances in which testing should be compulsory. In particular he believes that the currently high rate of transmission from mothers to new-born children could be reduced to zero if expectant mothers were always tested—and if those who proved positive were treated with an appropriate anti-retroviral before they gave birth. Another controversial change in the air is to reduce the frequency of two costly tests of patients’ blood. Viral-load tests and CD4-cell counts both measure how acute an individual’s infection has become. That helps a patient’s doctor to decide when to prescribe anti-retrovirals. But laboratory capacity in Africa is inadequate for regular testing of the millions of people that need such drugs-at least if the tests are carried out as frequently as they would be in a rich country. Less frequent testing of each individual would allow more individuals to be given at least some tests.But that must be balanced against the need to treat more people faster. Doctors in Botswana are staggered at how desperately sick many patients are when they first arrive. They had expected people to walk into clinics for AIDS tests. Instead, many come in on stretchers on the verge of death. Treating the very ill takes much more lime and money than giving anti-AIDS pills to relatively healthy people, and it means that these people may have been inadvertently infecting others for longer. If routine tests persuade more patients to gel help before they slump on a stretcher, all the better.

复合题Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Yourtranslation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.People have wondered

填空题For this study, investigators analyzed the component of air pollution known as fine particulate matter (PM2.5)—the tiny pieces of solid or liquid pollution _____ from motor vehicles, factories, power plants, fires, and smoking.(emit)