Heredity and environment: which is stronger? The potentials which a person is born with determine in some way what he will do in life. Therefore heredity is fate, a kind of predestination. However, genes do not work in a vacuum; as soon as we begin considering the role that they play in the development of the individual, we see that there can be no development without the interacting environment. No characteristic is caused exclusively by either environment or genes. The relative effects of heredity and environment are most clearly observable in identical twins. Most identical twins are raised together and are remarkably alike in both appearance and behavior. These cases demonstrate that individuals with the same genes, when raised in the same environment, will respond to it in much the same way. They do not indicate what would happen if these identical individuals were raised separately.

According to psychologists, an emotion is aroused when a man or animal views something as either bad or good. When a person feels like running away from something he thinks will hurt him, we call this emotion fear. If the person wants to remove the danger by attacking it, we call the emotion anger. The emotions of joy and love are aroused when we think something can help us. An emotion does not have to be created by something in the outside world. It can be created by a person's thoughts. Everyone has emotions. Many psychologists believe that infants are born without emotions. They believe children learn emotions just as they learn to read and write. A growing child not only learns his emotions but learns how to act in certain situations because of an emotion. Psychologists think that there are two types of emotions: positive and negative. Positive emotions include love, liking, joy, delight, and hope. They are aroused by something that appeals to a person. Negative emotions make a person unhappy or dissatisfied. They include anger, fear, despair, sadness, and disgust. In growing up, a person learns to cope with the negative emotions in order to be happy. And if a person has the ability to tackle negative emotions so that he is not affected terribly by the unhappiness and dissatisfaction, he will live a better life. Emotions may be weak or strong. Some strong emotions are so unpleasant that a person will try any means to escape from them in order to feel happy. The person may choose unusual ways to avoid the emotion. They may choose drinking alcohol or even taking drugs to make them forget the sadness. However, sometimes, the excessive ways of escaping only result in tragedy. Strong emotions can make it hard to think and to solve problems. They may prevent a person from learning or paying attention to what he is doing. For example, a student taking an examination may be so worried about failing that he cannot think properly. The worry drains valuable mental energy he needs for the examination.

They feel other children's pain and ______ even before they fully realize that they exist as individuals.(comfort)

It was reported that there ______ more than two thousand deaths in the mud—rock flow in Zhouqu.

阅读理解Passage 3 The scientific name is the Holocene Age, but climatologists like to call our current climatic phase the Long Summer

阅读理解Passage One If the new art is not accessible to everyone, which certainly seems to be the case, this implies that its impulses are not of a generically human kind

阅读理解They couldnt borrow money from anywhere because their neighbors were all on bad terms with them

阅读理解Passage Two Science and Technology Optimism and empowerment

阅读理解Passage Three If animals do have intelligence, how do scientists measure it? Before defining animals intelligence, scientists defined what is not intelligence

阅读理解All their teachers looked for were mistakes, and there are so many kinds of mistakes in writing that their students despair of ever learning to avoid them

阅读理解Passage 4 EDUCATING PSYCHE Educating Psyche by Beraie Neville is a book which looks at radical new approaches to learning, describing the effects of emotion, imagination and the unconscious on learning

阅读理解Passage F The standard of living of any country means the average persons share of the goods and services which the country produces

阅读理解Text 4 In recent years, there has been an increasing awareness of the inadequacies of the judicial system in the United States

阅读理解Passage F The standard of living of any country means the average persons share of the goods and services which the country produces

阅读理解For some time past it has been widely accepted that babiesand other creatureslearn to do things because certain acts lead to rewards, and there is no reason to doubt that this is true

阅读理解Passage 5 Anyone who thinks exploration always involves long journeys should have his head examined

阅读理解PASSAGE FOUR With technology leased from the German company Tronical, Gibson has modified its classic Les Paul design to create a guitar that adjusts itself to one of six preset tunings

阅读理解Passage 9 Now, Alexander was in Corinth to take command of the League of Greek States which after conquering them，his father Philip had created as a disguise for the New Macedonian Order

阅读理解Passage One Hooked On Anger When There Was Good Reason, Now We Cant Shake The Habit Anger has become the national habit

阅读理解Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A., B., C. and D. You should decide on the best choice and write down your answer on the Answer Sheet.Passage 2Many private institutions of higher education around the country are in danger. Not all will be saved, and perhaps not all deserve to be saved. There are low-quality schools just as there are low-quality businesses. We have no obligation to save them simply because they exist. But many thriving institutions that deserve to continue are threatened. They are doing a fine job educationally, but they are caught in a financial difficulty, with no way to reduce rising costs or increase revenues significantly. Raising tuition doesn’t bring in more revenue, for each time tuition goes up, the enrollment goes down, or the amount that must be given away in student aid goes up. Schools are bad businesses, whether public or private, not usually because of bad management but because of the nature of the enterprise. They lose money on every customer, and they can go bankrupt either from too few students or too many students. Even a very good college is a very bad business.It is such colleges, thriving but threatened, that I worry about. Low enrollment is not their chief problem. Even with full enrollments, they may go under. Efforts to save them, and preferably to keep them private, are a national necessity. There is no basis for arguing that private schools are bound to be better than public schools. There are abundant examples to the contrary. Anyone can name state universities and colleges that rank as the finest in the nation and the world. It is now inevitable that public institutions will be dominant, and therefore diversity is a national necessity. Diversity in the way we support schools tends to give us a healthy diversity in the forms of education. In an imperfect society such as ours, uniformity of education throughout the nation could be dangerous. In an imperfect society, diversity is a positive good. Eager supporters of public higher education know the importance of sustaining private higher education.