Before the main business of a conference begins, the chairman usually makes a short ______ speech to announce whatever he thinks necessary to his audience.

Psychology is the study of the mind and mental activities. For example, psychologists are interested in why some things make you sad, but others make you happy. They want to know why some people are shy, but others are quite talkative. They also want to know why people do the things that they do. They test intelligence. Psychologists deal with the minds and behavior of people. Your mind consists of all your feelings, thoughts, and ideas. It is the result of one part of the brain called the cerebrum. Your behavior is the way you act or conduct yourself. Examples of behavior include shouting, crying, laughing, and sleeping. Several people have been instrumental in the field of psychology. Wilhelm Width set up the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian, is noted for his experiments with dogs in which he studied their reflexes and reactions. Around 1900, Sigmund Freud stated his theory that people try to hold back any memories or thoughts that they believed were not good. Psychologists should not be confused with psychiatrists. Psychiatrists deal only with mental illness. They are medical doctors who treat people.

A good vocabulary is ______ to a successful business career.

Broadly speaking, human beings may be divided into three classes: those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death. It is no use offering the manual laborer, tired out with a hard week's sweat and effort, the chance of playing a game of football or baseball on Saturday afternoon. It is no use inviting the politician or the professional or businessman, who has been working or worrying about serious things for six days, to work or worry about trifling things at the weekend.

Mine sweeping is a difficult and dangerous job and the engineers who perform the job should be paid ______.

Four people in England, back in 1953, stared at photo 51. It wasn't much –a picture showing a black X. But three of these people won the Nobel Prize for figuring out what the photo really showed—the shape of DNA. The discovery brought fame and fortune to scientists James Watson, Francis crick, and Maurice Wilkins. The fourth, the one who actually made the picture, was left out. Her name was Rosalind Franklin. 'She should have been up there,' says historian Mary Bowden. 'If her photo hadn't been there, the others couldn't have come up with the structure.' one reason Franklin was missing was that she had died of cancer four years before the Nobel decision. But now scholar doubt that Franklin was not only robbed of her life by disease but robbed of credit by her competitions. At Cambridge University in the 1950s, Watson and Crick tried to make models by cutting up shapes of DNA's parts and then putting them together. In the meantime, at king's college in London, Franklin and Wilkins shone X-rays at the molecule(分子). The rays produced patterns reflecting the shape. But Wilkins and Franklin's relationship was a lot rockier than the celebrated teamwork of Watson and Crick. Wilkins thought Franklin was hired to be his assistant. But the college actually employed her to take over the DNA project. What she did was produce X-ray pictures that told Watson and Crick that one of their early models was inside out. And she was not shy about saying so. That angered Watson, who attacked her in return,” Mere inspection suggested that she would not easily bend. Clearly she had to go or be put in her place. As Franklin's competitors, Wilkins, Watson and Crick had much to gain by cutting her out of the little group of researchers, says historian Pnina Abir-Am. In 1962 at the Nobel Prize awarding ceremony, Wilkins thanked 13 colleagues by name before he mentioned Franklin. Watson wrote his book laughing at her. Crick wrote in 1974 that 'Franklins was only two steps away from the solution.' A．She must be considered a co-discoverer,' Abir-Am says. This was backed up by Aaron Klug, who worked with Franklin and later won a Nobel Prize himself. Once described as the 'Dark Lady of DNA', Franklin is finally coming into the light.

The lecture, ______ at 7:00 pm laze night, was followed by an observation of the moon with telescopes.

'Efficiency is the by-product of comfort,' says Dr. Erwin Tichauer of New York University. To prove this statement, Dr. Tichauer uses his inventive genius to find easier ways to do things. For example, he felt that the traditional kind of pliers needed a better design. The usual design limited hand motion and used unnecessary force because it twisted the wrist. So he designed a pair of pliers that do not bend the wrist. Dr. Tichauer uses electronic machines to measure the amount of muscular energy a worker uses, the number of movements he makes, and the amount of heat in his body tissues. One instrument, the myograph, connected to a muscle by a wire, measures the intensity and velocity of an activity. In this way it shows how difficult a job is. The myograph(肌力记录仪)also discovers the dangerous features of a tool before it can hurt someone. To make work easier, Dr. Tichauer examines and tests the efficiency of old tools. He asks such questions as: Why must a stepladder have four legs when three are more stable? Why must a screwdriver have a straight handle? After he has tested his theories, he invents a new tool that causes less muscle strain and is more efficient. Some of his inventions are seen on these pages. Tichauer is not interested in getting rich from his inventions. In fact he says, 'We encourage people to steal from us. At New York University we do not patent knowledge or invention.' Commercial companies have adopted some of his inventions. As a biochemist, as well as inventor, Dr. Tichauer studies the effect of stress on areas of the body. Even easy physical work may put heavy stress on one small area of the body and in time cause a serious disease. Thus his studies of workers in factories who use the same tool all day long are extremely valuable in learning about the vulnerability of the human body. Dr. Tichauer knows that he cannot redesign the body so be redesigns the tool!

—Excuse me. How much is the shirt? — ______.

They were having a ______ argument, and I thought they might end up hitting each other.

Judy is going to marry the sailor she ______ in Rome last year.

— Good morning. I've got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department. — Ah, good morning. You ______ be Mrs. Peters.

Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ______ obtaining water is not the least.

After riding on a merry-go-round, she started to feel ______ and had to lie down.

But what accounts ______ its amazing popularity or even the properties that have made millions of people confess to being chocoholics?

Whether the eyes are 'the windows of the soul' is debatable; that they are intensely important in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby's life, the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. The eyes need not be real: a mask with two dots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate a smile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction to eyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when American four-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99 percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are carried on their mother's back, infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other countries. As a result, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode(把…编码)or decode(解码)meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the 'proper place to focus one's gaze during a conversation in Japan is on the neck of one's conversation partner.' The role of eye contact in a conversational exchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of their listeners for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they re-establish eye contact with the listeners or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shift their gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker, allowing themselves to glance away only briefly. It is important they be looking at the speaker at the precise moment when the speaker re-establishes eye contact: if they are not looking, the speaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed or will terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance of conversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there maybe a sort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.

Sometimes they ______ their students' poor comprehension to a lack of intelligence.

Only then ______ that it had been a trick.

I hope my teacher will take my recent illness into ______ when judging my examination.

Elixir Written by Eric Walters Twelve-year-old Roth becomes a friend of Dr. Banting and his assistant, Mr. Best, who are in search of a cure for diabetes (糖尿病). She finds herself torn between her sympathy for the animals being experimented on and her friendship with Banting and Best. George Washingion Carver Written by Elizabeth Macleod Meet the 'Peanut(花生) Specialist', George Washington Carver, the inventor and professor who made over 325 products out of peanuts. Through his agricultural research, he also greatly improved the lives of countless black farmers in the southern United States. See also Macleod's Albert Einstein: A Life of Genius. The Inuit Thought of It: Amazing Arctic Innovations Written by Alootook Ipellie David MacDonald Explore more than 40 ideas necessary to Inuit survival. From ideas familiar to us today to inventive concepts that shaped their lives, celebrate the creativity of a remarkably intelligent people. Also see other books: The Chinese Thought of It by Tingxing Ye and A Native American Thought of It by Rocky Landon and David MacDonald. Made in Canada:101 Amazing Achieverms Written by Bev Spencer What things do we use daily that have a Canadian connection? Here are 101 common things that were invented in Canada or by a Canadian, including the Blackberry, alkaline(碱性) batteries and the Blue Box recycling program. Newton and the Time Machine Written by Michael Me Gowan Ten-year-old boy Newton has invented a time machine to see dinosaurs up close. But it disappears on a test run with his two huge friends, King Herbert and Queen Certrude, in can he save them before time runs out?