B型题Weoftenusethewords"growth"and"development"asiftheymeantbasicallythesamething.Butthismaynotalwaysbethecase.Onecaneasilyimagineinstancesinwhichacountryhasachievedhigherlevelsofincome(growth)withlittleornobenefitcomingtomostofitscitizens(development).Inthepast,mostdevelopmentpolicieswereaimedatincreasingthegrowthrateofincomepercapita.Manyarestillbasedonthetheorythatbenefitofeconomicgrowthwillcometoallmembersofsociety.Ifthistheoryiscorrect,growthshouldencouragedevelopment.Bytheearly1970s,however,therelationshipbetweengrowthanddevelopmentwasbeingquestioned.AmajorstudybytheWorldBankin1974concludedthatitisnowclearthatmorethandecadesofrapidgrowthindevelopingcountrieshasbeenoflittlebenefittoathirdoftheirpopulation.TheWorldBankstudyshowedthatincreaseinGNPpercapitadidnotpromiseimportantimprovementsinsuchdevelopmentindicatorsasnutrition,health,andeducation.AlthoughGNPpercapitadidindeedrise,itsbenefitcamedowntoonlyasmallpartofthepopulation.Thisrealizationgivesrisetoacallfornewdevelopmentpolicies.Thesenewpoliciesfavoragricultureoverindustry,callfornationalredistributionofincomeandwealth,andencourageprogramstosatisfysuchbasicneedsasfoodandshelter.Inthelate1970sandearly1980s,theinternationalmacroeconomiccrisesofhighoilprices,worldwiderecessionandthethirdworlddebt,forcedattentionawayfromprogramsdesignedtogetridofpoverty.However,thelessonremains:economicgrowthdoesnotpromiseeconomicdevelopment.Effortsmayberequiredtochangegrowingoutputcapacityintoeconomicbenefitthatreachmostofanation'speople.

B型题BaekelandandHartmannreportthatthe"shortsleepers"hadbeenmoreorlessaverageintheirsleepneedsuntilthemenwereintheirteens.Butataboutage15orso,themenvoluntarilybegancuttingdowntheirnightlysleeptimebecauseofpressuresfromschool,work,andotheractivities.Thesementendedtoviewtheirnightlyperiodsofunconsciousnessasbothersomeinterruptionsintheirdailyroutines.Ingeneral,these"shortsleepers"appearedambitious,active,energetic,cheerful,conformistintheiropinions,andverysureabouttheircareerchoices.Theyoftenheldseveraljobsatonce,orworkedfull-orpart-timewhilegoingtoschool.Andmanyofthemhadastrongurgetoappear"normal"or"acceptable"totheirfriendsandassociates.Whenaskedtorecalltheirdreams,the"shortsleepers"didpoorly.Morethanthis,theyseemedtoprefernotremembering.Insimilarfashion,theirusualwayofdealingwithpsychologicalproblemswastodenythattheproblemexisted,andthentokeepbusyinthehopethatthetroublewouldgoaway.Thesleeppatternsofthe"shortsleepers"weresimilarto,butlessextremethan,sleeppatternsshownbymanymentalpatientscategorizedasmanic.The"longsleepers"werequitedifferentindeed.BaekelandandHartmannreportthattheseyoungmenhadbeenlengthysleepssincechildhood.Theyseemedtoenjoytheirsleep,protectedit,andwerequiteconcernedwhentheywereoccasionallydeprivedoftheirdesired9hoursofnightlybedrest.Theytendedtorecalltheirdreamsmuchbetterthandidthe"shortsleepers."Manyofthe"longsleepers"wereshy,anxious,introverted,inhibited,passive,mildlydepressed,andunsureofthemselves(particularlyinsocialsituations).Severalopenlystatethatsleepwasanescapefromtheirdailyproblems.

B型题OnedayJack'swifewascleaningoutacloset(壁橱)."Lookatalltheseumbrellas,"shesaidtoJack."Thereareeightandtheyareallbroken.""I'lltakethemtotheumbrellashopandhavethemmended,"Jacksaid.Jacktooktheeightumbrellastotheshopandleftthemthere."They'llbereadytomorrow,"theshopkeepersaid.ThateveningJackwenthomefromtheofficebybusasusual.Hesatnexttoanoldwoman.Shehadanumbrellaonthefloornearher.Whenthebusreachedhisstop,hepickedupherumbrellaandstoodup."Hey!"thewomansaid."That'smyumbrella!""I'msorry,"Jacksaid,andatthesametimehegavetheumbrellatoher."Iwasn'tthinking.Pleaseexcuseme."Thenextdayhegotbacktheumbrellasfromtheumbrellashopandgotonthebus.Ashesatdown,avoicebehindhimsaid,"Youcertainlyhaveasuccessfulday!"Heturnedaroundandsawthewomanwhoseumbrellahadalmostbeentakenbyhimthedaybefore.

B型题How does your reading proceed? Clearly, you try to comprehend

B型题Achemicalimportantofbraindevelopmentmayplayaroleinexplainingwhysomepeoplearegenetically(由基因决定地)likelytosufferfromanxietyandcouldleadtonewtreatments,theU.S.researcherssaid.Theysaidhighlyanxiousratswhichwerekepthadverylowlevelsofabrainchemicalcalledfibroblastgrowthfactor2orFGF2,comparedwithratsthatweremorerelaxed.Butwhentheyim-provedtheanxiousrats'livingconditions—givingthemnewtoystoexploreandabiggercagetolivein—levelsofthisbrainchemicalincreasedandtheybecamelessanxious."Thelevelsofthisbrainchemicalincreasedinresponsetotheexperiencesthattheratswereexposedto.Italsodecreasedtheiranxiety".JavierPerezoftheUniversityofMichigansaidinatelephoneinterview."Itmadethembehavethesamewayastheratsthatwererelaxed",hesaid.Inaformerstudyofpeoplewhowereseverelydepressedbeforetheydied,theteamfoundthegenethatmakesFGF2wasproducingverylowlevelsofthegrowthfactor,whichisknownprimarilyfororganizingthebrainduringdevelopmentandrepairingitafterinjury.Perezthinksthebrainchemicalmaybeamarkerforgeneticvulnerability(脆弱性)toanxietyanddepression.Butitcanalsorespondtochangesintheenvironmentinapositiveway,possiblybypreservingnewbraincells.Whileboththecalmandanxiousratsproducedthesamenumberofnewbraincells,thesecellswerelesslikelytosurviveinthehigh-anxietyrats,theteamfound.GivingtheratsbetterlivingconditionsorinjectingthemwithFGF2helpedimprovecellsurvival."Thisdiscoverymaypavethewayfornew,morespecifictreatmentsforanxietythatwillnotbebasedonsedation(药物镇静),butwillinsteadfighttherealcauseofthedisease,"Dr.PierVin-cenzoPiazzafromFrancesaidinastatement.

B型题 The men who race the cars are generally small

B型题 He is quiet and shy

B型题 Cell phone feels like a part of your body

B型题 Rae Armantrout

B型题 On a hot day in Alexander City, Alabama

B型题BritishpsychologistshavefoundevidenceofalinkbetweenexcessiveInternetuseanddepression,aresearchhasshown.LeedsUniversityresearchers,writinginthePsychopathologyjournal,saidasmallproportionofInternetuserswereclassedasInternetaddictsandthatpeopleinthisgroupweremorelikelytobedepressedthannon-addictedusers.ThearticleontherelationshipbetweenexcessiveInternetuseanddepression,aquestionnaire-basedstudyof1,319youngpeopleandadults,useddatagatheredfromrespondentstolinksplacedonUK-basedsocialnetworkingsites.TherespondentsansweredquestionsabouthowmuchtimetheyspentontheInternetandwhattheyuseditfor;theyalsocompletedtheBeckDepressionInventory—aseriesofquestionsdesignedtomeasuretheseverityofdepression.Thesix-pagereport,bytheuniversity'sInstituteofPsychologicalSciences,said18ofthepeoplewhocompletedthequestionnairewereInternetaddicts."OurresearchindicatesthatexcessiveInternetuseisassociatedwithdepression,butwhatwedon'tknowiswhichcomesfirst—aredepressedpeopledrawntotheInternetordoestheInternetcausedepression?"thearticle'sleadauthor,Dr.CatrionaMorrison,said."Whatisclearisthat,forasmallpartofpeople,excessiveuseoftheInternetcouldbeawarningsignalfordepressivetendencies."Theagerangeofallrespondentswasbetween16and51years,withameanageof21.24.Themeanageofthe18Internetaddicts,13ofwhomweremaleandfivefemale,was18.3years.Bycomparingthescaleofdepressionwithinthisgrouptothatwithinagroupof18non-addictedInternetusers,researchersfoundtheInternetaddictshadahigherincidenceofmoderatetoseveredepressionthannon-addicts.Theyalsodiscoveredthataddictsspentproportionatelymoretimebrowsingsexuallypleasingwebsites,onlinegamingsitesandonlinecommunities."Thisstudyreinforcesthepublicspeculationthatover-engaginginwebsitesthatservetoreplacenormalsocialfunctionmightbelinkedtopsychologicaldisorderslikedepressionandaddiction,"Morrisonsaid."WenowneedtoconsiderthewidersocietalimplicationsofthisrelationshipandestablishclearlytheeffectsofexcessiveInternetuseonmentalhealth."

B型题Oneofthemostcontentiousissuesinthevastliteratureaboutalcoholconsumptionhasbeentheconsistentfindingthatthosewhodon'tdrinktendtodiesoonerthanthosewhodo.ThestandardAlcoholicsAnonymousexplanationforthisfindingisthatmanyofthosewhoshowupasabstainersinsuchresearchareactuallyformerhard-coredrunkswhohadalreadyincurredhealthproblemsassociatedwithdrinking.ButanewpaperinthejournalAlcoholism:ClinicalandExperimentalResearchsuggeststhat—forreasonsthataren'tentirelyclear—abstainingfromalcoholdoestendtoincreaseone'sriskofdying,evenwhenyouexcludeformerproblemdrinkers.Themostshockingpartisabstainers'mortalityratesarehigherthanthoseofheavydrinkers.Moderatedrinking,whichisdefinedasonetothreedrinksperday,isassociatedwiththelowestmortalityratesinalcoholstudies.Moderatealcoholuse(especiallywhenthebeverageofchoiceisredwine)isthoughttoimprovehearthealth.Butwhywouldabstainingfromalcoholleadtoashorterlife?It'struethatthosewhoabstainfromalcoholtendtobefromlowersocioeconomicclasses,sincedrinkingcanbeexpensive.Andpeopleoflowersocioeconomicstatushavemorelifestressors—jobandchild-careworriesthatmightnotonlykeepthemfromthebottlebutalsocausestress-relatedillnessoverlongperiods.(Theyalsodon'tgetthestress-reducingbenefitsofadrinkortwoafterwork.)Butevenaftercontrollingfornearlyallimaginablevariables—socioeconomicstatus,levelofphysicalactivity,numberofclosefriends,qualityofsocialsupportandsoon—theresearchers(asix-memberteamledbypsychologistCharlesHolahanoftheUniversityofTexasatAustin)foundthatovera20-yearperiod,mortalityrateswerehighestforthosewhowerenotcurrentdrinkers,regardlessofwhethertheyusedtobealcoholics,secondhighestforheavydrinkersandlowestformoderatedrinkers.

B型题ThecoatmysonJohnandIspottedinastorewasdifferentfromtheothers.Itwasthicksoftandwellpreserved,withablackvelvetcollar,beautifultailoring,andaFifthAvenuelabelatanunbelievableprice:MYM28(171yuan).Ilookedatmysonandwebothsaidnothing,butJohn'seyesgleamed.Dark,woolentopcoatswerepopularwithteenageboys,buttheycouldcostseveralhundreddollars.Thiscoatwasevenbetter.Johntrieditonandturnedfromsidetoside,eyeinghimselfinthemirror.Thefitwasperfect.Heworethecoattoschoolthenextdayandcamehomewithagrin."Didthekidslikeyourcoat?"Iasked."Theylovedit,"hesaid.Overthenextfewweeks,Johnchanged.Hewaspolite,lessargumentative,morethoughtful,andoverallmuchhappier."Gooddinner,Morn,"hewouldsayeveryevening.Withoutawordofobjectionhewouldcarryinwoodforthestove.OnedaywhenIsuggestedthathemightstartonhishomeworkbeforedinner,John,whoalwaysputthingsoff,said:"You'reright.IguessIwill."WhenImentionedthistooneofhisteachers,shejokedthatthecoatmusthavechangedhim.JohnandIbothknowthatclothesdonotdefineaperson,butthereissomethingtobesaidforlookinggood.Sometimes,watchingJohnleaveforschool,I'verememberedwhatitfeltliketobeintheeighthgrade—atimewhenitisaseasytotryondifferentapproachestolifeasitistotryonacoat.Thewholefutureisstretchedoutahead,whereallthedoorsareopen.AndifIwerethererightnow,Iwouldpicturemyselfwalkingthroughthosedoorswearingmywonderful,magicalcoat.

B型题PeoplefromEastAsiatendtohavemoredifficultythanthosefromEuropeindistinguishingfacialexpressions—andanewreportpublishedonlineinCurrentBiologyexplainswhy.RachaelJack,UniversityofGlasgowresearcher,saidthatratherthanscanningevenlyacrossafaceasWesternersdo,Easternersfixtheirattentionontheeyes."WeshowthatEasternersandWesternerslookatdifferentfacefeaturestoreadfacialexpressions."Jacksaid,"Westernerslookattheeyesandthemouthinequalmeasure,whereasEasternersfavortheeyesandneglectthemouth."AccordingtoJackandhercolleagues,thediscoveryshowsthathumancommunicationofemotionismorecomplexthanpreviouslybelieved.Asaresult,facialexpressionsthathadbeenconsidereduniversallyrecognizablecannotbeusedtoreliablyconveyemotionincross-culturalsituations.Theresearchersstudiedculturaldifferencesintherecognitionoffacialexpressionsbyrecordingtheeyemovementsof13WesternCaucasianand13EastAsianpeoplewhiletheyobservedpicturesofexpressivefacesandputthemintocategories:happy,sad,surprised,fearful,disgusted,angry,orneutral.Theycomparedhowaccuratelyparticipantsreadthosefacialexpressionsusingtheirparticulareyemovementstrategies.ItturnedoutthatEasternersfocusedmuchgreaterattentionontheeyesandmadesignificantlymoreerrorsthandidWesterners."Theculturaldifferenceineyemovementsthattheyshowisprobablyareflectionofculturaldifferenceinfacialexpressions,"Jacksaid."OurdatasuggestthatwhereasWesternersusethewholefacetoconveyemotion,Easternersusetheeyesmoreandmouthless."Inshort,thedatashowthatfacialexpressionsarenotuniversalsignalsofhumanemotion.Fromhereon,examininghowculturalfactorshavediversifiedthesebasicsocialskillswillhelpourunderstandingofhumanemotion.Otherwise,whenitcomestocommunicatingemotionsacrosscultures,EasternersandWesternerswillfindthemselveslostintranslation.

B型题Modemscientistsdividetheprocessofdyingintotwostages—clinicalortemporarydeathandbiologicaldeath.Clinicaldeathoccurswhenthevitalorgans,suchastheheartorlungs,haveceasedtofunction,buthavenotsufferedpermanentdamage.Theorganismcanstillberevived.Biologicaldeathoccurswhenchangesintheorganismleadtothedisintegrationofvitalcellsandtissues.Deathisthenirreversibleandfinal.Scientistshavebeenseekingawaytoprolongtheperiodofclinicaldeathsothattheorganismcanberevivedbeforebiologicaldeathoccurs.Thebestmethoddevelopedsofarinvolvescoolingoftheorganism,combinedwithnarcoticsleep.Byslowingdownthebody'smetabolism,coolingdelaystheprocessesleadingtobiologicaldeath.Toillustratehowthisworks,scientistsperformedanexperimentonasix-year-oldfemalemonkeycalledKeta.ThescientistsputKetatosleepwithanarcotic.Thentheysurroundedherbodywithice-bagsandbegancheckingherbodytemperature.Whenithaddroppedto28degreesthescientistsbegandrainingbloodfromitsbody.Themonkey'sbloodpressuredecreasedandanhourlaterboththeheartandbreathingstopped;clinicaldeathsetin.FortwentyminutesKetaremainedinthisstate.Hertemperaturedroppedto22degrees.Atthispointthescientistspumpedbloodintoitsbodyinthedirectionoftheheartandstartedartificialbreathing.Aftertwominutesthemonkey'sheartbecameactiveoncemore.Afterfifteenminutes,spontaneousbreathingbegan,andafterfourhoursKetaopenedhereyesandliftedherhead.Aftersixhours,whenthescientiststriedtogiveherapenicillininjection,Ketaseizedthesyringeandranwithitaroundtheroom.Herbehaviordifferedlittlefromthatofahealthyanimal.

B型题 Electronic books could revolutionize reading

B型题LindaEvanswasmybestfriend—likethesisterIneverhad.Wedideverythingtogether:pianolessons,movies,swimming,horsebackriding.WhenIwas13,myfamilymovedaway.LindaandIkeptintouchthroughletters,andwesaweachotheronspecialtime—likemyweddingandLinda's.Soonwewerebusywithchildrenandmovingtonewhomes,andwewrotelessoften.OnedayacardthatIsentcameback,stamped"AddressUnknown."IhadnoideahowtofindLinda.Overtheyears,ImissedLindaverymuch.Iwantedtosharehappinessofmychildrenandthengrandchildren.AndIneededtosharemysadnesswhenmybrotherandthenmotherdied.TherewasanemptyplaceinmyheartthatonlyafriendlikeLindacouldfill.OnedayIwasreadinganewspaperwhenInoticedaphotoofayoungwomanwholookedverymuchlikeLindaandwhoselastnamewasWagman—Linda'smarriedname."TheremustbethousandsofWagmans,"Ithought,butIstillwrotetoher.Shecalledassoonasshegotmyletter."MrsTobin!"shesaidexcitedly,"LindaEvansWagmanismymother."MinuteslaterIheardavoicethatIknewverymuch,evenalter40years,laughedandcriedandcaughtuponeachother'slives.Nowtheemptyplaceinmyheartisfilled.Andthere'sonethingthatLindaandIknowforsure:Wewon'tloseeachotheragain!

B型题Socialchangeismorelikelytooccurinsocietieswherethereisamixtureofdifferentkindsofpeoplethaninsocietieswherepeoplearesimilarinmanyways.Thesimplereasonforthisisthattherearemoredifferentwaysoflookingatthingspresentinthefirstkindofsociety.Therearemoreideas,moredisagreementsininterest,andmoregroupsandorganizationswithdifferentbeliefs.Inaddition,thereisusuallyagreaterworldlyinterestandgreatertoleranceinmixedsocieties.Allthesefactorstendtopromotesocialchangebyopeningmoreareasoflifetodecision.Inasocietywherepeoplearequitesimilarinmanyways,therearefeweroccasionsforpeopletoseetheneedortheopportunityforchangebecauseeverythingseemstobethesame.Andalthoughconditionsmaynotbesatisfactory,theyareatleastcustomaryandundisputed.Withinasociety,socialchangeisalsolikelytooccurmorefrequentlyandmorereadilyinthematerialaspectsoftheculturethaninthenon-material,forexample,intechnologyratherthaninvalues;inwhathasbeenlearnedlaterinliferatherthanwhatwaslearnedearly;inthelessbasicandlessemotionalaspectsofsocietythanintheiropposites;inthesimpleelementsratherthaninthecomplexones;informratherthaninsubstance;andinelementsthatareacceptabletothecultureratherthaninstrangeelements.Furthermore,socialchangeiseasierifitisgradual.Forexample,itcomesmorereadilyinhumanrelationsonacontinuousscaleratherthanonewithsharpdichotomies.ThisisonereasonwhychangehasnotcomemorequicklytoBlackAmericansascomparedtootherAmericanminorities,becauseofthesharpdifferenceinappearancebetweenthemandtheirwhitecounterparts.

B型题Evenasmallreductioninsaltinthedietcanbeabighelptotheheart.AnewstudyusedacomputermodeltopredicthowjustthreegramslessadaywouldaffectheartdiseaseintheUnitedStates.Theresult:thirteenpercentfewerheartattacks.Eightpercentfewerstrokes.Fourpercentfewerdeaths.Elevenpercentfewernewcasesofheartdisease.Andtwohundredfortybilliondollarsinhealthcaresavings.Researchersfounditcouldpreventonehundredthousandheartattacksandninety-twothousanddeathseveryyear.ThestudyisintheNewEnglandJournalofMedicine.KirstenattheUniversityofCalifornia,wastheleadauthor.Shesayspeoplewouldnotevennoticeadifferenceintastewiththreegrams,orone-halfteaspoon,lesssaltperday.TheteamalsoincludedresearchersatStanfordandColumbiaUniversity.Eachgramofsaltcontainsfourhundredmilligramsofsodium,whichishowfoodsmaylisttheirsaltcontent.ThegovernmentsaystheaverageAmericanmaneatstengramsofsaltaday.TheAmericanHeartAssociationadvisesnomorethanthreegramsforhealthypeople.ItsayssaltintheAmericandiethasincreasedfiftypercentsincethenineteen-seventies,whilebloodpressureshavealsorisen.Lesssaltcanmeanalowerbloodpressure.NewYorkCityMayorMichaelBloombergisleadinganeffortcalledtheNationalSaltReductionInitiative.Theideaistoputpressureonfoodcompaniesandrestaurants.MayorBloomberghasalreadysucceededinotherareas,likerequiringfastfoodplacesinthecitytolistcalorieinformation.NowastudybytheSeattleChildren'sResearchInstituteshowshowthatideacaninfluencewhatparentsorderfortheirchildren.Ninety-nineparentsofthreetosixyearoldstookpart.HalfhadMcDonald'smenusclearlyshowinghowmanycalorieswereineachfood.Theotherhalfgotmenuswithoutthecalorieinformation.

B型题TearyJoewasaboywithaspecialability:hecouldmakehimselfcryinlessthanasecond.Ifhedislikedsomethingorthingsbecamedifficult,TearyJoewouldnothesitatetoputonapitifulfaceandsetgreatbigtearsrunningdownhischeeks.Inthiswayhemanagedtogetpracticallyeverythinghewanted,becausenoonecouldresistthepityinspiredbyhistearfullittleface.Butoneday,TearyJoemetPipo.Pipowasaskingpeopleinthestreetforsomechange,inreturnforhimhelpingtheminanywayhecould.Pipowasverypoor;hehadnohomeandnofamily,sohemadealivinghoweverhecould.Evenso,Pipoalwayshadthebiggestsmileonhisface.JoetooktoPipo,sohedecidedtohelphimoutinmakingsomemoney.HewentovernexttoPipo,tookoffhishat,putitface-upontheground,andstartedcryingwiththemostpitifulexpressions.Inafewminutes,Joe'shatwasfullofcoinsandsweets,butwhenJoeofferedallthesetoPipo,Pipodeclined."IpreferdeservingwhatIreceive,"answeredPipowithhisusualsmile,"It'smuchmorefunmakinganefforttogetthings.MaybeIhaven'tgotteneverythingI'vewanted,butI'vedonealoadofinterestingthings."TearyJoedidn'tanswer;hejustwalkedsadlyaway.Joehadgoteverythinghewanted,buthe'ddonepracticallynothingofinterestthewholeday.Thatevening,havingreturnedhome,Joerequestedadeliciouscakeforhissupper.Whenhismothersaidno,Joetriedtocrybut,rememberingPipoandhowjoyfulhewas,hetriedtogetthecakeinsomeotherway.Joespentthewholeeveninghelpinghismothertowatertheplantsandorganizethelibrarybooks.Intheendtherewasnocake.Butthatwasn'tsobad,becauseJoediscoveredithadbeenmuchmorefundoingallthosethingsthateveningratherthanjustsittingcryingtogetapieceofcakethat,intheend,wouldn'thavebeenworthit.