. A simple test that detects nicotine levels in urine has helped pregnant women in Birmingham to cut down on cigarettes and in some cases to kick the habit altogether. The test turns urine pink in the presence of nicotine and its breakdown products. "It is very important that the patient is right there to see it," says Graham Cope, a research fellow at the Wolfson Applied Technology Laboratory at the University of Birmingham, who developed the test. A recent survey by the baby's charity Tommy's Campaign found that a quarter of pregnant women in Britain smoke throughout their pregnancy. But most of the information doctors get about their patients' smoking habits is self-reported. "Smokers tend to underestimate their consumption," says Cope. Even if a smoker owns up (供认), it is hard to know how much nicotine they are actually consuming; different brands of cigarette have different nicotine levels, and styles of inhaling vary. Cope's device provides the first quick biochemical measure of tobacco absorption. Thiobarbituric acid and other chemicals react with nicotine and its by-products, such as cotinine, to produce the pink color. The more tobacco the smoker has consumed, the pinker it gets. Researchers then use a standard colorimeter to measure the depth of color in order to quantify consumption. In all, the procedure takes five minutes. Cope is just completing a pilot (实验性的) study in which he has screened 100O pregnant women in Birmingham. Half of them were tested and shown the results on their first visit. They were screened at least once more, towards the end of their pregnancy. The others were screened but were not given the results. Of the 500 women who were shown their results, just over 100 were smokers. During their pregnancy, 20 percent of them quit, while another 30 percent significantly reduced the amount they smoked. Even among the 50 percent of smokers who said they had not changed their habits, the test showed that about half had in fact cut down. "They were more aware of their habit," says Cope. In contrast, only about 7 percent of the women in the control group managed to quit. Very few cut down, and 45 percent actually increased the amount they smoked. This compares badly to the results in the test group, where only 15 percent smoked more.1. Cope makes pregnant women aware of their nicotine consumption ______.

3. 附加产品

25. 下列关于神经递质的描述，正确的是______

请在以下两道试题中任选一题作答。若两题都答，只按第1道题的成绩计分。

3. 关于刑事责任能力，下列说法错误的有______

1. 中医学认识疾病和处理疾病的原则是______

公安机关负责人张某，因为邻里矛盾与某工矿企业长王某有私仇。为了报复王某

1. 克拉申假说

2. 要办好学校，提高教育质量，就必须坚持以教学为主。

15. 今墨西哥合众国国徽中鹰吃蛇图案源自古代印第安人的传说，这支印第安人是______。

7. 下列化合物可以拆分成旋光的对映体______ A． B． C． D．

3. 可造成上呼吸道水肿及严重喉头水肿的药物是

5. 某消费者购买行为的特点是从忠诚于某一种品牌转移到忠诚于另一种品牌，则该消费者属于______。

29. 我国唐代时期的织锦，采用纬线起花的做法，称为______。

5. 《陕甘宁边区宪法原则》规定的政权组织原则是______

3. 在下列选项中，不属于归责原则的是______。

1. 根据我国《宪法》的规定，全国人民代表大会和全国人民代表大会常务委员会都有权______。

21. HMGI(Y)通过哪一种方式调节人β-干扰素(IFN-β)基因的转录?

37. 急性细菌性心内膜炎引起______

24. 用广义胡克定律。证明弹性常数E，G，μ间的关系。