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Cleaning up our air may have made us healthier. A new analysis shows that the number of storms falls when pollution rises, and increases when pollution drops. Further tightening of present pollution controls " could reduce aerosols (气溶胶；悬浮颗粒) so quickly that we have record numbers of tropical storms for the next decade or two" , says Nick Dunstone of the Met Office Hadley Centre in Exeter, UK. Earlier studies found no connection between storm numbers and aerosols' ability to cool the surface by scattering light in the open air. But aerosols also increase the brightness and lifetime of low-level marine clouds. When Nick Dunstone of the Met Office Hadley Centre in Exeter, UK, added this effect into his climate models, the simulated clouds cooled the surface more than expected. Historically, this cooling effect has been strongest in the north Atlantic. Cooling the north Atlantic reduces the energy available to power hurricanes. It also shifts rising and falling air currents further south, increasing wind shear in the Atlantic hurricane nursery. This extra wind shear tears nascent storms apart before they can gain strength. In this way, Dunstone says, changes in aerosol emissions appear to drive cyclical variations in north Atlantic tropical storms. These variations have long been attributed to natural variations in ocean circulation. Throughout the 20th century, aerosol emissions increased with industrialization and decreased in economic slumps. Tropical storms were frequent from the 1930s through to the 1950s, but rarer in the better economic times of the 1960s to mid-1990s. Then pollution controls reduced aerosol levels, and Atlantic hurricanes came roaring back, with 19 in 1995, a record 28 in 2005, and 19 in each of the past three years. Dunstone expects the increase to continue for another two decades. After that, global warming may begin to reduce the number of tropical storms, by warming the air and thus reducing the temperature difference between the sea surface and the atmosphere. It is not clear whether aerosols affect the intensity of storms.
For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the following question. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. As a college student, you are very concerned about air quality; what do you think is the effective way to help fight smog and haze?
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A new analysis of federal money that public schools receive for low-income students shows that a record number of the nation's school districts will receive less in the coming academic year than they did for the one just ended. For the 2005-2006 school year, spending under the Department of Education's Title I program, which helps low-achieving children in high-poverty areas, is increasing by 3.2 percent, to $12.6 billion. But because of population shifts, growing numbers of poor children, newer census data and complex formulas that determine how the money is divided, more than two-thirds of the districts, or 8,843, will not receive as much financing as before. The analysis, based on data from the department, was made by the Center on Education Policy, a group advocating for public schools. A similar study by the group last year showed that 55 percent of the schools would receive less money than they did in the previous year. "It's an alarming number," said Tom Fagan, a former department official who conducted the analysis. "It's clear that the amount of overall increase is not keeping pace with the number of poor kids." Susan Aspey, a department spokeswoman, defended the spending levels for Title I, saying, "President Bush and Congress have invested record amounts of funding to help the nation's neediest students." But Mr. Fagan said the increasing number of districts that are losing money is making it harder for the schools to meet the goals of the federal No Child Left Behind Act, the Bush administration's signature education program, which measures progress through annual tests in math, reading and science. That is giving critics of the program more grounds to accuse the administration of not sufficiently financing the program while demanding greater results. Title I provides the largest component of financing for No Child Left Behind. "The federal government is concentrating more money in fewer districts," said John F. Jennings, the president and chief executive of the Center on Education Policy. "It means there is lots of anger and lots of tension. They're asking us to do more and more with less and less."
Of all the components of a good night's sleep, dreams seem to be least within our control. In dreams, a window opens into a world where logic is suspended and dead people speak. A century ago, Freud stated that dreams were the disguised shadows of our unconscious desires and fears; by the late 1970s, neurologists (神经学家) had switched to thinking of them as just "mental noise". Now researchers suspect that dreams are part of the mind's emotional thermostat, regulating moods while the brain stops thinking logically. And one leading authority says that these intensely powerful mental events can be not only harnessed but actually brought under conscious control, to help us sleep and feel better. "It's your dream," says Rosalind Cartwright, chair of psychology at Chicago's Medical Center. "If you don't like it, change it." The link between dreams and emotions shows up among the patients in Cartwright's clinic. Most people seem to have more bad dreams early in the night, progressing toward happier ones before awakening, suggesting that they are working through negative feelings generated during the day. (In studying divorced couples, Cartwright has found that those who don't follow this dream progression have a much harder time getting over the hurt.) Because our conscious mind is occupied with daily life we don't always think about the emotional significance of the day's events—until, it appears, we begin to dream. And this process need not be left to the unconscious. Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over repeated bad dreams. As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream. Imagine how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. With much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep. At the end of the day, there's probably little reason to pay attention to our dreams at all unless they keep us from sleeping or we wake up in a panic. Terrorism, economic uncertainties and general feelings of insecurity have increased people's anxiety. Those suffering from persistent nightmares should seek help from a therapist. For the rest of us, sleep—or rather dream—on it and you'll feel better in the morning.
到目前为止，已有来自120多个国家的36万人次参加了HSK考试。
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PayingwithPhone—NOSubstituteforCashForthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaybasedonthePicturebelow.Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefdescriptionofthepictureandthencommentonpayingwithphone.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.
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A new study suggests that the close interspecies bond that exists between humans and dogs may extend 27 000 or even 40 000 years back. That's a【C1】______jump from 11 000 to 16 000 years ago, when dogs were【C2】______thought to have split from their wolf ancestors. Led by Harvard research fellow Pontus Skoglun, the authors of the study【C3】______DNA belonging to a 35 000-year-old Siberian wolf specimen. Their genomic analysis led them to【C4】______that the wolf was part of a population "that diverged from the common ancestor of present-day wolves and dogs very close in time to the【C5】______of the domestic dog lineage," according to an abstract. That means domesticated dogs may have been hanging out with humans during that same era, more than 20 000 years ago. The【C6】______for this finding was the discovery of the ancient bone, the abstract notes: The researchers made these【C7】______based on a small piece of bone picked up during an expedition to the Taimyr Peninsula in Siberia. Initially, they didn't realize the bone fragment came from a wolf at all; this was only【C8】______using a genetic test back in the laboratory. But wolves are common on the Taimyr Peninsula, and the bone could have easily【C9】______to a modern-day wolf. On a hunch, the researchers decided to radiocarbon date the bone anyway. It was only then that they realized what they had: a 35 000-year-old bone from an【C10】______Taimyr wolf. A)ancient F)discoveries K)inventions B)appearance G)dramatic L)preview C)belonged H)examined M)previously D)conclude I)impetus N)seldom E)determined J)increasingly O)sudden
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七夕节(QiXi Festival)在农历七月初七庆祝，起源于汉代(the Hart Dynasty)，是一个传统节日。在中国古代传说中，牛郎和织女(cowherd and weaver girl)会在每年的这一天相会。七夕节是中国传统节日中最具浪漫色彩的一个节日，现在一般被称为“中国情人节”。对于姑娘们，七夕节是个重要的日子，她们会在这一天晚上向聪明的织女祈求智慧、女红(needle work)技巧和美满的姻缘。
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