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Beauty and Body Image in the Media A) Images of female bodies are everywhere. Women—and their body parts—sell everything from food to cars. Popular film and television actresses are becoming younger, taller and thinner. Some have even been known to faint on the set from lack of food. Women' s magazines are full of articles urging that if they can just lose those last twenty pounds, they'll have it all—the perfect marriage, loving children, great sex, and a rewarding career. B) Why are standards of beauty being imposed on women, the majority of whom are naturally larger and more mature than any of the models? The roots, some analysts say, are economic. By presenting an ideal difficult to achieve and maintain, the cosmetic and diet product industries are assured of growth and profits. And it's no accident that youth is increasingly promoted, along with thinness, as an essential criterion of beauty. If not all women need to lose weight, for sure they're all aging, says the Quebec Action Network for Women's Health in its 2001 report. And, according to the industry, age is a disaster that needs to be dealt with. C) The stakes are huge. On the one hand, women who are insecure about their bodies are more likely to buy beauty products, new clothes, and diet aids. It is estimated that the diet industry alone is worth anywhere between 40 to 100 billion (U.S.) a year selling temporary weight loss (90% to 95% of dieters regain the lost weight). On the other hand, research indicates that exposure to images of thin, young, air-brushed female bodies is linked to depression, loss of self-esteem and the development of unhealthy eating habits in women and girls. D) The American research group Anorexia Nervosa Related Eating Disorders, Inc. says that one out of every four college-aged women uses unhealthy methods of weight control—including fasting, skipping meals, excessive exercise, laxative (泻药) abuse, and self-induced vomiting. The pressure to be thin is also affecting young girls: the Canadian Women's Health Network warns that weight control measures are now being taken by girls as young as 5 and 6. American statistics are similar. Several studies, such as one conducted by Marika Tiggemann and Levina Clark in 2006 titled "Appearance Culture in 9- to 12-Year-Old Girls: Media and Peer Influences on Body Dissatisfaction," indicate that nearly half of all preadolescent girls wish to be thinner, and as a result have engaged in a diet or are aware of the concept of dieting. In 2003, Teen magazine reported that 35 percent of girls 6 to 12 years old have been on at least one diet, and that 50 to 70 percent of normal weight girls believe they are overweight. Overall research indicates that 90% of women are dissatisfied with their appearance in some way. Media activist Jean Kilbourne concludes that, "Women are sold to the diet industry by the magazines we read and the television programs we watch, almost all of which make us feel anxious about our weight." E) Perhaps the most disturbing is the fact that media images of female beauty are unattainable for all but a very small number of women. Researchers generating a computer model of a woman with Barbie-doll proportions, for example, found that her back would be too weak to support the weight of her upper body, and her body would be too narrow to contain more than half a liver and a few centimeters of bowel. A real woman built that way would suffer from chronic diarrhea (慢性腹泻) and eventually die from malnutrition. Jill Barad, President of Mattel (which manufactures Barbie), estimated that 99% of girls aged 3 to 10 years old own at least one Barbie doll. Still, the number of real life women and girls who seek a similarly underweight body is epidemic, and they can suffer equally devastating health consequences. In 2006 it was estimated that up to 450, 000 Canadian women were affected by an eating disorder. F) Researchers report that women's magazines have ten and one-half times more ads and articles promoting weight loss than men's magazines do, and over three-quarters of the covers of women's magazines include at least one message about how to change a woman's bodily appearance—by diet, exercise or cosmetic surgery. Television and movies reinforce the importance of a thin body as a measure of a woman' s worth. Canadian researcher Gregory Fouts reports that over three-quarters of the female characters in TV situation comedies are underweight, and only one in twenty are above average in size. Heavier actresses tend to receive negative comments from male characters about their bodies ("How about wearing a sack? "), and 80 percent of these negative comments are followed by canned audience laughter. G) There have been efforts in the magazine industry to buck (抵制，反抗) the trend. For several years the Quebec magazine Coup de Pouce has consistently included full-sized women in their fashion pages and Chatelaine has pledged not to touch up photos and not to include models less than 25 years of age. In Madrid, one of the world' s biggest fashion capitals, ultra-thin models were banned from the runway in 2006. Furthermore Spain has recently undergone a project with the aim to standardize clothing sizes through using a unique process in which a laser beam is used to measure real life women' s bodies in order to find the most true to life measurement. H) Another issue is the representation of ethnically diverse women in the media. A 2008 study conducted by Juanita Covert and Travis Dixon titled "A Changing View: Representation and Effects of the Portrayal of Women of Color in Mainstream Women's Magazines" found that although there was an increase in the representation of women of color, overall white women were overrepresented in mainstream women's magazines from 1999 to 2004. I) The barrage of messages about thinness, dieting and beauty tells "ordinary" women that they are always in need of adjustment—and that the female body is an object to be perfected. Jean Kilbourne argues that the overwhelming presence of media images of painfully thin women means that real women's bodies have become invisible in the mass media. The real tragedy, Kilbourne concludes, is that many women internalize these stereotypes, and judge themselves by the beauty industry's standards. Women learn to compare themselves to other women, and to compete with them for male attention. This focus on beauty and desirability "effectively destroys any awareness and action that might help to change that climate."

{{B}}Section B{{/B}}

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中国结 (Chinese knot)是中国文化的典型代表之一。中国结源于古代，当时人们用系结的方式来记事，在 唐宋时期 (the Tang and Song Dynasties)逐渐发展成为一种饰品，并在 明清时期 (the Ming and QingDynasties)开始盛行至今。中国结象征着团结、友谊、和平、热情和爱情等。制作中国结的材料多种多样，如棉线、丝绸、 尼龙 (nylon)、皮革，甚至是一些贵重金属。如今，中国结在世界各地广受欢迎。

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算盘(abacus)是中国古代的一项伟大发明。在古代，人们用小木棍进行计算。随着社会的发展，需要计算的数目越来越大，用小木棍已无法完成计算。于是，人们发明了更为高级的计算工具——算盘。由于算盘操作方便、简单易学，因此在中国被广泛使用。在算盘的基础上，有人发展了珠心算(mental abacus)，即把算盘的形象描绘在脑海中来计算数字。

Before 1978, China's economy had a weak foundation in agriculture, and the ratio between light and heavy industries was quite unbalanced. Since 1978, China has adopted a series of policies giving priority to the development of light industry, strengthening the construction of basic industry and facilities, and devoting major efforts to developing tertiary industry, so as to make China's economic structure more coordinated, optimized and balanced. The relations between different industries and within industries in terms of proportion have clearly been improved. The proportion of primary industry has declined, while that of the secondary and tertiary industries has grown.

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In bringing up children, every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feelings of failure and states of worry in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural enthusiasm for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters. Others are severe over times of coming home at night or punctuality for meals. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness. As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality. Also, parents should realize that "example is better than precept". If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach (说教), their children may grow confused and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled. A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents' principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment.

让人更为震惊的是，大学生浪费的食物数量是全国平均量的两倍。

中国经济的崛起和国际形象的不断提升吸引了好莱坞(Hollywood)的目光。去年，中国电影市场的票房收入(box office receipts)达到了170亿美元，排名世界第二。而与此同时，美国电影市场的票房收入则在持续下降。因此，中国市场对于美国电影业而言是一个极具吸引力的增长机会。一些好莱坞制片厂(studio)已与中国公司合作制作基于中国历史和文化的电影以开拓中国市场。

E-learning, also known as distance learning, is an educational mode of information transmission and fast learning by the application of information technology and Internet technology. E-learning is a new way of education generated from the development of modern information technology. Compared to the traditional education, it can break the limits of time and space, and make the places of learning and channels of acquiring knowledge flexible. Based on its characteristics and advantages, e-learning gradually enters people's life and becomes a mainstream trend of learning.

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Keeping healthy requires a conscious effort. You make choices about the foods you eat, just【C1】______you make choices about getting fresh air, exercise, and rest. And if you are like most people, you are making bad choices, particularly in your diet. I' d like to offer some【C2】______here. Nowadays, health experts are【C3】______against fats and proteins. Though these experts are right in telling you to be careful about the foods you eat, they are wrong in【C4】______you to stay away from fats and proteins. Both of these things serve important【C5】______in the body. Fats provide【C6】______. And they are especially useful because they can be【C7】______in the body for future use. Proteins are required for growth needs and for【C8】______the body against diseases. It is equally important that they are included in your diet too. A good diet is one that includes some fats and proteins—but not too much. You should already be eating five servings of vegetables and four servings of fruits every day. So be sure to include two servings of something high in protein and one or two servings of something【C9】______in fat into your diet. Then you will be on the【C10】______to great health!A)but B)road C)as D)functionsE)advising F)collecting G)defending H)unrealisticI)warning J)proper K)energy L)suggestionsM)stored N)while O)rich