阅读理解A close analogy to a study design is the rough sketch made by an artist before he commits his vision to canvas(画布). The broad outlines are drawn, the proper perspective achieved, and the total impact of the picture-to-be can be partially appreciated in advance. So it is with the design of research: it specifies in advance the kinds of statements that can be made on the basis of its findings and fixes the perspectives against which these findings are to be evaluated. One major purpose of this study was to demonstrate whether or not the newer social research techniques could help in broadening and deepening knowledge concerning juvenile delinquency(少年犯罪). Construction of the design was guided by this goal of exploring new methods in the analysis of juvenile delinquency. However, research technique developed in one content area can not be mechanically transferred to another. A new application of them requires substantial changes and it is these innovative modifications which this study offers as its contribution. Juvenile delinquency has been the subject of many previous studies using a variety of research techniques. This study makes an additional contribution by using a design specially planned to permit a comparison of several approaches. The drawing up of the study design profited greatly from an extensive survey of previous re searches on crime, undertaken during the earliest stage of the project. It was found that most studies could be classified as belonging to one or more of three broadly conceived types: social background study, family background study and personal motivation study. Each type has its characteristic design and mode of interpretation and each has produced information of considerable importance. Yet not attempt was made in any of ''the studies to integrate one or more of these three design types. It became apparent that one of the major contributions a pilot study could make to both method and substantive findings would be to bring all three study types together in one design for the purpose of correlating(使相互关联) their findings and evaluating their relative importance in producing data of use to the practitioner.

阅读理解Millions die early from air pollution each year

阅读理解There seems never to have been a civilization without toys, but when and how they developed is unknown. They probably came about just to give children something to do. In the ancient world, as is today, most boys played with some kinds of toys and most girls with another. In societies where social roles are rigidly determined, boys pattern their play after the activities of their fathers and girls after the tasks of their mothers. This is true because boys and girls are being prepared, even in play, to step into the roles and responsibilities of the adult world. What is remarkable about the history of toys is not so much how they changed over the centuries but how much they have remained the same. The changes have been mostly in terms of craftsmanship, mechanics, and technology. It is the universality of toys with regard to their development in all parts of the world and their persistence to the present that is amazing. In Egypt, the Americas, China, Japan and among the Arctic (北极的) peoples, generally the same kinds of toys appeared. Variations depended on local customs and ways of life because toys imitate their surroundings. Nearly every civilization had dolls, little weapons, toy soldiers, tiny animals and vehicles. Because toys can be generally regarded as a kind of art form, they have not been subject to technological leaps that characterize inventions for adult use. The progress from the wheel to the oxcart to the automobile is a direct line of ascent (进步). The progress from a rattle (拔浪鼓) used by a baby in 3000 BC to one used by an infant today, however, is not characterized by inventiveness. Each rattle is the product of the artistic tastes of the times and subject to the limitations of available materials.

阅读理解Passage Two Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage. The brain is a seemingly endless library, whose shelves house our most precious memories as well as our lifetime’s knowledge. But is there a point where it reaches capacity? The answer is no, because brains are more sophisticated than that. Instead of just crowding in, old information is sometimes pushed out of the brain for new memories to form. Previous behavioural studies have shown that learning new information can lead to forgetting. But in a new study, researchers demonstrated for the first time how this effect occurs in the brain. In daily life, forgetting actually has clear advantages. Imagine, for instance, that you lost your bank card. The new card you receive will come with a new personal identificatipn number (PIN). Each time you remember the new PIN, you gradually forget the old one. This process improves access to relevant information, without old memories interfering. And most of us may sometimes feel the frustration of having old memories interfere with new, relevant memories. Consider trying to remember where you parked your car in the same car park you were at a week earlier. This type of memory (where you are trying to remember new, but similar information) is particularly vulnerable to interference. When we acquire new information, the brain automatically tries to incorporate (合并)it within existing information by forming associations. And when we retrieve (检索) information, both the desired and associated but irrelevant information is recalled., The majority of previous research has focused on how we learn and remember new information. But current studies are beginning to place greater emphasis on the conditions under which we forget, as its importance begins to be more appreciated. A very small number of people are able to remember almost every detail of their life. While it may sound like an advantage to many, people with this rare condition often find their unusual ability burdensome. In a sense, forgetting is our brain’s way of sorting memories, so the most relevant memories are ready for retrieval. Normal forgetting may even be a safety mechanism to ensure our brain doesn’t become too full. 注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。

阅读理解There is no denying that students should learn something about how computers work, just as we expect them at least to understand that the internal-combustion engine (内燃机) has something to do with burning fuel, expanding gases and pistons (活塞) being driven. For people should have some basic idea of how the things that they use do what they do. Further, students might be helped by a course that considers the computer''s impact on society. But that is not what is meant by computer literacy. For computer literacy is not a form of literacy (读写能力) it is a trade skill that should not be taught as a liberal art. Learning how to use a computer and learning how to program one are two distinct activities. A case might be made that the competent citizens of tomorrow should free themselves from their fear of computers. But this is quite different from saying that ail ought to know how to program one. Leave that to people who have chosen programming as a career. While programming can be lots of fun, and while our society needs some people who are experts at it, the same is true of auto repair and violinmaking. Learning how to use a computer is not that difficult, and it gets easier all the time as programs become more "user-friendly''. Let us assume that in the future everyone is going to have to know how to use a computer to be a competent citizen. What does the phrase "learning to use a computer" mean? It sounds like "learning to drive a car", that is, it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once acquired, enable one to use a computer. In fact, "learning to use a computer" is much more like "learning to play a game", but learning the roles of one game may not help you play a second game, whose rules may not be the same. There is no such a thing as teaching someone how to use a computer. One can only teach people to use this or that program and generally that is easily accomplished.

阅读理解As an executive at a firm that provides IT consulting services to companies around the globe, I often think about the challenges the next generation of IT workers will face. This field is hugely complex and getting more so by the year. And today''s IT job market is global. Future workers will compete with skilled people on several continents, not just at home. Who could possibly overcome such obstacles? Thoughts like these were running through my head as I was at home the other night. Then I happened to glance up at my 15-year-old daughter Brianna, who was working on the computer across the room. Brianna was preparing homework with Microsoft Word, reading and answering e-mail, using Instant Messenger to carry on separate discussions with several groups of friends, listening to her iPod, and surfing the Web for input on her homework. My head began to ache just thinking about the mental effort. But Brianna didn''t seem to mind. She was working well with these communication channels and typing away to the beat of her iPod as if it were the most natural thing in the world. Then it hit me: This thoroughly normal teenager was multiplexing her activity — maintaining a precise balance and constantly evaluating her open tasks, she applied just the right amount of attention to each, slicing time like a hub and doing it all on a demand basis. This was particularly startling because, although I consider myself an "IT expert," I would have trouble keeping more than three e-mails open at one time, let alone balancing all the chores my daughter was involved in. But there was nothing magic in her performance. All over town there were thousands of other kids doing the same thing. They are a generation that grew up with planned sports, academics, religious instruction, and social activities. They did algebra in the backseat of SUVs as they were shuttled between appointments. They learned to use technological tools that were barely dreamed of 30 years ago. And somewhere along the way, they perfected the art of carrying on multiple activities at once. In a phrase, they are the multiplexed generation, or Generation MUX. They are also perfect candidates for the next generation of IT workers. In the information age, information flow is virtual and digitized. The members of Generation MUX have adapted to that digital flow. They multitask better than their predecessors did. And as our field grows more complex, the Generation MUXers are perfectly equipped to cope — managing IT systems, communicating with colleagues, and absorbing critical new information all at the same time. They''ll sustain a pace that would drive older, serial-minded IT folk like me crazy.

阅读理解Just because they cant sing opera or ride a bicycle doesnt mean that animals dont have culture

阅读理解Far fewer bouquets(花束) and handwritten messages adorned the gates of the former London home of Diana, Princess of Wales, than a year ago, when the grounds of Kensington Palace became a vest carpet of flowers. But on the anniversary of the car crash that ended Diana''s life last Aug. 31, some of the cards placed on the wroughtuiron(熟铁,锻铁) bars of the gate were revealing. One read: "They made life hard for you. Now they are copying you. " "They" means Queen Elizabeth II and her family, and the message is a reference to a statement for Buckingham Palace a few days earlier saying that the royal family had "learned a lesson" from the public reaction to Diana''s death. There would be more informality on royal occasions and less attention to protocol (礼仪), People meeting the queen need no longer bow or curtsy, unless they want to. This is quite a turnaround. In the days immediately after Diana''s death, it seemed the monarchy was tottering(摇动) and might even fall. A grieving public attacked the royal family for their perceived heartlessness in the face of human tragedy. The family was forced to return from holiday in Scotland and join the London crowds. By angry public demand, the queen, in a symbolic decision and with obvious reluctance, ordered a flag at half-mast from Buckingham Palace. Prince Charles, Diana''s former husband, was a target of savage(尖锐的) public criticism. He was widely perceived as aloof and uncaring. There was talk of excluding him from the succession and passing the crown to his elder son, Prince William. One year later, all that appears to have changed. A late-August opinion poll put public support for Charles at 63 percent, compared with 42 percent at the time of the Paris crash. The queen scored 73 percent. Only 15 percent of those surveyed said Britain would be better off without a monarchy.

阅读理解For most people, the word "fashion" means "clothes". When people ask the question, "What''s in fashion in Italy?" they normally mean, "What clothes are in fashion?" And they use the adjective, "fashionable" in the same way. "She was wearing some fashionable boots. " "His shirt was a really fashionable color. But, of course, there are fashions in many things, not only in clothes. There are fashions in holidays, in restaurants, in films and books. There are even fashions in university courses, jobs. . . and in languages. A few years ago, it was quite fashionable to study Russian. Now quite a lot of students want to learn Chinese. Of course, there are many reasons for this——some students can now visit China. They read about China in the newspapers. There are programmes about China on television. A number of Chinese students now study in Western Europe. There are fashions in all sorts of things. Even in a language text book! Look at the book you use to learn English. If it was published in Britain during the last five years, it probably has a lot of pictures. There will probably be handwritten letters and postcards, There may be a story and photographs of the characters at the beginning of the book. There will be oral exercises which you can do in pairs or small groups. And there will probable be cassette recordings of people who speak '' naturally''. There may even be songs on the cassette. There have been a lot of new ideas about learning languages in the last few years. And new ideas need new kinds of books. Or is it just fashion? Fashions change naturally. If you look at pictures of people or objects from the past, you will see that fashions have always changed. An English house of 1750 was different from one of 1650. A fashionable man in 1780 looked very different from his grandson in 1860. There are obvious reasons for this. The man of 1860 lived in an industrial age. His way of life was different from his grandfather''s, so his clothes were different. He listened to different sorts of music and looked at different styles of paintings. Fashions had changed. Nowadays, fashions change very quickly. Some of this is natural. We hear about things much more quickly than in the past. Newspapers, radio, telex and television send information from one country to another in a few hours. But there are other reasons. New fashions mean that people will buy new things. Fashion is helped by clever advertising and journalism. There is money in fashion!

阅读理解Passage twoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage

阅读理解What is most difficult to do when we turn human values into a programmable code?

阅读理解Some houses are designed to be smart. Others have smart designs. An example of the second type of house won an Award of Excellence from the American Institute of Architects. Located on the shore of Sullivan''s Island off the coast of South Carolina, the award-winning cube-shaped beach house was built to replace one smashed to pieces by Hurricane (飓风) Hugo 10 years ago. In September 1989, Hugo struck South Carolina, killing 18 people and damaging or destroying 36,000 homes in the state. Before Hugo, many new houses built along South Carolina''s shoreline were poorly constructed, and enforcement of building codes wasn''t strict, according to architect Ray Huff, who created the cleverly-designed beach house. In Hugo''s wake, all new shoreline houses are required to meet stricter, better-enforced codes. The new beach house on Sullivan''s Island should be able to withstand a Category 3 hurricane with peak winds of 179 to 209 kilometers per hour. At first sight, the house on Sullivan''s Island looks anything but hurricane-proof. Its redwood shell makes it resemble "a large party lantern (灯笼) "at night, according to one observer. But looks can be deceiving. The house''s wooden frame is reinforced with long steel rods to give it extra strength. To further protect the house from hurricane damage, Huff raised it 2.7 meters off the ground on timber pilings -- long, slender columns of wood anchored deep in the sand. Pilings might appear insecure, but they are strong enough to support the weight of the house. They also elevate the house above storm surges. The pilings allow the surges to run under the house instead of running into it. "These swells of water come ashore at tremendous speeds and cause most of the damage done to beach-front buildings," said Huff. Huff designed the timber pilings to be partially concealed by the house''s ground-to-roof shell. "The shell masks the pilings so that the house doesn''t look like it''s standing with its pant legs pulled up," said Huff. In the event of a storm surge, the shell should break apart and let the waves rush under the house, the architect explained.

阅读理解The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise (有氧操). Millions of individuals became engaged in a variety of aerobic activities, and literally thousands of health spas developed around the country to capitalize (获利) on this emerging interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed prior to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their focus was not on aerobics, but rather on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, strength, and endurance in their primarily male enthusiasts. These fitness spas did not seem to benefit financially from the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs offered few, ff any, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly popular for males and for females. Many current programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well. Historically, most physical-fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength and endurance, not for health-related reasons, but primarily because such fitness components have been related to performance in athletics. However, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health benefits as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now recommends that weight training be part of a total fitness program for healthy Americans. Increased participation in such training is one of the specific physical activity and fitness objectives of Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives.

阅读理解As we have seen, the focus of medical care in our society has been shifting from curing disease to preventing disease — especially in terms of changing our many unhealthy behaviors, such as poor eating habits, smoking, and failure to exercise. The line of thought involved in this shift can be pursued further. Imagine a person who is about the right weight, but does not eat very nutritious (有影响的) foods, who feels OK but exercises only occasionally, who goes to work every day, but is not an outstanding worker, who drinks a few beers at home most nights but does not drive while drunk, and who has no chest pains or abnormal blood counts, but sleeps a lot and often feels tired. This person is not ill. He may not even be at risk for any particular disease. But we can imagine that this person could be a lot healthier. The field of medicine has not traditionally distinguished between someone who is merely "not ill" and someone who is in excellent health and pays attention to the body''s special needs. Both types have simply been called " well." In recent years, however, some health specialists have begun to apply the terms "well" and "wellness" only to those who are actively striving to maintain and improve their health. People who are well are concerned with nutrition and exercise, and they make a point of monitoring their body''s condition. Most important, perhaps, people who are well take active responsibility for all matters related to their health. Even people who have a physical disease or handicap (缺陷) may be "well," in this new sense, if they make an effort to maintain the best possible health they can in the face of their physical limitations. "Wellness" may perhaps best be viewed not as a state that people can achieve, but as an ideal that people can strive for. People who are well are likely to be better able to resist disease and to fight disease when it strikes. And by focusing attention on healthy ways of living, the concept of wellness can have a beneficial impact on the ways in which people face the challenges of daily life.

阅读理解Last summer, Transportation Secretary Elizabeth Dole announced a new seatbelt-use rule: all the drivers and front seat passengers will be fined if they don''t wear seat belts after April 1989. The (47) wouldn''t have been necessary but for one simple fact. Even though seat belts could (48) nearly half of the deaths in fatal car accidents, 85 percent of the population simply won''t wear them. More than 30,000 drivers and front seat passengers are killed or (49) injured each year. a (50) of only 30 miles per hour it is the same as falling from a third-floor window. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it (51) your chance of death or serious injury by more than half. (52) , drivers or front seat passengers over 14 in most vehicles must wear a seat belt. If you do not, you could be fined up to 50. It will not be up to the drivers to make sum you wear your belt. But it will be the driver''s responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not (53) in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind. (54) , you do not have to wear a seat belt if you are reversing your vehicle; or you are making a local delivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it. Make (55) these circumstances apply to you before you decide not to wear your seat belt. Remember you may be taken to (56) for not doing so, and you may be fined if you cannot prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it. WORD BANK A) however I) speed B) sure J) only C) ride K) seriously D) court L) decide E) therefore M) prevent F) environment N) dangerously G) reduce O) rule H) complex

阅读理解Team Spirit [A] Teams have become the basic building blocks of organisations

阅读理解New ice core samples taken from the centre of the Greenland ice-sheet have given a detailed record of the last "interglacial (间冰期)" which rail from about 135,000 to 115,000 years ago. The cores, taken from a depth of 2,780 to 2,870 metres, show that during this period the climate oscillated(摆动) between three states instead of remaining in one, as in the whole of recorded human history. The middle state was like our own, but the others were either'' much colder or warmer. Worse, it seems that the climate flipped from one condition to another very rapidly. "It apparently took very little time, perhaps less than a decade or two, to shift between the states," Dr. J.C. W. White of the Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research at the University of Colorado wrote earlier this year in the scientific journal, Nature: "We humans have built a remarkable socio-economic system during perhaps the only time when it could be built, when the climate was stable enough to let us develop the agricultural infrastructure(基础设施) required to maintain an advanced society." We do not know why we have been so blessed. But if the Earth had an operating manual, the chapter on climate might begin with a warning that the system has been adjusted at the factory for optimum comfort--so don''t touch the dials. Unfortunately, we have been "twiddling the knobs (旋钮)" for decades. In December 1995 the official Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change ( IPCC）, which represents the work of 2,000 top meteorologists from around the world, concluded that global warming due to human activities is probably already taking place. Global warming sounds deceptively favorable to inhabitants of countries which currently experience harsh winters. In fact, with global warming, the world would struggle to cope with the effects of even a steady, gradual warming. This was spelt out to members of the British Royal Society by Sir John Houghton, chairman both of Britain'' s Royal Commission of Environmental Pollution and of one of the main IPCC working groups. Houghton pat forward the IPCC picture of seas flooding much of Egypt, southern China and Bangladesh, making "many millions" of people homeless; of horde''s of "environmental refugees" and of wars breaking out over dwindling (becoming gradually smaller) fresh water'' supplies, as world rainfall patterns changed. There is at least a chance that the world could adapt to steady warming if it happened slowly enough. However, many scientists, believe that even this prediction from the IPCC is too cautious.

阅读理解Segregation was an attempt by white Southerners to separate the races in every sphere of life and to achieve supremacy over blacks. Segregation was often called the Jim Crow system, after a character from the 1830s who was an old, crippled, black slave who embodied negative stereotypes of blacks. Segregation became (47)______ in Southern states following the end of Reconstruction in 1877. During Reconstruction, which followed the Civil War (1861-1865), Republican governments in the Southern states were run by blacks, Northerners, and some sympathetic Southerners. The Reconstruction governments had passed laws opening up economic and political (48)______ for blacks. By 1877 the Democratic Party had gained control of government in the Southern states, and these Southern Democrats wanted to (49)______ black advances made during Reconstruction. (50)______, they began to pass local and state laws that specified certain places "For Whites Only" and others for "Colored." Blacks had separate schools, transportation, restaurants, and parks, many of which were poorly funded and (51)______ to those of whites. Over the next 75 years, Jim Crow signs went up to separate the races in every possible place. The system of segregation also included the denial of voting rights, known as disfranchisement. Between 1890 and 1910 all Southern states passed laws (52)______ requirements for voting that were used to prevent blacks from voting, in spite of the 15th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which had been designed to protect black voting rights. These requirements included: the ability to read and write, which disqualified the many blacks who had not had (53)______ to education; property ownership, something few blacks were able to acquire; and paying a poll tax, which was too great a burden on most Southern blacks, who were very poor. Because blacks could not vote, they were (54)______ powerless to prevent whites from segregating all aspects of Southern life. They could do little to stop (55)______ in public accommodations, education, economic opportunities, or housing. The ability to struggle for equality was even undermined by the (56)______ Jim Crow signs, which constantly reminded blacks of their inferior status in Southern society. Word Bank A) imposing B) common C) prevalent D) opportunities E) applaud F) virtually G) concerning H) discrimination I) techniques J) to that end K) inferior L) field M) reverse N) specially O) access

阅读理解This is for people who are interested in adopting a low-fat lifestyle or for those who are already living a low-fat lifestyle. My husband and I (47) consume 2040 grams of fat each day. I (48) grams of fat rather than calculate the percentage of fat/calories because I find it much (49) and less complicated. Our daily fat percentage of calories (50) from 10% to 20%. Today we have lost a (51) amount of weight and we are very healthy and full of energy. Living a low-fat lifestyle is not (52) , it just takes a little organization and a commitment to change the way you eat as a lifestyle change, not as adieu. The problem with a diet is that when you think about (53) on a diet, you think of it as having a beginning and an end. The (54) is the problem. I have been on (55) diets in my lifetime and lost more weight than I care to think about, only to gain it all back in less time than it took to lose it! Making a (56) to living a low-fat lifestyle for the rest of your life is the key. WORD BANK A) end I) difficult B) presently J) going C) significant K) count D) numerous L) symbolic E) easier M) committee F) hops N) means G) presumably O) runs H) commitment

阅读理解Eye contact is a nonverbal (47)______ that helps the speaker "sell" his or her ideas to an audience. Besides its persuasive powers, eye contact helps hold listeners interest. A (48)______ speaker must maintain eye contact with an audience. To have good rapport (关系) with listeners, a speaker should (49)______ direct eye contact for at least 75 percent of the time. Some speakers focus exclusively in their notes. Others gaze over me heads of their listeners. Both are likely to lose (50)______''s interest and esteem. People who maintain eye contact while speaking, whether from a podium (演讲台) or from across the table, are "regarded not only as exceptionally well — disposed by their target but also as more believable and earnest." To show the potency (作用，效力) of eye contact in daily life, we have only to consider how passers-by behave when their glances happen to meet on the street. At one (51)______ are those who feel (52)______ and immediately look away. To make eye contact, it seems, is to make a certain (53)______ with someone. Eye contact with an audience also lets a speaker know and monitor the listeners. It is, in fact, (54)______ for analyzing an audience during a speech. Visual cues (暗示) from the audience members can (55)______ that a speech is dragging, that the speaker is dwelling on a particular point for too long, or that a particular point requires further explanation. As we have pointed out, visual (56)______ from listeners should play an important role in shaping a speech as it is delivered. WORD BANK A) indicate B) technique C) extreme D) successful E) manufacture F) audience G) conscious H) subject I) maintain J) principle K) essential L) feedback M) awkward N) individual O) link