阅读理解Listening to music while you drive can improve your reaction time and ability to avoid hazards, according to Australian psychologists. But turning your car stereo up to full volume could probably make you end up in an accident. The performance of complex tasks can be affected if people are subjected to loud noise. The experience of pulling up at traffic lights alongside cars shaking with heavy bass (低音) prompted some psychologists in the University of Sydney to investigate whether loud music interferes with driving. The psychologists recruited 60 men and women aged between 20 and 28 as subjects and tested them on simulated (模拟的) driving tasks under three noise conditions: silence, rock music played at a gentle 55 decibels, and the same music roaring out at 85 decibels. For 10 minutes the subjects sat in front of a monitor operating a steering wheel and foot pedals representing the brake and accelerator (加速器). They had to track a moving disk on screen, respond to traffic signals changing color, and brake in response to arrows that appeared without warning. On the tracking task, there was no difference in performance under the three noise conditions. But under both the loud and quiet music conditions, the volunteers "braked" at a red light about 50 milliseconds sooner than they did when there was no rock music at all. That could mean a reduction in braking distance of a couple of meters potentially, the difference between life and death for a pedestrian (行人). When it came to the arrows that appeared across the visual field, the psychologists found that when the music was quiet, people responded faster to objects in their central field of vision by about 50 milliseconds. For those listening at 85 decibels, response times dropped by a further 50 milliseconds -- a whole tenth of a second faster than those "driving" with no music. "But there is a trade-off (交换)", the psychologists told the European Congress of Psychology, "They lose the ability to scan the environment effectively." In responding to objects intruding on their peripheral(周围的)vision, people subjected to 85-decibel rock music were around 100 milliseconds slower than both the other groups. Since .some hazards -- such as children running into the road -- emerge from the periphery, drivers listening to loud music must be less safe as a result.

阅读理解It often happens that a number of applicants with almost identical qualifications and experience all apply for the same position. In their educational background, special skills and work experience, there is little, if anything, to choose between half a dozen candidates. How then does the employer make a choice? Usually on the basis of an interview. There are many arguments for and against the interview as a selection procedure. The main argument against it is that it results in a wholly subjective decision. As often as not, employers do not choose the best candidate, they choose the candidate who makes a good first impression on them. Some employers, of course, reply to this argument by saying that they have become so experienced in interviewing staff that they are able to make a sound assessment of each candidate''s likely performance. The main argument in favour of the interview — and it is, perhaps, a good argument — is that an employer is concerned not only with a candidate''s ability, but with the suitability of his or her personality for the particular work situation. Many employers, for example, will overlook occasional inefficiencies from their secretary provided she has a pleasant personality. It is perhaps true to say, therefore, that the real purpose of an interview is not to assess the assessable aspects of each candidate but to make a guess at the more intangible things, such as personality, character and social ability. Unfortunately, both for the employers and applicants for jobs, there are many people of great ability who simply do not interview well. There are also, of course, people who interview extremely well, but are later found to be very unsatisfactory employees. Candidates who interview well tend to be quietly confident, but never boastful; direct and straightforward in their questions and answers; cheerful and friendly, but never over-familiar; and sincerely enthusiastic and optimistic. Candidates who interview badly tend to be at either end of the spectrum of human behaviour. They are either very shy or over-confident. They show either a lack of enthusiasm or an excess of it. They either talk too little or never stop talking. They are either over-polite or rudely abrupt.

阅读理解Condoms Stirring College Campuses Handing out free condoms is quite common in many foreign universities, but the small condom vendors on Chinese college campuses have aroused heated debates. Managerial personnel at universities worry that those little boxes will trigger more sexual activity, while students argue that college authorities should not treat them like children. One day in mid-April, a student cafeteria in Tianjin''s Nankai University was bustling with unusual excitement over a new vending machine. Though seemingly ordinary, the vending machine grabbed students'' attention. While most female students hurried away after glancing at it, male students gathered in small groups in the vicinity, whispering about it. Some even went forward to have a closer look and then told their fellow students, laughing, "There really are some in it. " It was a condom vending machine, and condoms were the "some" the students talked about. This scene has also happened on other college campuses. In July 1999, the Shanghai Jiaotong University installed a similar machine on the second floor of its clinic. One month later, condom vending machines appeared at Tsinghua University in Beijing, and at the end of October, they appeared on the campus of the Anhui University. In early March of this year, a sex-related health-care products shop opened in the student living quarters at the Wuhan Engineering University, the first of its kind in institutions of higher learning in Wuhan. These developments have aroused many remarks and debates. Family Planning Centers vs. Universities Today, with the incidence of sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs) and AIDS rising, condoms are considered the most effective method available to prevent transmitting STDs. As a result, the Shanghai Family Planning Committee recently opened a third channel for the distribution of condoms—the condom vending machine, in addition to the already existent channels—free handouts by various units and sales in shops and drug stores. The first 200 vending machines were installed in various communities and were well received by local residents. In only half a year''s time, more than 60,000 condoms were sold. Encouraged by these results, the committee decided to introduce the practice in a larger area. It first thought of college students, a significant component of society. According to statistics, more than 50 percent of the AIDS sufferers in China are aged between 20 and 29. Therefore, the committee intended to put the condom vending machines on college campuses. This idea was rejected by the Shanghai Teachers'' University. Wang Qun, an official of the university in charge of student management, is a strong opponent. "No leader or department in our university is ready to accept putting a condom vending machine somewhere on campus," she says, asking, " If something happens as a result of this, who will bear the responsibility?" In contrast, the Shanghai Jiaotong University decided to accept the condom machines and installed one in the university clinic. According to Shu Peili, Deputy Director of the university''s women''s committee, Jiaotong University is a model unit for family planning in Shanghai. "It is our duty to offer safe, healthy and hygienic contraceptive devices for married teachers and staff members," she says. "However, they do not include students," she stresses. Recently, CCTV conducted a survey in these two universities. It revealed that most teachers and staff members at these universities are conservative regarding the condom issue. Many believe that using the vending machine will ruin the students'' images. Do We Really Need Them? Whether or not and how much college students need condoms is the focus of the debate over whether or not to put condom vending machines on campus. An official with Shanghai''s family planning authorities notes that colleges are by no means a vacuum or a paradise, as some people expect. Everything that happens in society takes place on college campuses, he says, and it is urgent to provide sex education among college students. With society becoming more and more open, the fact that college campuses house sexual activity is undeniable and independent of whether or not society approves. Given this, the official thinks the better road is to provide positive directions. "If something happens before preventive measures are available, it will cause greater problems, including physiological and psychological harm." Wang Qun thinks the opposite. "There is no need to install condom machines on campus. It''s true that some students have gone a bit too far sexually, but they are isolated cases. " The survey made by the Shanghai Jiaotong University indicates that the users of condom vending machines include members of the teaching staff, students and off-campus visitors. "It''s normal to have sex," says a female Shanghai college student. She argues that sexual relationships meet basic needs of any normal person when he or she reaches a certain age, saying, " Many of us college students are over In early March of this year, a sex-related health-care products shop opened in the student living quarters at the Wuhan Engineering University, the first of its kind in institutions of higher learning in Wuhan. These developments have aroused many remarks and debates. Family Planning Centers vs. Universities Today, with the incidence of sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs) and AIDS rising, condoms are considered the most effective method available to prevent transmitting STDs. As a result, the Shanghai Family Planning Committee recently opened a third channel for the distribution of condoms—the condom vending machine, in addition to the already existent channels—free handouts by various units and sales in shops and drug stores. The first 200 vending machines were installed in various communities and were well received by local residents. In only half a year''s time, more than 60,000 condoms were sold. Encouraged by these results, the committee decided to introduce the practice in a larger area. It first thought of college students, a significant component of society. According to statistics, more than 50 percent of the AIDS sufferers in China are aged between 20 and 29. Therefore, the committee intended to put the condom vending machines on college campuses. This idea was rejected by the Shanghai Teachers'' University. Wang Qun, an official of the university in charge of student management, is a strong opponent. "No leader or department in our university is ready to accept putting a condom vending machine somewhere on campus," she says, asking, " If something happens as a result of this, who will bear the responsibility?" In contrast, the Shanghai Jiaotong University decided to accept the condom machines and installed one in the university clinic. According to Shu Peili, Deputy Director of the university''s women''s committee, Jiaotong University is a model unit for family planning in Shanghai. "It is our duty to offer safe, healthy and hygienic contraceptive devices for married teachers and staff members," she says. "However, they do not include students," she stresses. Recently, CCTV conducted a survey in these two universities. It revealed that most teachers and staff members at these universities are conservative regarding the condom issue. Many believe that using the vending machine will ruin the students'' images. Do We Really Need Them? Whether or not and how much college students need condoms is the focus of the debate over whether or not to put condom vending machines on campus. An official with Shanghai''s family planning authorities notes that colleges are by no means a vacuum or a paradise, as some people expect. Everything that happens in society takes place on college campuses, he says, and it is urgent to provide sex education among college students. With society becoming more and more open, the fact that college campuses house sexual activity is undeniable and independent of whether or not society approves. Given this, the official thinks the better road is to provide positive directions. "If something happens before preventive measures are available, it will cause greater problems, including physiological and psychological harm. " Wang Qun thinks the opposite. "There is no need to install condom machines on campus. It''s true that some students have gone a bit too far sexually, but they are isolated cases. " The survey made by the Shanghai Jiaotong University indicates that the users of condom vending machines include members of the teaching staff, students and off-campus visitors. "It''s normal to have sex," says a female Shanghai college student. She argues that sexual relationships meet basic needs of any normal person when he or she reaches a certain age, saying, " Many of us college students are over 20. We are not as young as our parents think we are. We should be allowed to do what we want to do. " " Though rare, sexual behavior exists among college students," notes a male sophomore in the Political Science Department of the Nankai University. It''s natural for them to use condoms, he believes, and nothing to be ashamed of. Liu Dalin is a scholar engaged in cultural research. He believes that college students'' sexual desires are stronger today than in the past. Several years ago, he conducted a survey on premarital sex among 20,000 college students. The survey found that 10 percent of the male students had sex before marriage. "This rate has obviously been rising in recent years," Liu says. He notes that members of the younger generation are generally more sexually precocious, and their first ejaculation or menstrual period is commonly one or one and a half years earlier than of kids in the 1950s. Improved living standards and better nutrition account heavily for this, while the influence of different cultures disseminated through the mass media also holds a considerable weight. Earlier maturation in sex-related psychology inevitably leads to earlier sexual needs, a phenomenon commonly found in many countries and regions during their development. "It''s a good thing," says Liu. "How could it be good for impoverished boys who don''t have enough food to suffer undergrowth when they are 17 or 18?" " It''s not an embarrassing thing to put condom machines on campus," says sociologist Hu Shensheng. "We shouldn''t wait until it becomes necessary. Even though there are only a few sexual relationships that exist right now, condoms should be available. " However, this practice has met strong opposition from Shanghai residents. Most of them are afraid that condom machines will produce negative effects on students.

阅读理解There are many different groups of migrant youth with (47)______ social and educational needs. The exact numbers of the (48)______ migrant population is very difficult to track. A 2001 study on migrant adolescents conducted for the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health estimated that of the (49)______ two million migrants and (50)______ farm laborers, about 7 percent are between the ages of 14 and 17 . Among these adolescents is a large and growing (51)______ of single males. Some are recent immigrants, while others may be school dropouts. It is difficult to count dropout migrant youth due to their continuous (52)______ Currently, there is a gap in the services provided to (53)______ out-of-school migrant youth, ages 16-21 . To fill in this gap in services to migrant out-of-school youth, the Employment and Training Administration (ETA) at the Department of Labor, the Office of Migrant Education at the Department of Education, and the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service at the Department of Agriculture would work together to develop a (54)______ program. The model would (55)______ workforce development services, including job training activities, with basic education services designed for out-of-school migrant youth, including those with Limited English Proficiency (LEP) , and would provide these youth with an integrated plan of services and activities (56)______ to raise their educational skills and increase their employment opportunities. A) proportion I) seasonal B) adolescent J) collaborate C) identify K) pilot D) honorable L) conductor E) combine M) nearly F) assist N) mobility G) designed O) precious H) differing

阅读理解In what way do top-level administrators from abroad contribute to university development?

阅读理解A family sustains, supports and nourishes the members throughout the span of that family. A strong family unit creates a safe, positive and supportive place for all members to grow up. They are able to use resources and to live together in a fairly healthy manner. The adults in a strong family set the tone. They are good role models that lead by example. They reach out to friends and community and teach their children the importance of doing the same. Some important elements of a strong family system are family cohesion, family flexibility and family communication. Cohesion — In families, cohesion would be defined as the feeling of being loved, of belonging to the group and being nurtured (养育) by it. Although closeness is good in a family unit, there must be a balance between being together and being separate. A person must be able to develop their individuality, while being supported and confident within the family. Flexibility — On one hand, there must be a structure in a family or it will become orderless and will not be a peaceful setting for a family. On the other hand, there must be flexibility or the family becomes rigid and the authority figures become resented. We could compare a successful family to a democracy. There are leaders, but the whole group is involved in the decision making process. Although the leaders are in charge, all members develop the ability to cope with stress, and at times lead. While the family works to avoid stressful situations, they work together to solve problems, without blaming, criticizing and finding fault with each other. Communication — A lack of communication can rip a family apart. Things that lead to communication are the things mentioned so far — family closeness, flexibility, time spent together. All members must feel a freedom within the group to express themselves freely. Another very important factor is the relationship between the "head" couple. A happy marriage extends itself from the family to the community and a healthy family will be reaching out to help others. They do not tend to isolate themselves from the rest of the world. A healthy, happy family benefits our whole society. Among the children of strong families there is less crime, less divorce and less emotional problems. They tend to go on and have strong, healthy families of their own, having learned from their folk''s example.

阅读理解The way in which people use social space (47)______ their social relationships and their ethnic identity. Early immigrants to America from Europe brought with them a collective (48)______ of living, which they retained until late in the 18th century. Historical (49)______ document a group-oriented existence, in which one room was used for eating, entertaining guests and sleeping. People ate soups from a communal pot, shared drinking cups, and used a common toilet. With the development of ideas about (50)______, people soon began to (51)______ to the use of individual cups and plates; the eating of meals that included meat, bread, and vegetables served on separate plates; and the use of private toilets. They began to build their houses with separate rooms to (52)______ guests—living rooms, separate bedrooms for sleeping, separate work areas—kitchen, laundry room, and separate bathroom. In Mexico, the meaning and organization of domestic space is (53)______ different. Houses are organized around a patio (天井，院子), or courtyard. Rooms open onto the patio, where all kinds of (54)______ activities take place. Individuals do not have separate bedrooms. Children often sleep with parents, and brothers or sisters (55)______ a bed, emphasizing familial interdependence. Rooms in Mexican houses are locations for multiple activities that, (56)______, are rigidly separated in the United States. Word Bank A) entertain B) as long as C) reflects D) shift E) domestic F) bring G) style H) organization I) professional J) in contrast K) strikingly L) records M) share N) performance O) individualism

阅读理解When families gather for Christmas dinner, some will stick to formal traditions dating back to Grandma''s generation. Their tables will be set with the good dishes and silver, and the dress code will be Sunday-best. But in many other homes, this china-and-silver elegance has given way to a stoneware (粗陶) -and-stainless informality, with dresses assuming an equally casual-Friday look. For hosts and guests, the change means greater simplicity and comfort. For makers of fine china in Britain, it spells economic hard times. Last week Royal Doulton, the largest employer in Stoke-on-Trent, announced that it is eliminating 1,000 jobs -- one-fifth of its total workforce. That brings to more than 4,000 the number of positions lost in 18 months in the pottery (陶瓷) region. Wedgwood and other pottery factories made cuts earlier. Although a strong pound and weak markets in Asia play a role in the downsizing, the layoffs in Stoke have their roots in earthshaking social shifts. A spokesman for Royal Doulton admitted that the company "has been somewhat slow in catching up with the trend" toward casual dining. Families eat together less often, he explained, and more people eat alone, either because they are single or they eat in front of television. Even dinner parties, ff they happen at all, have gone casual. In a time of long work hours and demanding family schedules, busy hosts insist, rightly, that it''s better to share a takeout pizza on paper plates in the family room than to wait for the perfect moment or a "real" dinner party. Too often, the perfect moment never comes. Iron a fine-patterned tablecloth? Forget it. Polish the silver? Who has time? Yet the loss of formality has its down side. The fine points of etiquette (礼节) that children might once have learned at the table by observation or instruction from parents and grandparents ("Chew with your mouth closed." "Keep your elbows off the table. ") must be picked up elsewhere. Some companies now offer etiquette seminars for employees who may be competent professionally but clueless socially.

阅读理解The Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (47)______ an unprecedented(史无前例的) era of cultural prosperity. The atmosphere of reform and new ideas was (48)______ to the struggle for survival among warring regional lords who competed in building strong and loyal armies and in increasing economic production to ensure a broader base for tax collection. To (49)______ these economic, military, and cultural developments, the regional lords needed ever-increasing numbers of skilled, literate officials and teachers, the recruitment of whom was based on merit. Also during this time, commerce was stimulated through the introduction of coinage and technological improvements. Iron came into general use, making possible not only the (50)______ of weapons of war but also the manufacture of farm tools. Public works on a grand (51)______ —such as flood control, irrigation (灌溉) projects, and canal digging—were executed. Many different philosophies developed during the late Spring and Autumn and early Warring States periods that the era is often (52)______ as mat of the Hundred Schools of Thought. Many of the thinkers were intellectuals who, besides teaching their disciples, were employed as (53)______ to one or another of the various state rulers on the methods of government, war, and diplomacy. The body of thought that had the most enduring effect on (54)______ Chinese life was that of the School of Literati (儒家), often called the Confucian school in the West. Confucius, also called Kong Zi, or Master Kong, looked to the early days of Zhou rule for an ideal social and political order. He believed that the only way such a system could be made to work properly was for each person to act (55)______ prescribed relationships. "Let the ruler be a ruler and the subject a subject," he said, but he added that to rule properly a king must be virtuous (品德高尚的). To Confucius, the functions of government and social stratification were facts of life to be sustained by (56)______ values. Word Bank A) scale B) subsequent C) exert D) witnessed E) ethical F) forging G) regulation H) warning I) known J) reduce K) advisers L) attributed M) according to N) lead to O) effect

阅读理解Passage Two On average，American kids ages 3 to 12 spent 29 hours a week in school，eight hours more that they did in 1981.They also did more household work and participated in more of such organized activities as soccer and ballet (芭蕾舞)

阅读理解What do we learn from the passage about the unemployment figures in the U.S.?

听力题Passage One Questions 26 to 29 are based on the passage you have just heard.

听力题Days before a summit with U. S. President George W. Bush in Washington, Chinese President Hu Jintao called on Sunday for talks between Beijing and Taiwan as soon as possible to (36)______peace in the region. Beijing and Taiwan should " (37)______talks on an equal footing as soon as possible", Hu told Lien Chan, former chairman of Taiwan''s main (38) ______Nationalist Party, who led a (39) ______of 170 business leaders to (40)______a two -day economic and trade forum on April, 16th, 2006. Throughout his speech, Hu (41)______the importance of peace between the mainland and the island. Fence-mending talks between Beijing and Taipei have been (42) ______since 1999 when ''then-president'' Lee Teng-hui (43)______bilateral relations as "special state to state". (44)____________ because the island''s leaders have refused to embrace the 1992 consensus (45)____________" Adhering to the 1992 consensus is the important basis for realizing peaceful development between the two sides," Hu said. (46)____________ "We will fulfill our promises to Taiwan compatriots. There will be no change just because of momentary fluctuations in the situation or a small group of people interfering in or sabotaging (破坏)" , Hu said without elaborating.

听力题M: Hi. This is Roger Jackson

听力题 Men and women in the United States who want to become doctors usually attend four years of college or university; next they study for four years in a medical school. After that they work in hospitals as medical residents or doctors in training. Some people study and work for as many as 13 years before they begin their lives as doctors. During their university years, people who want to become doctors study science intensively. They must study biology, chemistry and other sciences. If they do not, they may have to return to college for more education in science before trying to enter medical school. There are 125 medical schools in the United States. It is difficult to gain entrance to them. Those who do the best in their studies have a greater chance of entering medical school. Each student also must pass a national examination to enter a medical school. Those who get top score have the best chance of being accepted. Most people who want to study medicine seek to enter a number of medical schools. This increase their chances of being accepted by one. In 1998, almost 47,000 people competed for about 17,000 openings in medical schools. Men and women in the United States who want to become doctors usually attend four years of college or university; next they study for four years in a medical school. After that they work in hospitals as medical residents or doctors in training. Some people study and work for as many as 13 years before they begin their lives as doctors. During their university years, people who want to become doctors study science intensively. They must study biology, chemistry and other sciences. If they do not, they may have to return to college for more education in science before trying to enter medical school. There are 125 medical schools in the United States. It is difficult to gain entrance to them. Those who do the best in their studies have a greater chance of entering medical school. Each student also must pass a national examination to enter a medical school. Those who get top score have the best chance of being accepted. Most people who want to study medicine seek to enter a number of medical schools. This increase their chances of being accepted by one. In 1998, almost 47,000 people competed for about 17,000 openings in medical schools.

听力题A country''s latitude

听力题SectionB Directions：Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations

听力题[此试题无题干]

听力题 Do you remember a time when people were a little nicer and gentler with each other? I certainly do. And I feel that much of the world has somehow gotten away from that. Too often I see people rushing into elevators without giving those inside a chance to get off first, or never saying "thank you" when others hold a door open for them. We get lazy and in our laziness we think that something like a simple "thank you" doesn''t really matter. But it can matter very much. The fact is that no matter how nicely we dress or how beautifully we decorate our homes, we can''t be truly elegant without good manners, because elegance and good manners always go hand in hand. In fact, I think of good manners as a sort of hidden beauty secret. Haven''t you noticed that the kindest, most generous people seem to keep getting prettier? It''s funny how that happens, but it does. Take the long-lost art of saying "thank you", like wearing a little make-up, or making sure your hair is neat. Getting into the habit of saying "thank you" can make you feel better about yourself. Good manners add to your image, while an angry face makes the best dressed person look ugly. Do you remember a time when people were a little nicer and gentler with each other? I certainly do. And I feel that much of the world has somehow gotten away from that. Too often I see people rushing into elevators without giving those inside a chance to get off first, or never saying "thank you" when others hold a door open for them. We get lazy and in our laziness we think that something like a simple "thank you" doesn''t really matter. But it can matter very much. The fact is that no matter how nicely we dress or how beautifully we decorate our homes, we can''t be truly elegant without good manners, because elegance and good manners always go hand in hand. In fact, I think of good manners as a sort of hidden beauty secret. Haven''t you noticed that the kindest, most generous people seem to keep getting prettier? It''s funny how that happens, but it does. Take the long-lost art of saying "thank you", like wearing a little make-up, or making sure your hair is neat. Getting into the habit of saying "thank you" can make you feel better about yourself. Good manners add to your image, while an angry face makes the best dressed person look ugly.

听力题W: Hello. This is the emergency 911 operator