单选题{{B}}Passage Two{{/B}} How exactly, does science work? How do scientists go about doing science? Ordinarily we think science proceeds in a straight-forward way. Ideally scientists make observations, formulate hypotheses (假设), and test those hypotheses by making further observations. When there is difference between what is observed and what is predicted by the hypothesis, the hypothesis is revised. Science proceeds in this way, which is a gradual method of finding the best fit between observation and prediction. But this idealized version of how one does science is naive. Although science demands proof that observations made by one observer be observable by other observers using the same methods, it is by no means dear that, even when confronted with identical phenomena, different observers will report identical observations. And it is most certain that, even if the same observations are made, the conclusions as to the meaning of the observations frequently differ. The fact is that all of us, scientists included, see differently. Variations in human perception are well known and have been studied extensively. Alterations in perception are frequently seen among observers, even though they may be in identical settings viewing identical phenomena. A documented misconception from history can be found in the experience of Darwin. His ship, Beagle, after anchoring off the Patagonian coast, sent off a landing party in small rowboats. Amazingly, the Patagonian natives watching from shore were blind to the Beagle, but could easily see the tiny rowboats! They had no prior experience of huge sailing ships, but small rowing vessels were an everyday part of their life. Rowboats fit their model of the world and huge ships did not. Their model determined their perceptions. Our idea that science proceeds on an utterly objective and straightforward basis ignores the distortions (歪曲) of reality imposed by our own perceptual apparatus. In many cases we see what we have been trained to see, what we are used to seeing. If a subject is fitted with special glasses that are designed to invert.(颠倒) the visual field, at first the subject sees everything upside down. After a period of time, as the glasses continue to be worn, a correction is made by our perceptual mechanism and the image is flipped, so that the world once again appears erect.

单选题{{B}}Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.{{/B}}

单选题 {{B}}Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.{{/B}}

单选题Targeting children for advertising is controversial because children ______.

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单选题How does the author relate to sounds at night?

单选题 Since you are human, you will make an occasional mistake--expect this truth. The challenge here is in{{U}} (67) {{/U}}criticism in an appropriate manner. When you agree to{{U}} (68) {{/U}}for someone else, you agree to perform according{{U}} (69) {{/U}}that person's standards. Since your employer is{{U}} (70) {{/U}}your salary, she or he has the{{U}} (71) {{/U}}to criticize your performance or behavior if they don't{{U}} (72) {{/U}}the established standards. If the criticism is{{U}} (73) {{/U}}, don't give an excuse or deny fault. Accept it graciously,{{U}} (74) {{/U}}a sincere promise to make improvements. You may{{U}} (75) {{/U}}request suggestions for ways to{{U}} (76) {{/U}}from the one who criticize you Learn from mistakes.{{U}} (77) {{/U}}you feel the criticism was not based on fact, you should tactfully present the facts that{{U}} (78) {{/U}}your opinion. If your employer or supervisor continually criticizes you{{U}} (79) {{/U}}, particularly in front of others, you should{{U}} (80) {{/U}}a private meeting to discuss the reason. If the{{U}} (81) {{/U}}continues, even though you have made{{U}} (82) {{/U}}necessary improvements and efforts, you should give serious thought to seeking a{{U}} (83) {{/U}}in another department or looking for another employer.{{U}} (84) {{/U}}critical harassment (折磨) from a supervisor or employer creates an unhealthy emotional atmosphere{{U}} (85) {{/U}}a "no win" situation for the employee. You would be far better off somewhere else. You don't need the unfair{{U}} (86) {{/U}}and pressure.

单选题 Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.

单选题A.Theuseofoversizedfreightcontainers.C.Thegrowthoftheautomotiveindustry.B.Safetyproblemswithrailroadtracks.D.Thehighcostofmeetingenvironmentalregulations.

单选题What we can do according to para.1?

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单选题Prior to the 20th century, many languages with small numbers of speakers survived for centuries. The increasingly interconnected modern world makes it much more difficult for small language communities to live in relative isolation, a key factor in language maintenance and preservation. It remains to be seen whether the world can maintain its linguistic and cultural diversity in the centuries ahead. Many powerful forces appear to work against it: population growth, which pushes migrant populations into the world's last isolated locations; mass tourism; global telecommunications and mass media; and the spread of gigantic global corporations. All of these forces appear to signify a future in which the language of advertising, popular culture, and consumer products become similar. Already English and a few other major tongues have emerged as global languages of commerce and communication. For many of the world's peoples, learning one of these languages is viewed as the key to education, economic opportunity, and a better way of life. Only about 3,000 languages now in use are expected to survive the coming century. Are most of the rest doomed in the century after that? Whether most of these languages survive will probably depend on how strongly cultural groups wish to keep their identity alive through a native language. To do so will require an emphasis on bilingualism (mastery of two languages). Bilingual speakers could use their own language in smaller spheres—at home, among friends, in community settings—and a global language at work, in dealings with government, and in commercial spheres. In this way, many small languages could sustain their cultural and linguistic integrity alongside global languages, rather than yield to the homogenising (同化的) forces of globalisation. Ironically, the trend of technological innovation that has threatened minority languages could also help save them. For example, some experts predict that computer software translation tools will one day permit minority language speakers to browse the Internet using their native tongues. Linguists are currently using computer-aided learning tools to teach a variety of threatened languages.

单选题 Passage Two Questions 30 to 32 are based on the passage you have just heard.

单选题"A price we have to pay" in the last sentence of para. 2 means ______.

单选题{{B}}Passage One Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard. {{/B}}