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单选题 Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the endof each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversationand the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During thepause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the bestanswer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.

单选题According to the first paragraph, it can be inferred that in President Nixon's first term ____________.

单选题{{B}}Questions 11 to 18 are based on the conversation you have just heard.{{/B}}

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单选题 Older women who take vitamin D and calcium supplements to prevent broken bones may be taking them in vain, according to leading experts. A U.S. government advisory group found taking typical low doses provided no benefits for average post-menopausal (绝经后的) women. What is more taking 400IU of vitamin D and 1,000mg of calcium daily increased the risk of developing kidney stones. Both nutrients are crucial for building and maintaining strong, healthy bones and specialists advise getting as much as possible from a good diet and exposure to sunlight. If an older person has a vitamin deficiency or bone-thinning osteoporosis (骨质疏松), doctors often prescribe higher-than-normal doses. But for otherwise healthy post-menopausal women, adding modest supplements to their diet makes no impact. It isn't clear if those doses offer bone protection if taken before menopause, or if they help men's bones, according to the new guidelines from the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. It's a confusing message considering that for years, calcium and vitamin D supplements have been widely considered an insurance policy against osteoporosis, with little down-side to taking them. The NHS currently recommends people over 65 take a daily vitamin D pill, although no more than 25 micrograms. "Regrettably, we don't have as much information as we would like to have about a substance that has been around a long time and we used to think we understood," said Dr. Virginia Moyer of the Baylor College of Medicine, who heads the task force. "Turns out, there's a lot more to learn." The recommendations are not for people at high risk of weak bones, such as those with a history of bone fractures. These people should consult their local doctor. In the U.S. the average adult is advised to get about 1,000mg of calcium, 1,300 for post-menopausal women, every day. For vitamin D, the goal is 600 IUs of vitamin D daily moving to 800 after age 70. The nutrients can be found in foods including orange juice fortified with calcium, dairy foods such as milk, yogurt and cheese; certain fish including salmon; and fortified breakfast cereals.

单选题In this recession, it is better to be old. Being young has some advantages, too. But, being in the middle of the spectrum—in your 30s or 40s—seems to be the worst place to be. A poll of Americans released this week found people over 65 were generally suffering less from the recession. Fewer of them reported being forced to cut back on household expenses or said they had trouble meeting rent or mortgage obligations. The most vivid finding to emerge from this survey is that older Americans have been far less affected by the current storm than those who need to worry about keeping their jobs and building up diminished retirement accounts. The elderly benefit from a greater safety net than do other Americans. Many are collecting pensions, and Social Security and Medicare are available. Just 7 percent of those over 65 reported problems in obtaining or paying for health care, a third the proportion of younger adults. The collapse in stock prices last year also caused less damage to those over 65. The poll found that 23 percent of elderly Americans reported losing at least 20 percent of their investments last year, well below those further from retirement. Those over 65 presumably had more conservative investments, which fared better. The proportion of those 18 to 29 who reported large losses was even smaller, at 15 percent. It appears that many of them lost little because they had little in the way of investments to lose. Older Americans have also been less affected by rising unemployment. Fewer of them are working, of course, but the number of people over 65 with jobs has risen by 3.9 percent since November 2007, when the total number of people with jobs hit a peak. Since then, the younger the worker, the more likely he or she was to lose a job. This recession differs from recent ones in that regard. While the youngest workers have always been the most vulnerable, those over 65 fared worse than those in middle age in the three previous recessions—in the early years of the 1980s and 1990s, as well as the beginning of the current decade. A rise in the number of people over 65 with jobs may not be good news, of course, since it could indicate that some retired people were being forced back into the labor market by declines in their investments. But at least many of them were able to find jobs. The poll found that the recession was having its deepest immediate impact on those ages 50 to 64. They were most likely to have suffered significant investment losses, and three-quarters of them said the recession would make it harder for them to afford retirement, a greater percentage than of either older or younger Americans.

单选题Those researchers who believe violence on TV has a positive effect on viewers think that ______.

单选题Professor Smith recently persuaded 35 people, 23 of them women, to keep a diary of all their absent-minded actions for a fortnight. When he came to analyse their embarrassing lapses (差错) in a scientific report, he was surprised to find that nearly all of them fell into a few groupings. Nor did the lapses appear to be entirely random (随机的). One of the women, for instance, on leaving her house for work one morning threw her dog her earrings and tried to fix a dog biscuit on her ear. "The explanation for this is that the brain is like a computer," explains the professor. "People programme themselves to do certain activities regularly. It was the woman"s custom every morning to throw her dog two biscuits and then put on her earrings. But somehow the action got reversed in the programme." About one in twenty of the incidents the volunteers reported were these "programme assembly failures." Altogether the volunteers logged 433 unintentional actions that they found themselves doing—an average of twelve each. There appear to be peak periods in the day when we are at our zaniest (荒谬可笑的). These are two hours some time between eight a.m. and noon, between four and six p.m. with a smaller peak between eight and ten p.m. "Among men the peak seems to be when a changeover in brain "programmes" occurs, as for instance between going to and from work." Women on average reported slightly more lapses—12.5 compared with 10.9 for men—probably because they were more reliable reporters. A startling finding of the research is that the absent-minded activity is a hazard of doing things in which we are skilled. Normally, you would expect that skill reduces the number of errors we make. But trying to avoid silly slips by concentrating more could make things a lot worse—even dangerous.

单选题A.Hehasbadstudyhabits.B.Hesleepstoomuch.C.Hewakesupearly.D.He'sanexcellentstudent.

单选题In his youth, Knute Axelbrod wanted to learn many languages, to know everything about human history, to (1) wise by reading great books. When he first came from Europe (2) the state of North Dakota, he worked in a mill all day (3) studied all evening. Then he met Lena Wesselius and married her at the age of eighteen. After that there was a farm to pay (4) , and there were children to (5) . For many years Axelbrod had no time to study. Finally he had a farm (6) was free from debt, with good soil and plenty of animals. But (7) then he was sixty-three years old and ready (it seemed) to die. His wife was (8) . His sons had grown (9) and gone away. His work was done. He was (10) and alone. Axelbrod's daughter and (11) begged him to live with them, but he (12) . "No," he said, "You must learn to be (13) .You will come and live here (14) my farm, and (15) will pay me four hundred dollars a year (16) the use of it. (17) I will not live here with yon. I will watch you from my hill." He built himself a small house on the hill, (18) he cooked his (19) , made his bed, and read many books from the public library. He began to feel that he was (20) free than ever before in his life.

单选题Passage Three For all his vaunted(夸耀) talents, Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan has never had much of a reputation as an economic forecaster. In fact, he shies away from making the precise-to-the-decimal-point predictions that many other economists thrive on. Instead, he owes his success as a monetary policymaker to his ability to sniff out threats to the economy and manipulate interest rates to dampen the dangers he perceives. Now, those instincts are being put to the test. Many Fed watchers-and some policymakers inside the central bank itself-are beginning to wonder whether Greenspan has lost his touch. ODespite rising risks to the economy from a swooning stock market and soaring oil prices that could hamper growth, the Greenspan-led Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) opted to leave interest rates unchanged on Sept. 24. But in a rare dissent, two of the Fed's 12 policymakers broke ranks and voted for a cut in rates-Dallas Fed President Robert D. McTeer Jr. and central bank Governor Edward M.Gramlich. The move by McTeer, the Fed's self-styled "Lonesome Dove", was no surprise. But Gramlich's was. This was the first time that the monetary moderate had voted against the chairman since joining the Fed's board in 1997. And it was the first public dissent by a governor since 1995. Despite the split vote, it's too soon to count the maestro (艺术大师) of monetary policy out. Greenspan had good reasons for not cutting interest rates now. And by acknowledging in the statement issued after the meeting that the economy does indeed face risks, Greenspan left the door wide open to a rate reduction in the future. Indeed, former Fed Governor Lyle Gramley thinks chances are good that the central bank might even cut rates before its next scheduled meeting on Nov.6, the day after congressional elections. So why didn't the traditionally risk-averse Greenspan cut rates now as insurance against the dangers dogging(尾随) growth? For one thing, he still thinks the economy is in recover), mode. Consumer demand remains buoyant and has even been turbocharged(涡轮增压) recently by a new wave of mortgage refinancing. Economists reckon that homeowners will extract some $100 billion in cash from their houses in the second half of this year. And despite all the corporate gloom, business spending has shown signs of picking up, though not anywhere near as strongly as the Fed would like. Does that mean that further rate cuts are off the table? Hardly. Watch for Greenspan to try to time any rate reductions to when they'll have the most psychological pop on business and investor confidence. That's surely no easy feat, but it's one that Greenspan has shown himself capable of more than once in the past. Don't be surprised if he surprises everyone again.

单选题Passage One Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.

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