单选题The basic tone of the passage can best be described as ______.

单选题What are feelings for? Most non-scientists will find it a strange question. Feelings .justify themselves. They need serve no other purpose in order to exist. On the other hand, many evolutionary biologists, in contrast to animal behaviorists, acknowledge some emotions are primarily for their survival function. For both animals and humans, fear motivates the avoidance of danger, love is necessary to care for young, and anger prepares one to hold ground. But the fact that a behavior functions to serve survival need not mean that; that is why it is done. Other scientists have attributed the same behavior to conditioning, to learned responses. Certain reflexes and fixed action patterns can occur without feelings or conscious thought. A gull chick pecks at a red spot above it. The parent has a red spot on its bill (喙); the chick pecks the parent"s bill. The gull parent feeds its chick when pecked on the bill. The baby gets fed. The interaction need have no emotional content. At the same time, there is no reason why such actions cannot have emotional content. In mammals—including humans—that have given birth, milk is often released automatically when a new baby cries. This is not under voluntary control; it is reflex. Yet this does not mean that feeding a new baby is exclusively reflex and expresses no feeling like love. Humans have feelings about their behavior even if it is conditioned or reflexive. Yet since reflexes exist, and conditioned behavior is widespread, measurable, and observable, most scientists try to explain animal behavior using only these concepts. It is simpler. Preferring to explain behavior in ways that fit scientific methods most easily, scientists have refused to consider any causes for animal behavior other than reflexive and conditioned ones. Scientific orthodoxy (_正统观念) holds that what cannot be readily measured or tested cannot exist, or is unworthy of serious attention. But emotional explanations for animal behavior need not be impossibly complex or unstable. They are just more difficult for the scientific method to verify in the usual ways, cleverer and more sophisticated approaches are called for. Most branches of science are more willing to make successive approximations (近似值) to what may prove ultimately unknowable, rather than ignoring it altogether.

单选题A．Hehasdecidedhowtospendhismoney.B．Hehasnoideaaboutthecostofliving.C．HehasalreadysavedenoughmoneytogoaroundAfrica.D．Hehasdecidedtousethemoneytopayhistuitionnextyear.

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单选题This system of popular education is one of the great _________ of the government.

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单选题 Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage. Domestic violence is a serious crime causing serious social problems. It is violence at home, usually the husband beating his wife or the father beating his children. The victims, the wife and the children, suffer both physically and spiritually. Children develop trauma as a result of exposure to domestic violence. They also develop wet-bedding problems, too. The speaker was regularly beaten up by her former husband and often had black eyes and bruises on her body. She suffered terribly and finally got divorced. Many women feel guilty and assume that they are to blame because they cannot understand how the person they love has changed into such a terrifying person. The first possible reason for the domestic violence is that the husband is not happy with the marriage. The second one may be that he is dissatisfied with his job. The third will probably be that he has bad relationships with other people. Fourth, his unemployment may also contribute to "domestic violence". Last but not least, he may be off- balanced because of dissatisfaction with society as a whole. Different people may offer different solutions to the problems. Some say that we had better start a kind of special service educating abusive husbands or fathers and helping them to overcome psychological barriers in their life. Some suggest that the wife should try very hard to show understanding for her husband while at the same time make him know that he must respect women's rights. They should try hard to help their husbands to adapt to the changing world around them. Many others advocate that the abusive husband or father should be punished. We are all more aware of domestic violence these days. It is impossible to assess whether the incidence of violence has increased or whether it is simply that people are more willing to talk about it than they were in the past. Victims do not, however, find it easy enough to bring their problems out into the open. But they must, not only for themselves but also for their children and even for their abusive partners.

单选题Pregnant women who suffer lapses (忘却) in memory or concentration may no longer be able to blame it on "the bump". The idea that bearing children affects one"s brain power—the "baby brain"—is a myth, researchers say. Their study found no difference in how pregnant women or new mothers scored on tests of thinking speed and memory compared with those who were childless. Writing in the British Journal of Psychiatry , the authors said that pregnant women should be encouraged to stop attributing lapses in memory or logical thinking to their growing baby. The findings contradict previous studies that claimed women"s brains decline in size by up to 4 per cent while they are pregnant, potentially leading to worse performance on tests of memory and oral skills. Helen Christensen, author of the latest study, said that the effect was "a myth". Professor Christensen"s team recruited 1,241 women aged 20-24 in 1999 and 2003 and asked them to perform a series of tasks. The women were followed up at four-year intervals and asked to perform the same cognitive (认知的) tests. A total of 77 women were pregnant at the follow-up assessments, 188 had become mothers and 542 remained childless. The researchers found no significant differences in cognitive change for those women who were pregnant or new mothers during the-assessments and those who were not. "Not so long ago, pregnancy was "confinement" and motherhood meant the end of career aspirations," Professor Christensen said, "but our results challenge the view that mothers are anything other than the intellectual peers of their contemporaries." Cathy Warwick, of the Royal College of Midwives, said that the difficulties of pregnancy and motherhood could explain why some women felt absent-minded or tired. The number of infants in England dying before their first birthday is still greater than in countries such as France, Spain, the Audit Commission says. The health of pre-school children has not significantly improved despite the Government having spent ￡10 billion, directly or indirectly, since 1998 on improving the health of children under the age of 5 in England. Infant death rates have fallen but are "still relatively high" compared with other European countries.

单选题[A] shifts [C] modifies[B] converts [D] varies

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单选题{{B}} Passage One Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.{{/B}}

单选题Is there enough oil beneath the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (保护区)(ANWR) to help secure America's energy future? President Bush certainly thinks so. He has argued that tapping ANWR's oil would help ease California's electricity crisis and provide a major boost to the country's energy independence. But no one knows for sure how much crude oil lies buried beneath the frozen earth, with the last government survey, conducted in 1998, projecting output anywhere from 3 billion to 16 billion barrels. The oil industry goes with the high end of the range, which could equal as much as 10% of U. S. consumption for as long as six years. By pumping more than 1 million barrels a day from the reserve for the next two to three decades, lobbyists claim, the nation could cut back on imports equivalent to all shipments to the U. S. from Saudi Arabia. Sounds good. An oil boom would also mean a multibillion-dollar windfall (意外之财) in tax revenues, royalties (开采权使用费) and leasing fees for Alaska and the Federal Government. Best of all, advocates of drilling say, damage to the environment would be insignificant. "We've never had a documented case of an oil rig chasing deer out onto the pack ice," says Alaska State Representative Scott Ogan. Not so fast, say environmentalists. Sticking to the low end of government estimates the National Resources Defends Council says there may be no more than 3.2 billion barrels of oil in the coastal plain of ANWR, a drop in the bucket/hat would do virtually nothing to ease America's energy problems. And consumers would wait up to a decade to gain any benefits, because drilling could begin only after bargaining over leases, environmental permits and so on. As for ANWR's impact on the California power crisis, environmentalists point out that oil is responsible for only 1% of the Golden State's electricity output—and just 3% of the nation's.

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单选题Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.

单选题 {{B}}Passage Two{{/B}} {{B}}Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.{{/B}}

单选题Dolphins once were hunted for money because______.