{{B}}Part Ⅳ Translation{{/B}}
When you run your hands through your lover's hair, you're probably not thinking about your place in the social hierarchy. Give your team-mate or colleague a pat on the back after a setback, and the chances are you're not consciously seeking to change the mix of signalling chemicals in their brain. It may not seem like it, but these socially important rituals and others like them predate the time our species first walked the African continent. Human behaviours that involve physical social contact have a lot more in common with social grooming activities we typically associate with other species than we might initially think. When rhesus monkeys(恒河猴)or chimpanzees pick through their friends' fur, they're not just helping them remove dirt from hard to reach spots. There is undoubtedly a hygienic benefit, but this behaviour, which animal behaviour researchers call "allogrooming", has far greater significance. For example, one chimpanzee is more likely to share food with another that has previously groomed it. Grooming also serves to ease tensions in a chimp troop following an aggressive situation. One of the most complex forms of reconciliation among chimpanzees occurs when two rival males reach a point of stalemate, neither backing down nor escalating the aggressive interaction. Sometimes, a female breaks the deadlock and eases the tension by grooming first one male, and then the other, until the two become relaxed enough to end what amounted to an angry staring contest. According to anthropologist Robin Dunbar, this works because grooming stimulates the release of endorphins(内啡肽)—opiates produced by the brain that trigger feelings of relaxation by lowering the heart rate, reducing overt nervous behaviours like scratching, and even bringing on sleep. Female chimps that use grooming as a peacekeeping strategy may also experience their own rush of endorphins and enjoy many of the same benefits. Humans, lacking the fur of our more hirsute evolutionary cousins, had to find a replacement for allogrooming. Like grooming, gossip establishes and maintains our place in the social hierarchy. Also like grooming, the social information that makes up gossip is itself a form of currency in human culture. Or, at least, that's the theory put forward by Dunbar. He argued, in his book Grooming, Gossip and the Evolution of Language, that the faculty of language allowed our species to substitute gossip for grooming.
When young women were found to make only 82 percent of what their male peers do just one year out of college, many were at a loss to explain it. All the traditional reasons put forward to interpret the pay gap—that women fall behind when they leave the workforce to raise kids, for example, or that they don't seek as many management roles—failed to justify this one. These young women didn't have kids yet. And because they were just one year removed from their undergraduate degrees, few of these women yet had the chance to go after ( much less decline) leadership roles. But there are other reasons why the pay gap remains so persistent. The first is that no matter how many women may be getting college: degrees, the university experience is still an unequal one. The second is that our higher education system is not designed to focus on the economic consequences of our students' years on campus. Now that women are the majority of college students and surpass men in both the number of undergraduate and advanced degrees awarded, one might think the college campus is a pretty equal place. It is not. Studies show that while girls do better than boys in high school, they start to trail off during their college years. They enroll in different kinds of classes, tend to major in less rigorous(非常严格的) subjects, and generally head off with less ambitious plans. As a result, it's not surprising that even the best educated young women enter the workplace with a slight disadvantage. Their college experience leaves them somewhat confused, still stumbling (栽倒) over the dilemmas their grandmothers' generation sought to destroy. Are they supposed to be pretty or smart? Strong or sexy (性感的) ? All their lives, today's young women have been pushed to embrace both perfection and passion—to pursue science and sports, math and theater—and do it all as well as they possibly can. No wonder they're not negotiating for higher salaries as soon as they get out of school. They are too exhausted, and too scared of failing.
扬州，时称广陵，其建城可追溯至公元前(B．C．)486年。
{{B}}Part III Reading Comprehension{{/B}}
网上购物是中国近几年日益流行的新型购物方式。人们在购物网站搜索自己想要的物品，在网上发出电子订单并付款。卖家通过快递公司送货上门。网上购物的主要人群最初是大学生和白领，现在大多数网民都有过网购的经历。过去十年，购物网站的数量也有大幅增加，所售商品日益丰富。有人认为方便和低价是网上购物迅速发展的重要因
敦煌莫高窟(Dunhuang Mogao Caves)坐落于中国西部甘肃省。这些石窟刻于距离敦煌东南方向25公里处鸣沙山的悬崖上。敦煌莫高窟是规模最大、保存时间最长的佛教(Buddhist)艺术宝库，现存735个洞窟，壁画(frescoes)4万5千多平方米。这些壁画展现了佛(Buddha)的形象和活动以及人与神之间的关系。敦煌壁画中的舞蹈人物是全人类的一颗璀璨的宝石。敦煌莫高窟在1987年被列入世界遗产名录(World Heritage List)。
Many Brazilians cannot read. In 12000, a quarter of those aged 15 and older were functionally illiterate (文盲). Many【C1】______ do not want to. Only one literate adult in three reads books. The【C2】______ Brazilian reads 1.8 non-academic books a year, less than half the figure in Europe and die United States. In a recent survey of reading habits, Brazilians came 27th out of 30 countries. Argentines, their neighbors,【C3】______ 18th. The government and businesses are all struggling in different ways to change this. On March 13 the government【C4】______ a National Plan for Books and Reading. This seeks to boost reading, by founding libraries and financing publishers among other things. One discouragement to reading is that books are【C5】______ Most books have small print-runs, pushing up their price. But Brazilians' indifference to books has deeper roots. Centuries of slavery meant the country's leaders long【C6】______ education. Primary schooling became universal only in the 1990s. All this means Brazil's book market has the biggest growth【C7】______ in the western world. But reading is a difficult habit to form. Brazilians bought fewer books in 2004, 89 million, including textbooks【C8】______ by the government, than they did in 1991. Last year the director of Brazil's national library【C9】______. He complained that he had half the librarians he needed and termites (白蚁) had eaten much of the 【C10】______. That ought to be a cause for national shame.A) average I) normalB) collection J) particularlyC) distributed K) potentialD) exhibition L)quitE) expensive M)rankedF) launched N)simplyG) named O)treasuredH) neglected
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很多人在选择车牌号码时会不惜花钱去选取他们认为吉利的数字。
Millennials (千禧世代) are taking telecommuting (远距离工作) to a whole new level. They view virtual foreign work experience as having equal career value to a true overseas working, a new report reveals. As a result, many are passing up foreign assignments that, in a global economy, could help them advance more quickly. International experience ranks dead last among 15 factors that make a job attractive, according to Millennial Compass, a study of work-life attitudes by MSL Group. This would seem to come as a shock to an entire industry that has sprung up to facilitate overseas internships (实习) and work experience, as well as to global corporations that need boots on the ground in many different cultures. Still, while the younger generation of workers may prefer their iPad to a suitcase, don't call them alienated. Millennials say they are missing out on nothing. They believe they are gaining international experience through social media, personal networks and technology. Growing up in a world where the Internet has erased geographic boundaries, many young workers are confident in their ability to run business in a new way. As one respondent put it: "The place I get hung up on is the actual, physical overseas part of it. In such an interconnected world, I don't necessarily think you need to literally travel across the ocean to get overseas experience." We've known for years that this generation values work-life balance and a meaningful job experience, teamwork, and job mobility above rapid advancement. I respect these priorities and young workers who get the job done on their own terms. I also accept their ability to forge real bonds and relationships over the Internet. But for a group that came of age in a global economy, it seems odd that young folks would dismiss physical multi-cultural experience so readily. The good news is that young Americans willing to tear themselves away from their family and friends for a few years can stand out and reap significant career benefits. In time, the millennial generation will be in charge and the companies they run may be more accepting of workers who see no difference between Skype and a handshake. But for now—not that Millennials care—this stay-in-my-comfort-zone attitude threatens to hold them back.
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长江与黄河被誉为中华民族的“母亲河”。长江是亚洲第一长河和世界第三长河，全长约6300公里，穿越我国西藏、青海、四川、云南、重庆、湖北、湖南、江西、安徽、江苏、上海11省、自治区、直辖市，于上海崇明岛注入东海。长江流域生态类型多样，水生生物资源丰富，孕育了丰富多彩的文化与自然遗产。
对于大多数年轻人来说，结婚意味着独立组建家庭，然而物价的不断上涨使这一切变得越来越困难。
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近年来，越来越多的中国学生赴美留学。去年，美国进行了一项针对高校留学生的调查研究。该调查表明，2011—2012学年间来自中国的高校留学生总人数超过了19万，这使得中国连续三年成为美国最大的留学生来源国(sender of students)。而在2002年，印度领先中国，是美国最大的留学生来源地。对于中国赴美留学生增长这一现象，不同的人从不同的角度予以关注——或褒或贬。
该中心将作为一个连接科学家需求与技术研究及发展的桥梁。