For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled How to Protect Consumers’ Rights? following the outline given below．You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words． 1．消费者的权益经常受到侵害，如…… 2．保护消费者权益可以从几个方面做起

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When anti-globalization protesters took to the streets of Washington last weekend, they blamed globalization for everything from hunger to the destruction of home-grown cultures. And globalization meant the United States. The critics call it Coca-Colonization, and French sheep farmer Jose Bove has become a cult(狂热分子)figure since destroying a McDonald's restaurant in 1999. Contrary to conventional wisdom, however, globalization is neither homogenizing(使......同化)nor Americanizing the cultures of the world. To understand why not, we have to step back and put the current period in a larger historical perspective. Although they are related, the long-term historical trends of globalization and modernization are not the same. While modernization has produced some common traits, such as large cities, factories and mass communications, local cultures have by no means been erased. The appearance of similar institutions in response to similar problems is not surprising, but it does not lead to homogeneity. In the first half of the 20th century, for example, there were some similarities among the industrial societies of Britain, Germany, America and Japan, but there were even more important differences. When China, India and Brazil complete their current processes of industrialization and modernization, we should not expect them to be exact copies of Japan, Germany or the United States. Take the current information revolution as an example. The United States is at the forefront of this great movement of change, so the uniform social and cultural habits produced by television viewing or Internet use, for instance, are often attributed to Americanization. But correlation is not cause. Since the United States does exist and is at the leading edge of the information revolution, there is a degree of Americanization at present, but it is likely to decrease over the course of the 21st century as technology spreads and local cultures modernize in their own ways. Historical proof that globalization does not necessarily mean homogenization can be seen in the case of Japan. In the mid-19th century, it became the first Asian country to embrace globalization and to borrow successfully from the world without losing its uniqueness. Following the Meiji Restoration of 1868, Japan searched broadly for tools and innovations that would allow it to become a major power rather than a victim of Western imperialism. The lesson that Japan has to teach the rest of the world is that even a century and a half of openness to global trends does not necessarily assure destruction of a country's separate cultural identity.

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BSection B/B

和亲 (peace-making marriage)政策可以追溯到 西汉时期 (the Western Han Dynasty)。当时西汉政府为了缓和与匈奴的关系，将公主嫁给 匈奴部落 (Xiongnu tribes)的首领。人们对和亲一直有着不同的看法。有人对和亲持肯定态度，因为和亲可以停止战争，与少数民族建立和平友好的关系。而另一些人则认为和亲政策是一种妥协和投降。总的来说，和亲政策有利有弊，应放在当时的历史环境下来考虑。

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic Due Attention Should Be Given to the Study of Chinese. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words following the outline given below:1．近年来在学生中出现了忽视中文学习的现象。2．出现这种现象的原因和后果。3．为了改变这种状况，你认为……

A "memory pill" that could aid exam revision and help to prevent people forgetting important anniversaries may soon be available over the counter. The medicine has been designed originally to help treat Alzheimer's disease, a disease marked by progressive loss of mental capacity resulting from degeneration of the brain cells, but could be adapted and licensed for sale in a weaker form within the next few years. One brand of memory-enhancing pill is being developed by the multinational company AstraZeneca in collaboration with Targacept, an American company, while Epix Pharmaceuticals, also from the US, is developing another. Both have "cognitive-enhancing effects" which are aimed at treating patients with age-related memory loss. Steven Ferris, a neurologist and former committee member of the Food and Drug Administration in the US, has predicted that a milder version will be available for healthy consumers as a "lifestyle pill" available over the counter. Dr Ferris said: "My view is that one could gain approval, provided you showed the drugs to be effective and safe. It could be a huge market." There is evidence that mind-improving drugs are already being taken in Britain by healthy users. Provigil, which was used to treat narcolepsy, is being taken by some students to help them stay awake, while Adderall XR and Ritalin, treatments for attention deficit disorder, are being used to help promote concentration. A spokesman of Adderall XR said: "We get a lot of calls from college campuses asking about it". "There are risks though. It can raise blood pressure, people shouldn't do it." The Department of Health said it was not illegal to buy the medicines over the Internet, but it was not recommended. Barbara Sahakian, professor of clinical neuropsychology at Cambridge, said: "It's hard to quantify the scale of the phenomenon but it's definitely catching on." "The reality is we are not always at our best. After being up at night looking after the kids or travelling, many people would love to have something to refresh them. It's not prohibited to drink Red Bull. The principle with cognition enhancers is not so different."

BPart II Listening Comprehension/B

新中国成立后，中国政府一直致力于提高女性的社会地位。经过多年的努力，女性群体在社会各个领域产生了不可忽视的力量。近年来，越来越多的女性在政府部门任职，参与的国家政务活动也明显增多。据最近的一份调查数据显示，大约每3位企业中高层管理者中就有1位是女性。此外，女性在家庭决策中也扮演着越来越重要的角色。

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脸谱(facial makeup)是指中国传统戏剧——京剧里男演员脸部的彩色化妆。它在色彩、形式和类型上有一定的格式。脸谱运用红色、黄色、白色、黑色、紫色、绿色和银色代表不同的人物性格。各角色的脸谱由油漆、粉和油彩画成，基本形式是整脸、三块瓦脸(San Kuai Wa Lian)和碎脸。这些脸谱类型被广泛用于代表将军、官员、英雄、神灵和鬼魅。通过眼睛和鼻子周围形状各异的白色小块，可以辨别出丑角(Chou actors)。有时这些小块以黑色勾勒，常称小花脸(Xiao Hua Lian)。

Some marriages seem to collapse so suddenly that you'd need a crystal ball to predict their demise (灭亡). In other【C1】______, though, the seeds of marital dissolution are not only easier to see but they may be planted even before the honeymoon bills come【C2】______. According to UCLA psychologist Thomas Bradbury, Ph. D., the way a newlywed【C3】______when his or her spouse is facing a personal problem-work stress, say, or a recent weight gain—is a【C4】______good window into their marital future. Bradbury and Lauri Pasch, Ph. D., invited 57 couples, all married less than six months, to【C5】______a difficulty that each partner was having. While some couples proved to be superstars at providing emotional support, others were woefully inept (笨拙的). You just cringed (退缩) when you watched them, Bradbury says. Two years later, nine of the couples had already【C6】______and five other marriages were intact but hanging by a thread. These 14 couples, it turned out, had been far less likely to provide support to one another as newlyweds than the other 43 couples whose marriages were【C7】______. Bradbury thinks a couple's inability to help each other through【C8】______times is what often blossoms into full-fledged marital discord (不和谐)—and ultimately divorce. All of which suggests an obvious antidote (轶事) to'the sky-high divorce rate: if couples can learn how to provide emotional support before they marry, they【C9】______a better chance of staying together. The trouble, Bradbury says, is that couples who go for premarital counseling—where they can learn such skills—【C10】______to be the ones with a lesser risk for marital problems in the first place. A. thriving B. comments C. tough D. tend E. committing F. cases G. stand H. intends I. due J. reacts K. surprisingly L. durable M. split N. regularly O. discuss

明清两朝 (the Ming and Qing Dynasties)是中国小说的繁荣时期。从思想和主题方面来说，这个时代的小说包含了传统文化的精神，充分显示出其文学价值和社会作用。在文学史上，明清小说具有与 唐诗、宋词、元曲 (Tang Shi，Song Ci and Yuan Qu)一样重要的地位。中国 文学四大名著 (Four Great Works of Litera-ture)都是明清时期的代表作品。这些享有世界声誉的作品都已经被改编成影视剧，受到中外观众的喜爱。

{{B}}Section A{{/B}}

科学家们很早就发现，地球绕着太阳转。

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Creative Destruction of Higher EducationA)Higher education is one of the great successes of the welfare country. What was once the privilege of a few has become a middle-class entitlement, thanks mainly to government support. Some 3. 5 million Americans and 5 million Europeans will graduate this summer. In the modern world universities are developing rapidly: China has added nearly 30 million places in 20 years. Yet the business has changed little since Aristotle taught at the Athenian Lyceum(雅典学园): young students still gather at a specific time and place to listen to the wisdom of scholars.B)At present, a revolution has begun, thanks to three forces: rising costs, changing demand and new technology. The result will be the complete change of the university. While the prices of cars, computers and much else have greatly fallen, universities have been able to charge ever more for the same service because they are protected by public funding and the high value employers place on degrees. For two decades the cost of going to college in America has risen by 1.6 percentage points more than inflation every year.C)For most students, the university remains a great deal. The total lifetime income from obtaining a college degree, in net-present-value(净现值)terms, can increase as much as $590,000. But an increasing number of students have gone deep into debt, especially the 47% in America and 28% in Britain who do not complete their course. As for them, the degree by no means values for that sum of money. And the government becomes more and more unwilling to fund the university. In America government funding per student fell by 27% between 2007 and 2012, while average tuition fees, adjusted for inflation, rose by 20% . In Britain, tuition fees close to zero two decades ago can reach $15,000 a year.D)The second factor resulting in change is the labor market. In the standard model of higher education, people go to university in their 20s. A degree is an entry ticket to the professional classes. But automation is beginning to have the same effect on white-collar jobs as it has on blue-collar ones. According to a study from Oxford University, 47% of occupations are at risk of being automated in the next few decades. As innovation wipes out some jobs and changes others, people will need to top up their human capital all through their lives.E)By themselves, these two forces would be pushing change. A third—technology—ensures it. The internet, which has turned businesses from newspapers through music to book sale upside down, will turn over higher education. Now the MOOC, or " Massive Open Online Course", is offering students the chance to listen to star lecturers and get a degree for a fraction of the cost of attending a university. MOOCs started in 2008: however, they have so far failed to live up to their promise. Largely because there is no formal system of accreditation(认证), drop-out rates have been high. But this is changing as private investors and existing universities are drawn in. One provider, Coursera, claims over 8 million registered users. Though its courses are free, it received its first $ 1 million in incomes last year after introducing the option to pay a fee of between $ 30 and $ 100 to have course results certified. Another, Udacity, has teamed up with AT&T and Georgia Tech to offer an online master's degree in computing, at less than a third of the cost of the traditional version. Harvard Business School will soon offer an online "pre-MBA" for $ 1,500. Starbucks has offered to help pay for its staff to take online degrees with Arizona State University.F)MOOCs will destroy different universities in different ways. Not all will suffer. Oxford and Harvard could benefit. People of great ambition will always want to go to the best universities to meet each other, and the digital economy tends to favor a few large institutions in charge of its operation. The big names will be able to sell their MOOCs around the world. But ordinary universities may suffer the fate of many newspapers. Were the market for higher education to perform in future as that for newspapers has done over the past decade or two, universities' incomes would fall by more than half, employment in the industry would drop by nearly 30% and more than 700 institutions would shut their doors. The rest would need to adjust themselves to survive.G)Like all revolutions, the one taking place in higher education will have victims. Many towns and cities rely on universities. In some ways MOOCs will further make the difference both among students and among teachers. The talented students will be much more comfortable than the weaker outside the structured university environment. Superstar lecturers will earn a fortune, to the anger of their less charming colleagues.H)Politicians will come under pressure to halt this revolution. They should remember that state spending should benefit society as a whole, not protect professors from competition. The change of universities will benefit many more people than it hurts. Students in the rich world will have access to higher education at lower cost and greater convenience. The flexible nature of MOOCs appeals to older people who need training. EdX, another provider, says that the average age of its online students in America is 31. In the modern world online courses also offer a way for countries like Brazil to go ahead Western ones and supply higher education much more cheaply. And education has now become a global market: the Massachusetts Institute of Technology discovered Battushig Myanganbayar, a remarkably talented Mongolian teenager, through an online electronics course.I)Rather than maintaining the old model, governments should make the new one work better. They can do so by supporting common standards for accreditation. In Brazil, for instance, students completing courses take a government-run exam. In most Western countries it would likewise make sense to have a single, independent organization that certifies exams. Changing an ancient institution will not be easy. But it does promise better education for many more people. Rarely have need and opportunity so neatly come together.