中国实行在公共场所禁止吸烟的规定。此举旨在遏制死于 与吸烟有关的疾病 (smoking-related diseases)的人数，并保护那些不抽烟民众的健康。然而禁烟令的有效性却遭到了质疑，因为它没有明确规定如何处罚那些违反规定的人。在中国，大约有3亿烟民。很多商家因为抽烟客人的抱怨并不欢迎禁烟令。禁烟令涉及的公共场所包括酒店、饭店、剧院和火车站候车室等，却不包括 办公场所 (workplace).

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay based on the picture below. You should start your essay with a brief description of the picture and express your views on the reason of "China fever". You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

BSection C/B

Official health advice that said household chores help keep you active has been proved wrong by the research, which shows that the people who do the most housework are also the most overweight. A study of the physical activity habits of 4,563 adults, carried out by Professor Marie Murphy at the University of Ulster found that women and older people were particularly likely to list "【C1】______physical activity as a significant proportion of their moderate to【C2】______physical activity". Murphy said: "We found housework was reversely【C3】______to leanness, which suggests that either people are overestimating the amount of moderate-intensity physical activity they do through housework or are eating too much to【C4】______for the amount of activity undertaken." Kevin Fenton, director of health and wellbeing at Public Health England, suggested the study could【C5】______evidence that some people thought they were healthier than they actually were. "At an individual level there may be a【C6】______to overestimate the level of 'good behaviour' we're doing and this is reflected when people use food diaries, pedometers (计步器) or apps to measure more【C7】______what they have achieved." he said. But he defended everyday tasks as genuinely useful. He added: "From an individual【C8】______, physical activities such as housework, doing the shopping and walking to collect children from school, can have【C9】______impacts on physical and mental wellbeing. People who are even more active will often see greater benefits and it is important to recognise that healthy weight is just one of the potential【C10】______of physical activity."A) account E) domestic I) perspective M) relatedB) adjusted F) gentle J) positive N) tendencyC) causes G) objectively K) practically O) vigorousD) compensate H) outcomes L) reinforce

If you're in charge of Christmas dinner, with all its interconnected tasks and challenges of timing— when to preheat the oven, whether to put the potatoes in before the eggs—why not write down every【C1】______that needs doing, in order, then do them, checking them off as you go? That can be very helpful. The Checklist Manifesto, written by the journalist and doctor Atul Gawande, shows the importance of checklist when hospital doctors are【C2】______to tick off items on checklists as they carry out routine but critical procedures. In one trial, the rate of infections from intravenous (静脉内的) drips fell from 11% of all patients to zero【C3】______because staff were compelled to work through a checklist of no-brainer items, such as【C4】______their hands. A more recent study, which included UK hospitals, suggested that wider use of checklists might【C5】______40% of deaths during treatment. Unlike in medicine, the【C6】______uses of checklists in everyday life—a list for holiday packing, for instance, aren't usually matters of life and death. The idea of making a checklist is so stupidly obvious that it seems impossible it could have so【C7】______an effect. But the truth is that all life, not just medicine, is【C8】______complex: if highly trained intensive-care specialists can forget a【C9】______step, it's sure that anyone might. Besides, the step-by-step structure of checklists can narrow your【C10】______to the next action. All you have to remember is to "do the next right thing". Then the next, and the next.A) action E) increasingly I) request M) subjectB) crucial F) normally J) required N) vastC) focus G) potential K) shaking O) washingD) gradual H) prevent L) simply

Keep Our Seas Clean A) By the year 2050 it is estimated that the world's population could have increased to around 12 billion. Of these, some 60 percent will live within 60 km of the sea. The agricultural and industrial activities required to support this population will increase the already significant pressures on fertile coastal areas. Death and disease caused by polluted coastal waters costs the global economy US $12.8 billion a year. Plastic waste kills up to 1 million sea birds, 100,000 sea mammals and countless fish each year. B) One significant impact of human activity is marine pollution. The most visible and familiar is oil pollution caused by tanker accidents and tank washing at sea, and in addition to the gross visible short-term impacts, severe long-term problems can also result In the case of the Exxon Valdez which ran onto a shore in Alaska in 1989, biological impacts from the oil spill can still be identified 15 years after the event. The Prestige which sank off the Spanish coast late in 2002, resulted in huge economic losses as it polluted more than 100 beaches in France and Spain and effectively destroyed the local fishing industry. C) Despite the scale and visibility of such impacts, the total quantities of pollutants entering the sea from the long line of catastrophic oil spills appeared small compared with those of pollutants introduced directly and indirectly from other sources, including domestic sewage, industrial discharges, leakages from waste tips, urban and industrial run-off, accidents, spillages, explosions, sea dumping operations, oil production, mining, agriculture nutrients and pesticides, waste heat sources, and radioactive discharges. Land based sources are estimated to account for around 44 percent of the pollutants entering the sea and atmospheric inputs account for an estimated 33 percent. By contrast, transport on the sea accounts for 12 percent. D) The impacts of pollution vary. Nutrient pollution from sewage discharges and agriculture can result in unsightly and possibly dangerous "blooms" of algae (藻类) in coastal waters. As these blooms die and decay they use up the oxygen in the water. This has led, in some areas, to "creeping dead zones" (CDZ), where oxygen dissolved in the water falls to levels unable to sustain marine life. Industrial pollution also contributes to these dead zones. E) Radioactive (放射性的) pollution has many causes, including the normal operation of nuclear power stations, but by far the single biggest sources of man-made radioactive elements in the sea are the nuclear fuel reprocessing plants at La Hague in France and at Sellafield in the UK Waste released from them has resulted in the widespread pollution of living marine resources over a wide area; radioactive elements traceable to reprocessing can be found in seaweeds as far away as the West Greenland Coast. F) Trace metal pollution from metal mining, production and processing industries can damage the health of marine plants and animals and render some seafoods unfit for human consumption. The contribution of human activities can be very significant: the amount of mercury introduced to the environment by industrial activities is around four times the amount released through natural processes such as weathering and erosion (腐蚀). G) The input of man-made chemicals to the oceans potentially involves an overwhelming number of different substances. 63,000 different chemicals are thought to be in use worldwide with 3,000 accounting for 90 percent of the total production amount. Each year, anywhere up to 1,000 new synthetic chemicals may be brought onto the market. Of all these chemicals some 4,500 fall into the most serious category. These are known as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). They're resistant to breakdown and have the potential to accumulate in the tissues of living organisms (all marine life), causing hormone disruption which can, in turn, cause reproductive problems, induce cancer, suppress the immune system and interfere with normal mental development in children. H) POPs can also be transported long distances in the atmosphere and deposited in cold regions. As a result, Inuit populations who live in the Arctic a long distance from the sources of these pollutants are among the most severely influenced people on the planet, since they rely on fat-rich marine food sources such as fish and seals. POPs are also thought to be responsible for some polar bear populations failing to reproduce normally. Scarily, seafoods consumed by people living in warm and mild regions are also affected by POPs. Oily fish tend to accumulate POPs in their bodies and these can be passed to human consumers. When oily fish are rendered down into fish meal and fish oils and subsequently used to feed other animals, then this too can act as a pathway to humans. Farmed fish and shellfish, dairy cattle, poultry and pigs are all fed fish meal in certain countries, and so meat and dairy products as well as farmed and wild fish can act as further sources of these chemicals to humans. I) The North and Baltic Seas also contain some of the world's busiest shipping lanes. 200,000 ships cross the North Sea every year. Many goods transported by ships are hazardous (half the goods carried at sea can be described as dangerous) and loss of dangerous cargoes can result in damage to the marine environment. Chemical tank washings, discharge of oily wastes and wash waters are all significant sources of marine pollution. J) In addition there is always the risk of a major oil spill, a risk made worse by the fact that some of the tankers that routinely travel through still have only one body-frame or have other technical defects and crews who are poorly educated. In November 2002, the Prestige oil tanker went down off the coast of Spain with 70,000 tons of oil on board which polluted 2,890 km of coastline. A few days earlier it had been crossing the Baltic. K) Some sources of pollution have been brought under control by international legislation. Countries which signed the London Convention have agreed to stop the dumping of radioactive and industrial waste at sea. The OSPAR Convention regulates marine pollution in the North East Atlantic Region while countries which signed the Stockholm Convention have committed themselves to the phase out of a number of persistent organic pollutants. Within the European Community, the Water Framework Directive may be expected to bring further reductions in polluting inputs, although it will be over a very long time frame. The additional benefit of the new EU REACH (Registration Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals) initiative, which aims to regulate the production and use of dangerous chemicals at source, remains to be seen.

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For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On Constellations Craze following the outline given below．You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words． 1．最近几年出现了“星座热” 2．导致星座热的原因是…… 3．在我看来……

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For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the following topic of The Importance of Reading Classics. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words.

BSection B/B

BSection A/B

Seven Ways to Create a Happy Household A) Every family is different, with different personalities, customs, and ways of thinking, talking, and connecting to one another. There is no one "right" kind of family. But whether parents are strict or tolerant, irritable or calm, home has to be a place of love, encouragement, and acceptance of their feelings and individuality for kids to feel emotionally safe and secure. It also has to be a source of don'ts and limits. Most of us want such an atmosphere to prevail in our homes, but with today's stresses this often seems harder and harder to achieve. From time to time it helps to take stock and think about the changes we could make to improve our home's emotional climate. Here are a few that will. 1. Watch What You Say B) How we talk to our children every day is part of the emotional atmosphere we weave. Besides giving them opportunities to be open about how they feel, we have to watch what we say and how we say it. We often forget how much kids take parental criticisms to heart and how much these affect their feelings about themselves. Psychologist Martin Seligman found that when parents consistently blame kids in exaggerated ways, children feel overly guilty and ashamed and withdraw emotionally. Look at the difference between "Roger, this room is always a pigsty! You are such a lazy boy! " and "Roger, your room is a mess today! Before you go out to play, it has to be picked up." One way tells Roger he can never do anything right. The other tells him exactly what to do to fix things so he can be back in his mom's good graces and doesn't suggest he has a permanent character flaw. For criticism to be constructive for children, we have to cite causes that are specific and temporary. Another constructive way to criticize children is to remind them of the impact their actions have on us. This promotes understanding rather than resentment. 2. Provide Order and Stability C) A predictable daily framework, clear and consistent rules, and an organized house make kids—and parents—more relaxed and comfortable, and that means everyone has emotional balance. When conflicts, tensions, or crises occur, the routine is a reassuring and familiar support, a reliable harbor of our lives that won't change. Think about your mornings. Do your kids go off to school feeling calm and confident? Or are they upset and ill-tempered? What about evenings and bedtime? Do you have angry fights over homework or how much TV children can watch? A calm bedtime routine is one good medicine for the dark fears that surface when kids are alone in bed with the lights turned out. Yet a routine that's too inflexible doesn't make room for kids' individual personalities, preferences, and characters. 3. Hold Family Meetings D) Time together is such a precious time in most households that many families, like the Martins, hold regular family meetings so everyone can air and resolve the week's worries as well as share the good things that happened. When the Martins gather on Friday night, they also take the opportunity to anticipate what's scheduled for the week ahead. That way they eliminate (mostly! ) those last-minute anxieties over whether someone has soccer shoes for the first practice, the books for a report, or a ride to a music lesson. 4. Encourage Loving Feelings E) Everyday life is full of opportunities to establish loving connections with our kids. Researchers have found that parents who spend time playing, joking with, and sharing their own thoughts and feelings with their kids have children who are more friendly, generous, and loving. After all, giving love fosters love, and what convinces our kids that we love them more than our willingness to spend time with them. Many parents say that often they feel most in tune emotionally with their kids when they just hang out together—sprawling on the bed to watch TV, walking down the block together to mail a letter, talking on long car rides when kids know they have a parent's complete attention. At these times the hurt feelings and the secret fears are finally mentioned. Part of encouraging loving feelings is insisting that kids treat others, including siblings, with kindness, respect, and fairness—at least some of the time. In one family, kids write on a chart in the kitchen at the end of each day the name of someone who did something nice for them. 5. Create Rituals F) Setting aside special times of the day or week to come together as a family gives children a sense of continuity—that certain feelings stay the same even as the kids change and grow. For many families, like my friend Frances', that means regularly observing religious rituals. To her family, Sunday morning means going to Mass and having hot chocolate afterwards at the town cafe. Others create their own rituals to anchor the week Michael's family celebrates with a regular Scrabble and pizza party every Friday night; Dawn's goes to the movies. Holiday rituals give children points in the year to look forward to. 6. Handle Challenges with Compassion G) Home life today is not always stable and secure. Even the best marriages have fights, economic difficulties, and emotional ups-and-downs. Parents divorce, stepfamilies form, and these changes challenge the most loving parents. But troubles are part of the human condition. Loving families don't ignore them—they try to create a strong emotional climate despite them. In handling parental conflicts, for example, we can let kids know when everything has been resolved, as Denise and Peter did after a loud dispute in the kitchen during which voices were raised and tears flowed. After making up, they explained to their kids, "Sometimes we disagree and lose our tempers, too. But now we've worked it out. We're sorry that you heard our fight." 7. Schedule Parent-Only Time H) Parents are the ones who create a home's atmosphere. When we're upset about how much money we owe, worried about downsizing at the company where we work, or angry at a spouse, that charges the emotional atmosphere in ways kids find threatening. As one friend said plaintively, "Parents need special time, too." Taking a long walk together to talk without our kids may go a long way to relieve worries and regular "parent-only" dates help us reexperience the love that brought us together in the first place.

现如今，越来越多的美国人来到中国求职。北京和上海这些经济发达的城市成为他们的首选目的地。由于受到金融危机的影响，美国的就业市场变得很惨淡。而中国发展迅速的经济和相对较低的生活成本吸引着美国求职者前来。许多刚刚毕业的美国大学生也加入到这股中国求职潮。同时，许多中国公司在寻找英语为母语的人来帮助他们进入美国市场。

BPart III Reading Comprehension/B

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Topic On Chinese Fever For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On Chinese Fever following the outline given below. You should write at least 120 words but no more than 180 words. 1．世界各地兴起了汉语热 2．汉语热兴起的原因 3．我的看法