单选题3. The toy maker produces a ______ copy of the space station, exact in every detail.
单选题. There is writes Daniele Fanelli in a recent issue of Nature, something rotten in the state of scientific research—an epidemic of false, biased, and falsified findings where "only the most egregious cases of misconduct are discovered and punished." Fanelli is a leading thinker in an increasingly alarming field of scientific research: one that seeks to find out why it is that so many scientific researches turn out to be wrong. For a long time the focus has either been on industry funding as a source of bias, particularly in drug research, or on those who deliberately commit fraud, such as the spectacular ease of Diederik Stapel, a Dutch social psychologist who was found to have fabricated at least 55 research papers over 20 years. But an increasing number of studies have shown that flawed research is a much wider phenomenon, especially in the biomedical sciences. Indeed, the investigation into Stapel also blamed a "sloppy" research culture that often ignored inconvenient data and misunderstood important statistical methods. "There's little question that the scientific literature is awash(充斥着) in false findings—findings that if you try to replicate you'll probably never succeed or at least find them to be different from what was initially said," says Fanelli. "But people don't appreciate that this is not because scientists are manipulating these results, consciously or unconsciously; it's largely because we have a system that favors statistical flukes (侥幸) instead of replicable findings." This is why, he says, we need to extend the idea of academic misconduct (currently limited to fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism) to "distorted reporting"—the failure to communicate all the information someone would need to validate your findings. Right now, he says, we're missing all the "unconscious biases, the systemic biases, the practices, mistakes, and problems that hardly ever count as cheating", even though they have a very important—and probably the largest—effect on creating technically false results in the literature. One particularly challenging bias is that academic journals tend to publish only positive results. As Isabelle Boutron, a professor of epidemiology at René Descartes University in Paris, points out, studies have shown that peer reviewers are influenced by trial results; one study showed that they not only favored a paper showing a positive effect over a near-identical paper showing no effect, they also gave the positive paper higher scores for its scientific methods. And Boutron has herself found extensive evidence of scientists spinning their findings to claim benefits that their actual results didn't quite support. "We need a major cultural change," says Fanelli. "But when you think that, even 20 years ago, these issues were practically never discussed, I think we're making considerable progress."1. Which of the following is true about Fanelli's article in Nature?
单选题. Questions 12 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.4.
单选题. Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1.
单选题 Competition, they believe
单选题5. The Post-World War II baby ______ resulted in a 43 percent increase in the number of teenagers in the 1960s and 1970s.
单选题《复合题被拆开情况》 The U.S. and China don’t agree on much these days. Germany and France share a border and a currency but are frequently at odds. The U.K. and India like to march to their own drum. But there
单选题 In this poor country
单选题Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.Old stereotypes die hard.Picture a video-game player and you will likely imagine a teenage boy, by himself, compulsively hammering away at a game in
单选题. Questions 20 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.5.
单选题40. It was the first time that such a ______ had to be taken at a British nuclear power station.
单选题31. The wings of the bird still ______ after it had been shot down.
单选题. The government programs of the 1970s were a great success in saving people's lives. Unfortunately for many survivors, no comparable programs provide medical and societal support after the initial medical crisis. Not only is acute care in the hospital setting extremely expensive, but, in scores of thousands of cases, head-injury survivors need major care beyond hospitalization. A single survivor of severe head injury may require 5 to 10 years of intensive treatment with an estimated lifetime cost of more than $4 million. In the last decade, a variety of facilities have sprung up to deal with the multiple physical, psychological, and social needs of this new patient population. They include nursing homes, specialized rehabilitation (康复) wings of hospitals, and free-standing rehabilitation program to support such institutions. Funding for the high-tech, personnel-intensive, and sometimes long-term treatment they provide remains seriously inadequate. During the long and costly process of post-trauma (外伤) treatment and rehabilitation, the family of the brain-injury patient will find their lives turned upside down. In an instant, a family member has been changed dramatically and often permanently not just physically, but mentally and emotionally as well. One of the most frequent comments family members make in this situation is that the patient is "not the same person" as before the accident. The family must undergo a process that often has been compared to the adjustment following the death of shock, numbness, denial, grief, and anger—to some kind of acceptance of the survivor's new status. Studies show that a family's process of grieving after a head injury—a process that receives much less societal support than grieving after a death—takes a more circuitous (迂回曲折的) course. Different with death, frustration and difficulty in coping are likely to increase, rather than diminish, over time. Families of brain-injured survivors go through many painful experiences. They see their hopes for the future shattered and have enormous care-giving and financial demands placed upon themselves because their child is not getting better. Siblings may suffer both from the psychological trauma of seeing a brother or sister permanently disabled and from the parents' concentration on his or her plight. Spouses, especially, suffer with physical, financial, sexual, and psychological stress. Many—90% in one survey—feel trapped in a situation injured spouse going, sometimes with little psychological reward for their efforts. Little wonder so many such families become dysfunctional (机能不良). The divorce rate under such circumstances also is high.1. What can we learn from the first paragraph?
单选题 Although we tried to concentrate on the lecture
单选题. Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.1.