听力题You may remember that a few weeks ago

听力题Anna: Excuse me, please

听力题M: Good afternoon

听力题To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on "persuasive salesmanship" to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then convert them into money. Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with first analyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on- the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers and dealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it available for purchase. This concept does not imply that business is benevolent or that consumer satisfaction is given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction-the firm and the customer-and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering to the consumer presented itself in mid-1985, when Coca-Cola changed the flavor of its drink. The non-acceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a prompt restoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customer ruled!

听力题W: Oh

听力题Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard

听力题 Over time animals have developed many ways to stay away from predators. A predator is an animal that hunts and eats other animals. Hiding is one of the best ways to stay alive. Some animals hide by looking like the places where they live. To see how this works, let''s look at the sea dragon. It''s a master of disguise. The sea dragon is covered with skin that looks like leaves. The skin helps the dragon look like a piece of seaweed. A hungry meat eater would stay away from anything that looks like seaweed. Other animals stay safe by showing their colors. They want other animals to see them. Scientists call these bright colors warning colors. You have probably seen animals that have warning colors. Some grasshoppers show off their own bright colors. Those colors don''t just look attractive; they tell their enemies to stay away. Of course, hungry predators sometimes ignore the warning. They still go off the grasshopper. If that happens, the grasshopper has a backup of defence. It makes lots of foams. The foams taste so bad that the predator won''t do it again. Color doesn''t offer enough protection for some other animals. They have different defences that help them survive in the wild. Many fish live in groups or schools. That''s because of the safety in numbers. At the first sign of trouble, schooling fish swim as close together as they can get. Then the school of fish makes lots of twists and turns. All that movement makes it hard for predators to see individuals in a large group. Over time animals have developed many ways to stay away from predators. A predator is an animal that hunts and eats other animals. Hiding is one of the best ways to stay alive. Some animals hide by looking like the places where they live. To see how this works, let''s look at the sea dragon. It''s a master of disguise. The sea dragon is covered with skin that looks like leaves. The skin helps the dragon look like a piece of seaweed. A hungry meat eater would stay away from anything that looks like seaweed. Other animals stay safe by showing their colors. They want other animals to see them. Scientists call these bright colors warning colors. You have probably seen animals that have warning colors. Some grasshoppers show off their own bright colors. Those colors don''t just look attractive; they tell their enemies to stay away. Of course, hungry predators sometimes ignore the warning. They still go off the grasshopper. If that happens, the grasshopper has a backup of defence. It makes lots of foams. The foams taste so bad that the predator won''t do it again. Color doesn''t offer enough protection for some other animals. They have different defences that help them survive in the wild. Many fish live in groups or schools. That''s because of the safety in numbers. At the first sign of trouble, schooling fish swim as close together as they can get. Then the school of fish makes lots of twists and turns. All that movement makes it hard for predators to see individuals in a large group.

听力题Questions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.

听力题M: May I see Dean Williams please

听力题M: Hi, Helen

听力题Phone books have white, blue and yellow pages

听力题During the early American colonial years

听力题 A poor farmer had a friend who was famous for the wonderful apple trees which he grew. One day, his friend gave the farmer a young tree and told him to take it home and plant it. The farmer was pleased with the gift, but when he got home he did not know where to plant it. He was afraid that if he planted the tree near the road, strangers would steal the fruit. If he planted the tree on one of his fields, his neighbors would come at night and steal some of the apples. If he planted the tree near his house, his children would take the fruit. Finally he planted the tree in his woods where no one could see it. But without sunlight and good soil, the tree soon died. Later the friend asked the farmer why he had planted the tree in such a poor place. "What''s the difference?" the farmer said angrily, "If I had planted the tree near the road, strangers would have stolen the fruit. If I had planted the tree in one of my fields, my neighbors would have come at night and stolen some of the apples. If I had planted it near my house, my own children would have taken the fruit. " "Yes," said the friend, "but at least someone could have enjoyed the fruit. Now you have robbed everyone of the fruit and you have also destroyed a good tree. " A poor farmer had a friend who was famous for the wonderful apple trees which he grew. One day, his friend gave the farmer a young tree and told him to take it home and plant it. The farmer was pleased with the gift, but when he got home he did not know where to plant it. He was afraid that if he planted the tree near the road, strangers would steal the fruit. If he planted the tree on one of his fields, his neighbors would come at night and steal some of the apples. If he planted the tree near his house, his children would take the fruit. Finally he planted the tree in his woods where no one could see it. But without sunlight and good soil, the tree soon died. Later the friend asked the farmer why he had planted the tree in such a poor place. "What''s the difference?" the farmer said angrily, "If I had planted the tree near the road, strangers would have stolen the fruit. If I had planted the tree in one of my fields, my neighbors would have come at night and stolen some of the apples. If I had planted it near my house, my own children would have taken the fruit. " "Yes," said the friend, "but at least someone could have enjoyed the fruit. Now you have robbed everyone of the fruit and you have also destroyed a good tree. "

听力题Student: You wanted to see me

听力题 It was the height of chivalry during the Middle Ages for a knight to share his lady''s plate. Far from being ill-mannered, as it might be considered today, the custom of knights and ladies sharing the same trencher—or platter—at dinner was an expression of great tenderness and affection. Husband and wife invariably ate from the same plate. The knight and his lady probably did not mind sharing a common plate. One of the old medieval romances describes a feasting scene with 800 knights at a long table: "and by each sat a lady to eat off his plate". This was evidently a matter of pure delight for everyone concerned. The common folk practiced the same custom as the knights. For centuries European husbands and wives ate from the same big square platter. In England, where the custom seems to have endured longer than in other countries, old-fashioned married people in some rural places continued to eat from the same plate as recently as the early 19th century. It was the height of chivalry during the Middle Ages for a knight to share his lady''s plate. Far from being ill-mannered, as it might be considered today, the custom of knights and ladies sharing the same trencher—or platter—at dinner was an expression of great tenderness and affection. Husband and wife invariably ate from the same plate. The knight and his lady probably did not mind sharing a common plate. One of the old medieval romances describes a feasting scene with 800 knights at a long table: "and by each sat a lady to eat off his plate". This was evidently a matter of pure delight for everyone concerned. The common folk practiced the same custom as the knights. For centuries European husbands and wives ate from the same big square platter. In England, where the custom seems to have endured longer than in other countries, old-fashioned married people in some rural places continued to eat from the same plate as recently as the early 19th century.

听力题F: Hello, Jim. What''s your problem? M: Hi

听力题M: Hi, Mary

听力题M: Yes. I am a bit confused

听力题W: Oh, Jack, I''m glad I called you

听力题 How many teeth have you had filled in the past two years? If you follow the advice of Dr. Faustick, you may be able to reduce the number of your visits to a dentist. Dr. Faustick conducted a two-year survey to find out how to prevent or reduce dental decay. 946 students took part in the experiment. 523 students cleaned their teeth within ten minutes of eating. When possible, they used a toothbrush; when this was impossible, they washed their mouth thoroughly with water. The remaining 423 students merely cleaned their teeth when they went to bed and when they got up in the morning. All the students had their teeth X-rayed at the end of the first and second years. At the end of the first year, the night and morning group had three times as many decayed teeth as the clean-after-each-meal group. At the end of the second year, the latter group had 53 percent fewer decayed teeth than the former group. Dr. Faustiek has cleaned his teeth after every meal for thirteen years and has not had a single decayed tooth. He pointed out that sugar is a major agent in dental decay, particularly the sugar in sweets, cakes, and soft drinks. Ideally you should keep a toothbrush in your pocket and use it immediately after you have finished eating. When this is impractical, you can at least make sure that you have a drink of water and let the water through your teeth to force out any particles of food. 7 out of 10 people lose at least half their teeth by the time they are fifty. Many have a complete set of false teeth by that time. In any case, neither toothache nor a visit to a dentist is very pleasant. So it is worthwhile making an effort to keep your own teeth as long as possible. The main preventative agent is simply water. How many teeth have you had filled in the past two years? If you follow the advice of Dr. Faustick, you may be able to reduce the number of your visits to a dentist. Dr. Faustick conducted a two-year survey to find out how to prevent or reduce dental decay. 946 students took part in the experiment. 523 students cleaned their teeth within ten minutes of eating. When possible, they used a toothbrush; when this was impossible, they washed their mouth thoroughly with water. The remaining 423 students merely cleaned their teeth when they went to bed and when they got up in the morning. All the students had their teeth X-rayed at the end of the first and second years. At the end of the first year, the night and morning group had three times as many decayed teeth as the clean-after-each-meal group. At the end of the second year, the latter group had 53 percent fewer decayed teeth than the former group. Dr. Faustiek has cleaned his teeth after every meal for thirteen years and has not had a single decayed tooth. He pointed out that sugar is a major agent in dental decay, particularly the sugar in sweets, cakes, and soft drinks. Ideally you should keep a toothbrush in your pocket and use it immediately after you have finished eating. When this is impractical, you can at least make sure that you have a drink of water and let the water through your teeth to force out any particles of food. 7 out of 10 people lose at least half their teeth by the time they are fifty. Many have a complete set of false teeth by that time. In any case, neither toothache nor a visit to a dentist is very pleasant. So it is worthwhile making an effort to keep your own teeth as long as possible. The main preventative agent is simply water.