听力题M: Hello? W: hello, Debbi. This is Frank

听力题Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have heard.Questions 9 to 11 are based on the passage you have heard.

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听力题Today

听力题 Many people suffer from some form of extreme anxiety. Some experience occasional attacks of panic for no apparent reason. Others go around in a state of continual uneasiness. The usual way of controlling anxiety is with drugs, which cure none of the conditions described but do help patients manage their anxiety. Patients who take these drugs say that they are able to work, to sleep, and to go to places they had feared to visit. But the effects of the drugs on the human body, especially on the nervous system, have been unknown. We have started a series of studies to identify the effects of the drugs on the brain and have gained some insight into the cost and benefits of the anti-anxiety drugs. They are valuable because they can reduce the effects of anticipated failure, frustration, and a disappointment. But their value demands a price. Two effects of the drugs are obviously harmful. They reduce a person''s ability to react to changes in the environment; and more important, they keep a person from developing persistence in the face of unexpected troubles. Since it is fairly sure that people will meet problems they had not expected, this effect may make the price of anti-anxiety drugs too high. Many people suffer from some form of extreme anxiety. Some experience occasional attacks of panic for no apparent reason. Others go around in a state of continual uneasiness. The usual way of controlling anxiety is with drugs, which cure none of the conditions described but do help patients manage their anxiety. Patients who take these drugs say that they are able to work, to sleep, and to go to places they had feared to visit. But the effects of the drugs on the human body, especially on the nervous system, have been unknown. We have started a series of studies to identify the effects of the drugs on the brain and have gained some insight into the cost and benefits of the anti-anxiety drugs. They are valuable because they can reduce the effects of anticipated failure, frustration, and a disappointment. But their value demands a price. Two effects of the drugs are obviously harmful. They reduce a person''s ability to react to changes in the environment; and more important, they keep a person from developing persistence in the face of unexpected troubles. Since it is fairly sure that people will meet problems they had not expected, this effect may make the price of anti-anxiety drugs too high.

听力题 About 25 million children in developing countries have no homes. So they live on city streets. Another 75 million children live at home but work on the streets. United Nations Children''s Fund says most of these children do not receive education or health care. The private organization known as "Child Hope U.S.A." is trying to do something to help these children. The group has many goals. Child Hope U.S.A. wants to halt the spread of AIDS and the use of illegal drugs among children. It wants to protect young girls from being mistreated sexually. It wants to teach children how to protect themselves, how to survive conditions on the streets and how to feel good about themselves. Child Hope U.S.A. is trying to establish educational programs for the children. It is working with local groups to get their help in protecting the rights of street children. And, it is trying to make international development groups more informed about street children. Some children begin living on the streets when they are five years old or younger. Four-year-old can be found selling goods on the street corner or begging for food and money. Some of these children have lost their families because of wars or natural disasters, such as earthquakes and floods. Some are helping their families earn enough money to survive. Studies show that more than one million children live and work on the streets in the Philippines. Seven million children live on the streets in Brazil. About 250 thousand children live on the streets in Mexico. About ten million Mexican children work on the streets. Child Hope U.S.A. works closely with international children''s groups, government agencies and other national and local groups. It has offices in Brazil, Guatemala, the Philippines, Britain, Canada and the United States. Child Hope U.S.A. also works to improve child labor laws. In 1992, Pakistan approved new laws to control child labor. The laws make it illegal for companies to lend money to families and let children repay the loan by working in factories. Yet, about eight million children still are working in Pakistan to repay loans. We will talk more about the problems of children in developing countries next week. About 25 million children in developing countries have no homes. So they live on city streets. Another 75 million children live at home but work on the streets. United Nations Children''s Fund says most of these children do not receive education or health care. The private organization known as "Child Hope U.S.A." is trying to do something to help these children. The group has many goals. Child Hope U.S.A. wants to halt the spread of AIDS and the use of illegal drugs among children. It wants to protect young girls from being mistreated sexually. It wants to teach children how to protect themselves, how to survive conditions on the streets and how to feel good about themselves. Child Hope U.S.A. is trying to establish educational programs for the children. It is working with local groups to get their help in protecting the rights of street children. And, it is trying to make international development groups more informed about street children. Some children begin living on the streets when they are five years old or younger. Four-year-old can be found selling goods on the street corner or begging for food and money. Some of these children have lost their families because of wars or natural disasters, such as earthquakes and floods. Some are helping their families earn enough money to survive. Studies show that more than one million children live and work on the streets in the Philippines. Seven million children live on the streets in Brazil. About 250 thousand children live on the streets in Mexico. About ten million Mexican children work on the streets. Child Hope U.S.A. works closely with international children''s groups, government agencies and other national and local groups. It has offices in Brazil, Guatemala, the Philippines, Britain, Canada and the United States. Child Hope U.S.A. also works to improve child labor laws. In 1992, Pakistan approved new laws to control child labor. The laws make it illegal for companies to lend money to families and let children repay the loan by working in factories. Yet, about eight million children still are working in Pakistan to repay loans. We will talk more about the problems of children in developing countries next week.

听力题M: So what''s your trouble? W: Well, doctor

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听力题Born and raised in central Ohio

听力题 The nonmedical use of certain drugs is forbidden in the United States because they can be dangerous. Many Americans, however, still use drugs illegally without a doctor''s permission. In fact, taking drugs has become one of America''s most serious social problems. In America, most people who have become dependent on drugs are young. Why are young people the most frequent users of drugs? The answers are varied. Some young people feel depressed and nervous in a society full of tension and they want to find a means of escape. Others are bored and they think the drug makes their time pass more pleasantly. Taking drugs can cause only poverty and despair. When a person takes the drug, however, he forgets his misery. The drug takes away the stress and strain of living—until the effect of the drug wears off. Then, the discomfort is very intense and terrible. Because he must take larger and larger doses, his habit becomes more and more expensive. Such people often turn to crime to get the money they need. They might break in and steal money and other valuable things or rob banks. In this way, taking drugs forces the crime rate up. In the United States drugs have destroyed many of the young people''s minds and ruined their bodies. So it is necessary that a campaign to forbid taking drugs be launched in the United States and other countries. The nonmedical use of certain drugs is forbidden in the United States because they can be dangerous. Many Americans, however, still use drugs illegally without a doctor''s permission. In fact, taking drugs has become one of America''s most serious social problems. In America, most people who have become dependent on drugs are young. Why are young people the most frequent users of drugs? The answers are varied. Some young people feel depressed and nervous in a society full of tension and they want to find a means of escape. Others are bored and they think the drug makes their time pass more pleasantly. Taking drugs can cause only poverty and despair. When a person takes the drug, however, he forgets his misery. The drug takes away the stress and strain of living—until the effect of the drug wears off. Then, the discomfort is very intense and terrible. Because he must take larger and larger doses, his habit becomes more and more expensive. Such people often turn to crime to get the money they need. They might break in and steal money and other valuable things or rob banks. In this way, taking drugs forces the crime rate up. In the United States drugs have destroyed many of the young people''s minds and ruined their bodies. So it is necessary that a campaign to forbid taking drugs be launched in the United States and other countries.

听力题 A poor farmer had a friend who was famous for the wonderful apple trees which he grew. One day, his friend gave the farmer a young tree and told him to take it home and plant it. The farmer was pleased with the gift, but when he got home he did not know where to plant it. He was afraid that if he planted the tree near the road, strangers would steal the fruit. If he planted the tree on one of his fields, his neighbors would come at night and steal some of the apples. If he planted the tree near his house, his children would take the fruit. Finally he planted the tree in his woods where no one could see it. But without sunlight and good soil, the tree soon died. Later the friend asked the farmer why he had planted the tree in such a poor place. "What''s the difference?" the farmer said angrily, "If I had planted the tree near the road, strangers would have stolen the fruit. If I had planted the tree in one of my fields, my neighbors would have come at night and stolen some of the apples. If I had planted it near my house, my own children would have taken the fruit. " "Yes," said the friend, "but at least someone could have enjoyed the fruit. Now you have robbed everyone of the fruit and you have also destroyed a good tree. " A poor farmer had a friend who was famous for the wonderful apple trees which he grew. One day, his friend gave the farmer a young tree and told him to take it home and plant it. The farmer was pleased with the gift, but when he got home he did not know where to plant it. He was afraid that if he planted the tree near the road, strangers would steal the fruit. If he planted the tree on one of his fields, his neighbors would come at night and steal some of the apples. If he planted the tree near his house, his children would take the fruit. Finally he planted the tree in his woods where no one could see it. But without sunlight and good soil, the tree soon died. Later the friend asked the farmer why he had planted the tree in such a poor place. "What''s the difference?" the farmer said angrily, "If I had planted the tree near the road, strangers would have stolen the fruit. If I had planted the tree in one of my fields, my neighbors would have come at night and stolen some of the apples. If I had planted it near my house, my own children would have taken the fruit. " "Yes," said the friend, "but at least someone could have enjoyed the fruit. Now you have robbed everyone of the fruit and you have also destroyed a good tree. "

听力题 A lot of people in the United States are coffee drinkers. Over the last few years, a trend has been developing to introduce premium, specially blended coffees—known as "gourmet coffees" —into the American market. Boston seems to have been the birthplace of this trend. In fact, major gourmet coffee merchants from other cities like Seattle and San Francisco came to Boston, where today they''re engaged in a kind of "coffee war" with Boston''s merchants. They are all competing for a significant share of the gourmet coffee market. Surprisingly, the competition among these leading gourmet coffee businesses will not hurt any of them. Experts predict that the gourmet coffee market in the United States is growing and will continue to grow, to the point that gourmet coffee will soon capture half of what is now a 1.5-million-dollar market and will be an 8-million-dollar market. Studies have shown that coffee drinkers who convert to gourmet coffee seldom go back to the regular brands found in supermarkets. As a result, these brands will be the real losers in the gourmet coffee competition. A lot of people in the United States are coffee drinkers. Over the last few years, a trend has been developing to introduce premium, specially blended coffees—known as "gourmet coffees" —into the American market. Boston seems to have been the birthplace of this trend. In fact, major gourmet coffee merchants from other cities like Seattle and San Francisco came to Boston, where today they''re engaged in a kind of "coffee war" with Boston''s merchants. They are all competing for a significant share of the gourmet coffee market. Surprisingly, the competition among these leading gourmet coffee businesses will not hurt any of them. Experts predict that the gourmet coffee market in the United States is growing and will continue to grow, to the point that gourmet coffee will soon capture half of what is now a 1.5-million-dollar market and will be an 8-million-dollar market. Studies have shown that coffee drinkers who convert to gourmet coffee seldom go back to the regular brands found in supermarkets. As a result, these brands will be the real losers in the gourmet coffee competition.

听力题W: Hello? M: Hi, May, this is Bill Johns

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听力题 In Britain there are 11 national daily newspapers and most people read one of them every day. There are two kinds of newspaper. One is large in size and has many detailed articles about national and international events. These newspapers are called the serious papers or the quality papers. The other kind, called the tabloids, are smaller in size, have more pictures, often in color, and short articles, often about less important events or about the private lives of well-known people. Although some people disapprove of tabloids, knore people buy them than buy the serious newspapers. The Sun, for example, which is a tabloid, is the biggest-selling newspaper in Britain. The tabloids are sometimes called the gutter press. And in 1997, some photograph reporters of the tabloids were said to be involved in the tragic death of Princess Diana in France and they were criticized as Paparazzi by the public. Most national newspapers in Britain express a political opinion and people choose the newspaper that they read according to their own political beliefs. Most of the newspapers are right-wing which means they support the Conservative Party. These are the Daily Telegraph, which is the serious newspaper, the Daily Express, Daily Mail, Daily Star, the Sun and Today, which are all tabloids. Of the other serious newspapers, The Times, the oldest newspaper in Britain, did not formerly have one strong political view but it is now more right-wing. The Independent does not support any political party, and neither does the Financial Times, which concentrates on business and financial news. The Daily Mirror is the voice of the Labor Party. In Britain there are 11 national daily newspapers and most people read one of them every day. There are two kinds of newspaper. One is large in size and has many detailed articles about national and international events. These newspapers are called the serious papers or the quality papers. The other kind, called the tabloids, are smaller in size, have more pictures, often in color, and short articles, often about less important events or about the private lives of well-known people. Although some people disapprove of tabloids, knore people buy them than buy the serious newspapers. The Sun, for example, which is a tabloid, is the biggest-selling newspaper in Britain. The tabloids are sometimes called the gutter press. And in 1997, some photograph reporters of the tabloids were said to be involved in the tragic death of Princess Diana in France and they were criticized as Paparazzi by the public. Most national newspapers in Britain express a political opinion and people choose the newspaper that they read according to their own political beliefs. Most of the newspapers are right-wing which means they support the Conservative Party. These are the Daily Telegraph, which is the serious newspaper, the Daily Express, Daily Mail, Daily Star, the Sun and Today, which are all tabloids. Of the other serious newspapers, The Times, the oldest newspaper in Britain, did not formerly have one strong political view but it is now more right-wing. The Independent does not support any political party, and neither does the Financial Times, which concentrates on business and financial news. The Daily Mirror is the voice of the Labor Party.

听力题 Dangerous occupations tend to be exciting and well paid. They often involve foreign travel or meeting famous and interesting people. Here is a look at someone who likes his dangerous occupation in spite of the danger, and at why he does it. Gilbert Michael Pitts is a freelance cameraman. He does a lot of his work underwater. Michael has been diving since he was about nine years old. He says that he was on holiday with his parents and a friend had a snorkel. He tried it and "that was it—ever since I first put my head under water I''ve been fascinated by divining". Later on he went on a four month commercial diving course. His commercial diving career included underwater photography—still and video (to inspect oil rigs), underwater burning, planting explosives and connecting pipelines. "I''m not frightened or apprehensive," he says, "because it''s a medium I''ve been working in for such a long time. It''s something that I love. I am frightened of certain things, but they certainly don''t include diving in water. I think it''s a matter of experience and just being at ease in that environment. " Dangerous occupations tend to be exciting and well paid. They often involve foreign travel or meeting famous and interesting people. Here is a look at someone who likes his dangerous occupation in spite of the danger, and at why he does it. Gilbert Michael Pitts is a freelance cameraman. He does a lot of his work underwater. Michael has been diving since he was about nine years old. He says that he was on holiday with his parents and a friend had a snorkel. He tried it and "that was it—ever since I first put my head under water I''ve been fascinated by divining". Later on he went on a four month commercial diving course. His commercial diving career included underwater photography—still and video (to inspect oil rigs), underwater burning, planting explosives and connecting pipelines. "I''m not frightened or apprehensive," he says, "because it''s a medium I''ve been working in for such a long time. It''s something that I love. I am frightened of certain things, but they certainly don''t include diving in water. I think it''s a matter of experience and just being at ease in that environment. "

听力题 Senators are people who are elected every 6 years and they represent a whole state. This means there are fewer Senators than Congress Representatives but they do have the power to defeat any bill that has been passed by the Congress. Their function is to provide more security over the decisions and actions of the Congress Representatives, and to make sure that bills, passed by the House of Representatives, are not driven by narrow local interests. In England, the British have an appointed House of Lords to provide a "second sober thought" about new laws. In America, Senators are thought to do the same thing but the primary difference is that they are elected and are very responsive to public opinion. However, because they do not have to face elections for 6 years, it was thought that they may be more rational than populists, although in practice the Senate and the Congress are still very much swayed by the views of public opinion or by powerful lobby groups. If the bill is passed in the Senate, then it goes to the President to either sign or reject. If he signs it, it becomes law, but if he rejects it, that is to say he vetoes the bill, or refuses to sign it, or as they say, "pocket vetoes it", it will be sent back to the Congress. If the Congress disagrees with the President enough and does not want to change or amend the bill, they can override the President''s rejection — called overriding the veto. Senators are people who are elected every 6 years and they represent a whole state. This means there are fewer Senators than Congress Representatives but they do have the power to defeat any bill that has been passed by the Congress. Their function is to provide more security over the decisions and actions of the Congress Representatives, and to make sure that bills, passed by the House of Representatives, are not driven by narrow local interests. In England, the British have an appointed House of Lords to provide a "second sober thought" about new laws. In America, Senators are thought to do the same thing but the primary difference is that they are elected and are very responsive to public opinion. However, because they do not have to face elections for 6 years, it was thought that they may be more rational than populists, although in practice the Senate and the Congress are still very much swayed by the views of public opinion or by powerful lobby groups. If the bill is passed in the Senate, then it goes to the President to either sign or reject. If he signs it, it becomes law, but if he rejects it, that is to say he vetoes the bill, or refuses to sign it, or as they say, "pocket vetoes it", it will be sent back to the Congress. If the Congress disagrees with the President enough and does not want to change or amend the bill, they can override the President''s rejection — called overriding the veto.

听力题W: Hello? M: Hello, Linda? W: Hello, Abruzzi

听力题 Americans are suffering from a serious sleep deficit while also cutting back on leisure activities as they spend more time at work. A world that“never goes to sleep” offers many diverse activities, but encourages unhealthy and sometimes anti-social lifestyles, for Americans adults. Adults report living is spending more time to work, a shift that has had a profound impact on their personal lives. Adults report spending less time sleeping, engaged in social and leisure activities. Most Americans say they suffer from sleep problems and when they go to sleep, many sleep alone even if they are married. These are some of the key findings in the National Sleep Foundation’s 2001“Sleep in America” poll, which looks at the relationship between Americans’lifestyles, sleep habits and sleep problems. Sleep deprivation continues to be widespread in America. According to the NSF poll, 63% of American adults do not get the recommended eight hours of sleep needed for good health, safety, and optimum performance. In fact, nearly one-third report sleeping less than seven hours each week night, though many adults say they try to sleep more on weekends. The poll shows good news and bad news. The good news is that many Americans say they don’t want to give up any more sleep in spite of their exciting lives. And they would sleep more if they were convinced it would contribute to their quality of life. The bad news is far too many adults still sacrifice sleep, which is unhealthy and counter-productive. Is getting less sleep a trend in developed society? Perhaps some of you callers may be able to shed some further light. Let’s open up the Dhone lines at 54389282. And we have our first caller now. Please go ahead… Americans are suffering from a serious sleep deficit while also cutting back on leisure activities as they spend more time at work. A world that“never goes to sleep” offers many diverse activities, but encourages unhealthy and sometimes anti-social lifestyles, for Americans adults. Adults report living is spending more time to work, a shift that has had a profound impact on their personal lives. Adults report spending less time sleeping, engaged in social and leisure activities. Most Americans say they suffer from sleep problems and when they go to sleep, many sleep alone even if they are married. These are some of the key findings in the National Sleep Foundation’s 2001“Sleep in America” poll, which looks at the relationship between Americans’lifestyles, sleep habits and sleep problems. Sleep deprivation continues to be widespread in America. According to the NSF poll, 63% of American adults do not get the recommended eight hours of sleep needed for good health, safety, and optimum performance. In fact, nearly one-third report sleeping less than seven hours each week night, though many adults say they try to sleep more on weekends. The poll shows good news and bad news. The good news is that many Americans say they don’t want to give up any more sleep in spite of their exciting lives. And they would sleep more if they were convinced it would contribute to their quality of life. The bad news is far too many adults still sacrifice sleep, which is unhealthy and counter-productive. Is getting less sleep a trend in developed society? Perhaps some of you callers may be able to shed some further light. Let’s open up the Dhone lines at 54389282. And we have our first caller now. Please go ahead…

听力题 The worldwide organization of the Red Cross stems from the idea of Henri Dunant, a Swiss banker. In 1838, at the age of ten, Dunant was taken by his father to visit a prison. There he saw prisoners chained together exercising in the yard and breaking stones along the road. This experience left a deep impression on him and made him determined to do something for convicts and slaves and for all who were oppressed and deprived of their liberty. On 24th June 1859 while on his way from Geneva to France. Dunant witnessed the battle between the French and Austrian armies. It was one of the fiercest battles of the 19th century. Shocked by the lack of medical supplies and attention given to the wounded, Dunant decided that volunteer service had to be organized. He gathered together a number of women who attended the hundreds of wounded soldiers of all nationalities and ''helped the surgeons as best as they could. From that battle, Dunant determined to form a body of people who would rally together in times of war and attend to the needs of the wounded and dying. Dunant held that a suffering human being should be helped for his own sake only without regard to race, religion, or political beliefs. Many European states supported him and on 22nd August 1864, the first Geneva Convention was signed. This lays down that once a soldier is wounded, he and everyone who comes to his help cease to be an enemy. A symbol by which the relief workers could be recognized was devised. As a tribute to Switzerland, the symbol was the Swiss flag reversed. That is a red cross on a white ground. So the Red Cross was born. The worldwide organization of the Red Cross stems from the idea of Henri Dunant, a Swiss banker. In 1838, at the age of ten, Dunant was taken by his father to visit a prison. There he saw prisoners chained together exercising in the yard and breaking stones along the road. This experience left a deep impression on him and made him determined to do something for convicts and slaves and for all who were oppressed and deprived of their liberty. On 24th June 1859 while on his way from Geneva to France. Dunant witnessed the battle between the French and Austrian armies. It was one of the fiercest battles of the 19th century. Shocked by the lack of medical supplies and attention given to the wounded, Dunant decided that volunteer service had to be organized. He gathered together a number of women who attended the hundreds of wounded soldiers of all nationalities and ''helped the surgeons as best as they could. From that battle, Dunant determined to form a body of people who would rally together in times of war and attend to the needs of the wounded and dying. Dunant held that a suffering human being should be helped for his own sake only without regard to race, religion, or political beliefs. Many European states supported him and on 22nd August 1864, the first Geneva Convention was signed. This lays down that once a soldier is wounded, he and everyone who comes to his help cease to be an enemy. A symbol by which the relief workers could be recognized was devised. As a tribute to Switzerland, the symbol was the Swiss flag reversed. That is a red cross on a white ground. So the Red Cross was born.