BSection C/B

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the stress of college students. Your essay should include the reason for the stress of college students and measures to be taken to relieve the stress of college students. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On the Importance of a Name. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below. 1．有人说名字(或名称)很重要。 2．也有人觉得名字(或名称)无关紧要。 3．我认为……

Opportunists and Competitors A) Growth, reproduction, and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy. The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting, just as finances are budgeted. If all of one's money is spent on clothes, there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies. Similarly, a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction, for this is the surest way to extinction. B) All organisms, therefore, allocate energy to growth, reproduction, maintenance, and storage. No choice is involved; this allocation comes as part of the genetic package from the parents. Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively constant. Storage is important, but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance, reproduction, or growth. Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction. C) Almost all of an organism's energy can be diverted to reproduction, with very little allocated to building the body. Organisms at this extreme are "opportunists". At the other extreme are "competitors", almost all of whose resources are invested in building a huge body, with a bare minimum allocated to reproduction. D) Dandelions are good examples of opportunists. Their seed heads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind, the plants are no bigger than they need be, their stems are hollow, and all the rigidity comes from their water content. Thus, a minimum investment has been made in the body that becomes a platform for seed dispersal. These very short-lived plants reproduce prolifically; that is to say they provide a constant rain of seed in the neighborhood of parent plants. E) A new plant will spring up wherever a seed falls on a suitable soil surface, but because they do not build big bodies, they cannot compete with other plants for space, water, or sunlight. These plants are termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds' falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, such as along an eroding riverbank, on landslips, or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy. F) Opportunists must constantly invade new areas to compensate for being displaced by more competitive species. Human landscapes of lawns, fields, or flowerbeds provide settings with bare soil and a lack of competitors that are perfect habitats for colonization by opportunists. Hence, many of the strongly opportunistic plants are the common weeds of fields and gardens. G) Because each individual is short-lived, the population of an opportunist species is likely to be adversely affected by drought, bad winters, or floods. If their population is tracked through time, it will be seen to be particularly unstable—soaring and plummeting in irregular cycles. H) The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor. These organisms tend to have big bodies, are long-lived, and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction. I) An oak tree is a good example of a competitor. A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more, out-competing all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil. The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins, a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms. The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity. J) Although oaks produce thousands of acorns, the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves, trunk, and roots. Once an oak tree becomes established, it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire. A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time, and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events. K) It should be noted, however, that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature, as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum, exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics. L) Oak wood has a density of about 0. 75 g/cm 3 , great strength and hardness, and is very resistant to insect and fungal attack because of its high tannin content. It also has very appealing grain markings, particularly when quarter-sawn. M) Oak planking was common on high status Viking longships in the 9th and 10th centuries. The wood was hewn(砍) from green logs, by axe and wedge, to produce radial planks, similar to quarter-sawn timber. Wide, quarter-sawn boards of oak have been prized since the Middle Ages for use in interior paneling of prestigious buildings such as the debating chamber of the House of Commons in London and in the construction of fine furniture. N) Oak wood, from Quercus robur and Quercus petraea, was used in Europe for the construction of ships until the 19th century, and was the principal timber used in the construction of European timber-framed buildings. Today oak wood is still commonly used for furniture making and flooring, timber frame buildings, and for veneer production. Barrels in which wines, sherry, and spirits such as brandy, Scotch whisky and Bourbon whiskey are aged are made from European and American oak. The use of oak in wine can add many different dimensions to wine based on the type and style of the oak. Oak barrels, which may be charred before use, contribute to the colour, taste, and aroma of the contents, imparting a desirable oaky vanillin flavour to these drinks. The great dilemma for wine producers is to choose between French and American oak woods. French oaks (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea) give the wine greater refinement and are chosen for the best wines since they increase the price compared to those aged in American oak wood. American oak contributes greater texture and resistance to ageing, but produces more violent wine bouquets. Oak wood chips are used for smoking fish, meat, cheeses and other foods. O) Japanese oak is used in the making of professional drums from manufacturer Yamaha Drums. The higher density of oak gives the drum a brighter and louder tone compared to traditional drum materials such as maple and birch. In hill states of India, besides fuelwood and timber, the local people use oak wood for making agricultural implements. The leaves are used as fodder during lean period and bedding for livestock.

为了满足广大人民群众日益增长的体育需求，也为了纪念北京奥运会成功举办，中国政府宣布每年的8月8日为“全民健身日”(National Fitness Day)，以推动全民健身，增强国民体质。随着社会的发展，人们锻炼的方式也变得更加多样化。老年人通常在早晨聚集在公园里锻炼身体，比如打太极拳(Tai Chi)、慢跑等。公园里的公共健身器材也非常适合他们。相反，年轻人更多地选择晚上在室内健身。比起户外活动，他们更喜欢选择时尚又充满动感的健身房。

BSection C/B

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled Job-hopping. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words following the outline given below. 1．现在越来越多的学生毕业后经常换工作。 2．有人表示支持，有人表示反对，人们对此看法不一。 3．你的看法。

Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessayentitledOfferingYourSeat.Youshouldstartwithabriefdescriptionofthepicture,thenexplainitsintendedmeaning,andexpressyourviewsonit.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.

[此试题无题干]

Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessaybasedonthepicturebelow.Youshouldfocusontheimpactofonlineshoppingonofflineretailers.Youarerequiredtowriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words."IlikethedressbutletmedoalittlesomparisionshoppingontheInternet,first."

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the ways to improve the graduates' mental health. You can give examples to illustrate your point. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

相声 (crosstalk)是中国传统的 喜剧 (comedic)表演形式。开始于明清时期，盛行于当代。一般由两名表演者完成，主要以说笑话或幽默的对话来引观众发笑。相声强调说、学、逗、唱这四项技能，语言一般富于 双关和影射 (pun and illusion)。相声是中国最受欢迎的表演艺术之一，主要用北京话讲，流行于中国北方。相声以其精湛的内容和独特的艺术形式，成为一种优秀的民族艺术。但进入新世纪以来，相声的影响力逐渐减弱，它的主流地位逐渐被其他的表演形式所取代。

BPart Ⅳ Translation/B

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on relationship between technology and environment. Your essay should include benefits and damage that technology brings to environment. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

{{B}}Part I Writing{{/B}}

高考，即 全国高等教育入学考试 (National Higher Education Entrance Examination)，是中国大陆最有影响力的考试之一。合格的高中毕业生和具有同等 学力 (educational level)的学生每年可以参加一次考试。学生 必考的 (mandatory)科目为语文、数学和外语一通常是英语，不同的省份的考试试卷各不相同。高考非常具有权威性，几乎所有大学都根据高考分数录取学生。因此，很多中国人把高考看作是决定人生的关键事务。近年来，人们越发关注高考体制，提出各种改革高考的建议。专家称改革高考录取制度是改革的根本。

{{B}}Part Ⅳ Translation{{/B}}

姚晨，中国内地女演员，1979年10月5日出生于福建省泉州市，2003年毕业于北京电影学院表演系。2010年6月姚晨受邀出任联合国难民署中国区代言人。2014年姚晨当选美国《时代周刊》年度“全球100位最有影响力人物”。2016年1月，姚晨赴瑞士参加世界经济论坛年会第46届年会并领取“水晶奖”，成为史上第一位华人女性获奖者。她还出席了一对一访谈，分享她多年来走进难民营探访工作的点点滴滴，以及如何通过社交媒体平台传播积极信息。2016年3月16日，姚晨当选2016年“全球青年领袖”。

1．现在许多人在为人处事方面只关心自己的利益而很少去顾及他人2．互相理解对于说话的双方都非常重要3．为此，我们应该……