每当新学期开始，高校学生 社团 (association)就开始招募新成员。据调查，大多数的在校大学生都参加过社团，其中有些学生甚至同时参加几个社团。社团活动极大地丰富了大学生们的校园生活。此外。学生还能培养社交能力和组织能力等各方面的能力。随着大学生的兴趣日渐广泛。高校里的社团越发多元化。除了传统的音乐、舞蹈、轮滑和英语学习等社团，还出现了许多新社团，如 素食文化 (vegetarian culture)协会和创业协会等。

BPart II Listening Comprehension/B

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兵马俑 (the Terra-cotta Warriors and Horses)是秦始皇 陵墓 (mausoleum)的一部分，也是20世纪世界 考古 (archaeological)史上最伟大的发现之一。兵马俑是秦始皇为了死后能继续统治王国而建造的，在1974年被西安当地的农民发现。真人一样大小的兵俑按战斗队形排列，依据不同的等级，他们的身高、制服和发型都不相同。他们生动、逼真的形象，显示了工匠们极高的雕刻水平。兵马俑是世界上最大的地下军事博物馆，于1987年被列入世界文化遗产。并被誉为“世界第八大奇迹”。

随着中国的经济取得新高度，近来进入大规模消费时代，中国人民的购买力随着市场经济的发展而迅速增长。因此，那些追求物质生活的人们只要有购买力，就必然会购买奢侈品。一项报告显示，中国的奢侈品消费总额占全球市场份额的四分之一，位居世界第二，仅次于日本。然而，从消费观念方面来讲，很多消费者还处在“炫耀性消费”的阶段，这是一种不健康的状态。奢侈品不应该是炫耀的手段，或者成为权力、财富和社会关系的标志。

中国是一个有56个民族的大国。不同的民族有不同的婚俗。中国传统婚礼包括6个必备步骤，即说媒、定亲、 聘礼 (betrothal gifts)、迎娶、拜堂(三鞠躬)、喝 交杯酒 (wedlock wine)。如今典型的中国婚礼如下进行：新人订婚后，接下来就是挑 选吉 (auspicious)日成亲。为了亲戚朋友们能来参加婚礼，大部分人喜欢挑选法定假日或某个中国传统节日。婚礼庆典通常很隆重，最后是奢华的婚宴。人们举杯祝愿新人相爱一生、幸福美满以及早生贵子等等。

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青山是重庆的骨架，整座城市也因山而雄伟壮观；长江雄浑嘉陵幽，两江相汇聚灵秀。长江的雄浑旷达、嘉陵江的幽远静谧，赋予重庆别致的柔情和独特的美丽；华灯初上映碧水，山城夜景人陶醉。重庆的夜景美得大气，美得自然。白雾茫茫似仙境，尽显重庆温柔情。特殊的地理环境和独特气候造就了多雾的重庆，雾中的城市若隐若现，身临其境，如披薄纱，你会感受到明快爽朗的重庆多了一丝婉约忧郁，别有一番韵味风情。

Only two countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave from work to care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up that dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2011. I wasn't surprised when this didn't make the news here in the United States—we're now the only wealthy country without such a policy. The United States does have one explicit family policy, the Family and Medical Leave Act, passed in 1993. It entitles workers to as much as 12 weeks' unpaid leave for care of a newborn or dealing with a family medical problem. Despite the modesty of the benefit, the Chamber of Commerce and other business groups fought it bitterly, describing it as "government-run personnel management" and a "dangerous precedent." In fact, every step of the way, as (usually) Democratic leaders have tried to introduce work-family balance measures into the law, business groups have been strongly opposed. As Yale law professor Anne Alstott argues, justifying parental support depends on defining the family as a social good that, in some sense, society must pay for. In her book No Exit. What Parents Owe Their Children and What Society Owes Parents, she argues that parents are burdened in many ways in their lives: there is "no exit" when it comes to children. "Society expects—and needs—parents to provide their children with continuity of care, meaning the intensive, intimate care that human beings need to develop their intellectual, emotional, and moral capabilities. And society expects—and needs—parents to persist in their role for 18 years, or longer if needed. " While most parents do this out of love, there are public penalties for not providing care. What parents do, in other words, is of deep concern to the state, for the obvious reason that caring for children is not only morally urgent but essential for the future of society. The state recognizes this in the large body of family laws that govern children's welfare, yet parents receive little help in meeting the life-changing obligations society imposes. To classify parenting as a personal choice for which there is no collective responsibility is not merely to ignore the social benefits of good parenting; really, it is to steal those benefits because they accrue(不断积累) to the whole of society as today's children become tomorrow's productive citizenry(公民). In fact, by some estimates, the value of parental investments in children, investment of time and money (including lost wages), is equal to 20-30% of gross domestic product. If these investments generate huge social benefits—as they clearly do—the benefits of providing more social support for the family should be that much clearer.

偶像崇拜 (idol worship)是一种特殊的社会心理现象，是人们成长过程中的热门话题。处于人生蜕变期的青少年，身心急速发展往往会造成适应上的困难和情绪上的失衡。此时若能有良好的楷模作为效仿的对象，再加上家长的正确引导，有助于青少年的成长与发展。人生是一个不断模仿、学习与创新的历程。孩子在成长的过程中，需要家长的引导与友伴的激励。偶像崇拜的正确引导，有助于良好行为的塑造，了解它、接受它并应用它，才是积极之道。

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后来受一部影片的影响，他决定弃医从文，希望用文字改变中国人的思想。

QQ是目前在中国使用很广的一种即时通讯工具，它基于因特网。可以方便人们随时随地进行在线交流。QQ由 腾讯 (Tencent)公司开发，其 标志 (logo)为可爱的小企鹅图像。QQ可以支持在线聊天、视频电话、文件传输、音乐、游戏、邮箱等多种功能。现在QQ已经成为世界上最大的中文在线社区，拥有约7亿个活跃用户。人们已经越来越习惯于用QQ交流，QQ成为最受中国网民喜爱的软件之一。QQ已经融人人们的生活，丰富着人们的精神世界。

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黄河 (the Yellow River)全长约5464公里，是中国的第二长河，仅次于 长江 (the Yangtze River)。黄河发源于青海省，流经9个省和自治区，最后注入 渤海 (the Bohai Sea)。黄河 流域 (basin)是中国古代文明的发祥地，因此黄河被称作中华民族的母亲河、中华文明的摇篮。黄河是生命力的象征，是中国人民的精神家园。千百年来，中国很多文学、艺术作品都与黄河有关。近年来，黄河水资源面临严重危机，如水质恶化和水土流失等。因此，保护黄河流域的生态环境刻不容缓。

{{B}}Part Ⅳ Translation{{/B}}

Smother Love [A]Every morning, Leanne Brickland and her sister would bicycle to school with the same words ringing in their ears: "Watch out crossing the road. Don't speak to strangers". "Mum would stand at the top of the steps and call that out," says Brickland, now a primary-school teacher and mother of four from Rotorua, New Zealand. Substitute boxers and thongs for undies(内衣), and the nagging fears that haunt parents haven't really changed. What has altered, dramatically, is the confidence we once had in our children's ability to fling themselves at life without a grown-up holding their hands. [B]By today's standards, the childhood freedoms Brickland took for granted practically verge on parental neglect. Her mother worked, so she and her sister had a key to let themselves in after school and were expected to do their homework and put on the potatoes for dinner. At the family's beach house near Wellington, the two girls, from the age of five or six, would disappear for hours to play in the lakes and sands. [C]A generation later, Brickland's children are growing up in a world more indulged yet more accustomed to peril. The techno-minded generation of PlayStation kids who can conquer entire armies and rocket through space can't even be trusted to cross the street alone. "I walked or biked to school for years, but my children don't," Brickland admits. "I worry about the road. I worry about strangers. In some ways I think they're missing out, but I like to be able to see them, to know where they are and what they're doing." [D]Call it smother love, indulged-kid syndrome, parental neurosis(神经症). Even though today's chil- dren have the universe at their fingertips thanks to the Internet, their physical boundaries are shrinking at a rapid pace. According to British social scientist Mayer Hillman, a child's play zone has contracted so radically that we're producing the human equivalent of henhouse chickens—plump from lack of exercise and without the flexibility and initiative of free-range kids of the past. The spirit of our times is no longer the resourceful adventurer Tom Sawyer but rather the worry-ridden dad and his stifled only child in Finding Nemo. [E]In short, child rearing has become an exercise in risk minimization, represented by stories such as the father who refused to allow his daughter on a school picnic to the beach for fear she might drown. While it's natural for a parent to want to protect their children from danger, you have to wonder Have we gone too far? [F]A study conducted by Paul Tranter, a lecturer in geography at the Australian Defence Force Academy in Canberra, showed that while Australian and New Zealand children had similar amounts of unsupervised freedom, it was far less than German or English kids. For example, only a third of ten-year-olds in Australia and New Zealand were allowed to visit places other than school alone, compared to 80 percent in Germany. [G]Girls were even more restricted than boys, with parents fearing assault or molestation(骚扰), while traffic dangers were seen as the greatest threat to boys. Bike ownership has doubled in a generation, but"independent mobility"—the ability to roam and explore unsupervised—has radically declined. In Auckland, for example, many primary schools have done away with bicycle racks because the streets are considered too unsafe. And in Christchurch, New Zealand's most bike-friendly city, the number of pupils cycling to school has fallen from more than 90 percent in the late 1970s to less than 20 percent. Safely strapped into the family 4x4, children are instead driven from home to the school gate, then off to ballet, soccer or swimming lessons—rarely straying from watchful adult eyes. [H]In the U.S. Journal of Physical Education, Recreation Dance, New Jersey assistant principal and hockey coach Bobbie Schultz writes that playing in the street after school with neighborhood kids—creating their own rules, making their own decisions and settling disputes—was where the real learning took place. "The street was one of the greatest sources of my life skills," she says. "I don't see ' on-the-street play' anymore. I see adult-organized activities. Parents don't realize what an integral part of character development their children are missing." [I]Armored with bicycle helmets, car seats, "safe" playgrounds and sunscreen, children are getting the message loud and clear that the world is full of peril—and that they're ill-equipped to handle it alone. Yet research consistently shows young people are much more capable than we think, says professor Anne Smith, director of New Zealand's Children's Issues Centre. "The thing that many adults have difficulty with is that children can't learn to be grown-up if they're excluded and protected all the time." [J]Educational psychologist Paul Prangley reckons it's about time the kid gloves came off. He believes parenting has taken on a paranoid(患妄想狂的)edge that's creating a generation of naive, insecure youngsters who are subconsciously being taught they're incapable of handling things by themselves. "Flexibility and the ability to resist pressure and temptation are learned skills," Prangley explains. "If you wrap kids up in cotton wool and don't give them the opportunity to take risks, they're less equipped to make responsible decisions later in life." [K]Sadly, high-profile cases of children being kidnapped and murdered—such as ten-year-old Holly Wells and Jessica Chapman in the United Kingdom; five-year-old Chloe Hoson in Australia, whose body was found just 200 metres from where she lived; and six-year-old Teresa Cormack in New Zealand, who was snatched off the street on her way to school—only serve to reinforce parents' fears. Teresa Cormack's death, for example, was one of the rare New Zealand cases of random child kidnap. In Australia, the odds of someone under the age of 15 being murdered by a stranger have been estimated at one in four million. [L]However, parental fear is contagious. In one British study, far more children feared an attack by a stranger than being hit by a car. "We are losing our sense of perspective," write Jan Parker and Jan Stimpson in their parenting book, Raising Happy Children. "Every parent has to negotiate their own route between equipping children with the skills they need to stay safe and not restricting or terrifying them unnecessarily in the process." [M]Dr. Claire Freeman, a planning expert at the University of Otago, points to the erosion of community responsibility as another casualty of that mutual distrust. Not so long ago, adults knew all the local kids and were the informal guardians of the neighbourhood. "Now, particularly if you are a man, you may hesitate to offer help to a lost child for fear your motives might be questioned." [N]As a planner in the mid-1990s, Freeman became concerned about the loss of green space to development and the erosion of informal places to play. In a study that looked at how children in the British city of Leeds spent their summer holidays, compared with their parents' childhood experiences, she found the freedom to explore had been severely contracted—in some cases, down to the front yard. Freeman says she cannot remember being inside the house as a child, or being alone. Growing up was about being part of a group. Now a mother of four, Freeman believes the "domestication of play" is robbing kids of their sense of belonging within a society. [O]Nevertheless, Freeman says children's needs are starting to get more emphasis. In the Netherlands, child-friendly "home zones" have been created where priority is given to pedestrians, rather than cars. And ponds are being incorporated back into housing estates on the principle that children should learn to be safe around water, rather than be surrounded by a barren landscape. After all, as one of the smarter fish says in Finding Nemo, there's one problem with promising your kids that nothing will ever happen to them—because then nothing ever will.

丝绸是中国伟大而独特的发明，是中国古老文明的象征，距今有五千多年的历史。在古代中国。丝绸是一种身份的象征，代表着典雅和 高贵 (nobleness)。最早只有帝王才能使用。在古代对外贸易中，丝绸是一种必不可少的高级商品。在现代，丝绸因为其轻薄、柔软、舒适的特点而受到大众的普遍欢迎。中国丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的 花色 (design and color)，在国际上享有很高的声誉。丝绸文化是具有中国特色的文化之一，有着独特的魅力和深刻的文化 内涵 (connotation)。