Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteashortessaybasedonthepictureblow.Youshouldstartyouressaywithabriefaccountoftheimpactofairpollutionandthensuggesthowtomaketheaircleaner.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.

随着 计划生育政策 (the family planning policy)的推行和家庭观念的改变，中国传统的家庭规模和结构发生了明显变化。一是独生子女家庭增多，家庭平均人口逐渐下降。二是家庭结构呈现出小型化(miniaturization)趋势，传统的大家庭逐渐被核心家庭取代。家庭规模与结构的变化。使家庭中的人际关系变得简单，成员之间的相互依赖性日益增强。但是，家庭规模和结构的变化也带来了一些负面影响，如中国的人口老龄化速度急剧上升， 空巢家庭 (empty-nest family)增加等。

Nine of the ten campuses of the University of California—led by Berkeley—once again made it into an annual ranking of the world's leading universities. All's well in Californian higher education, it might seem. But that is not what Pat Brown or Clark Kerr would say, were they alive today. They were, respectively, governor of the state and president of the University of California in 1960, when California adopted a " master plan" that became an international model. Their aim was not only to have excellent public universities, but to give the state's population nearly universal and free access to them. Some pupils would enter so-called community colleges for a two-year vocational programme, others one of the(now 23)campuses of the California State University, and the best might go to a UC campus. In order to assure access for all, tuition charges were banned—only " fees" for some costs other than education were allowed. Most funding was to come from taxpayers. The premise was that higher education was a public good for the state, which was nursing its own future entrepreneurs and taxpayers. As Mr. Kerr put it, the universities were "bait(诱饵)to be hung in front of industry, with drawing power greater than low taxes or cheap labour". That consensus has been overturned. In 1990, the state paid 78% of the cost of educating each student. That ratio dropped to 47% last year, and will fall even more during the current academic year, after the latest round of budget cuts, overseen by Jerry Brown, the current governor and son of Pat Brown. In some ways, California has now inverted the priorities of the older Brown's era. Spending on prisons passed spending on universities in around 2004. This has led to concerns that the public universities might lose their excellence. It takes money to attract the best professors, and the best students follow them. An alternative to worse public universities, however, is quasi-privatized(半私有化)ones. That seems to be the route taken in California. Thus students will this year, for the first time, pay more for tuition than the state gives in funding. This follows years of tuition fee increases far steeper than the average at American public universities. A place at a UC campus can easily now cost $ 13,000, or $31,000 including housing given California's high costs. To raise other revenues, the various campuses also admit ever more out-of-state students(who pay three times more)and target rich graduates for more donations. Led by the business and law schools, they behave increasingly like private universities, in other words. This strategy retains pockets of excellence. But it also runs counter to the philosophy of the master plan, by pricing ever more Californian families out of a place. The state now ranks 41st in the number of college degrees awarded for every 100 of its high school graduates.

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A new high-performance contact lens under development at the department for applied physics at the University of Heidelberg will not only correct ordinary vision defects but will enhance normal night vision as much as five times, making people's vision sharper than that of cats. Bille and his team work with an optical instrument called an active mirror—a device used in astronomical telescopes to spot newly emerging stars and far distant galaxies. Connected to a wave-front sensor that tracks and measures the course of a laser beam into the eye and back, the aluminum mirror detects the deficiencies of the cornea, the transparent protective layer covering the lens of the human eye. The highly precise data from the two instruments—which, Bille hopes, will one day be found at the opticians(眼镜商)all over the world—serve as a basis for the production of completely individualized contact lenses that correct and enhance the wearer's vision. By day, Bille's contact lenses will focus rays of light so accurately on the retina(视网膜)that the image of a small leaf or the outline of a far distant tree will be formed with a sharpness that surpasses that of conventional vision aids by almost half a diopter(屈光度). At night, the lenses have an even greater potential. "Because the new lens—in contrast to the already existing ones—also works when it's dark and the pupil is wide open," says Bille, "lens wearers will be able to identify a face at a distance of 100 meters"—80 meters farther than they would normally be able to see. In his experiments night vision was enhanced by an even greater factor: in semi-darkness, test subjects could see up to 15 times better than without the lenses. Bille's lenses are expected to reach the market in the year 30, and one tentative plan is to use the Internet to transmit information on patients' visual defects from the optician to the manufacturer, who will then produce and mail the contact lenses within a couple of days. The physicist expects the lenses to cost about a dollar a pair, about the same as conventional one-day disposable lenses.

Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined. C. R. Barnes has suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composed mainly of brick a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant must be dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all parts of the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. The carbon dioxide(CO2)from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leaf before it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars—the base material from which the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percent water. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have much less water than growing tissues. The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part of what passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbon dioxide and water are combined—in the presence of chlorophyll(叶绿素)and with energy derived from light—to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. This occurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minute openings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas to enter the leaf, however, permits another gas—water vapor—to be lost from it. Since carbon dioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities(3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air)and water vapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf(at 80°F, saturated air would contain about 186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many times the carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water in proportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of the two gases. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates(碳水化合物).

“互联网+”(Internet+)代表一种新的经济形态。通俗来讲，“互联网+”就是“互联网+各个传统行业”，利用信息通信技术以及互联网平台，让互联网与传统行业进行深度融合，创造新的发展生态。“互联网+”战略的核心内容有两方面：一是运用互联网促进传统产业转型升级和发展水平提升；二是催生以互联网为基础的新兴业态和新的经济增长点。“互联网+”的时代不可阻挡地来临了，它创造了人类新的需求，改变了我们与世界互动的方式。

Do people get happier or more foul-tempered as they age? Stereotypes of irritable neighbors【C1】______.scientists have been trying to answer this question for【C2】______.and the results have been conflicting. Now a study of several thousand Americans born between 1885 and 1980【C3】______that well-being indeed increases with age but overall happiness depends on when a person was born. 【C4】______studies that have compared older adults with the middle-aged and young have sometimes found that older adults are not as happy. But these studies could not【C5】______whether their discontent was because of their age or because of their different life experience. The new study, published online January 24 in Psychological Science,【C6】______out the answer by examining 30 years of data on thousands of Americans, including psychological measures of mood and well-being, reports of job and relationship success, and objective measures of health. The researchers found, after controlling for【C7】______such as health, wealth, gender, ethnicity and education, that well-being increases over everyone' s lifetime. But people who have lived through extreme【C8】______, such as the Great Depression, start off much less happy than those who have had more comfortable lives. This finding helps to explain why past studies have found【C9】______results— experience matters, and tough times can influence an entire generation's happiness for the rest of their lives. The good news is, no matter what we' ve lived through, we can all look forward to feeling more【C10】______as we age.A)reveals B)decades C)besides D)contentE)tough F)teased G)previous H)conflictingI)discern J)establish K)variables L)ruledM)aside N)hardship O)measures

中华人民共和国成立以来，为提高国民素质，政府致力于普及九年义务教育。

红色是中华儿女最喜爱的颜色，在传统文化中象征着喜庆与祥和。中国人的生活中充满红色主题的装饰，如红色的灯笼、红色的婚礼用品和红色的 对联 (couplets)等。古人认为红色具有驱逐邪恶的功能，因此中国古代的许多宫殿和寺庙的墙壁都被漆成红色。红色是激情和胜利的颜色，2008年北京奥运会的 会徽 (emblem)就以红色为主色。红色也被认为是革命的颜色，代表了中国人民在共产党领导下进行的解放战争。因此，中国的国旗也以红色为底色。

甲骨文(oracle bone script)指中国商代和西周早期刻在龟甲或兽骨上的文字，用于占卜(divine)或记事。

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When Britain's long-bubbly housing market slumped in 2008, few expected a quick rebound. After the last big house-price crash, in 1989, it took almost a decade for prices to recover to their previous heights, even in nominal terms. Yet this time around they have managed it in about half that time. In London, prices are already 25% above their 2008 peak, and are now rising at a rate of 18% a year. The average home in the capital costs more than ￡ 450 000; in some neighborhoods the average house price is more than ten times the average income. What explains this dramatic recovery, and the rising prices in London in particular? One cause is financial. Prices entered a downward spiral during the recession, as banks gave out less generous mortgages, which meant that only people with substantial cash deposits could get together the money to buy a house. Since then, thanks to government subsidies, 95% loan-to-value mortgages(for which the buyer needs a deposit worth only 5% the value of the house)have reappeared. The number of new mortgages approved for house purchases has increased by about one-half in the past year. Meanwhile, thanks to the policies of the Bank of England, interest rates are low, meaning people can afford to borrow large amounts. Yet cheap money is back all over Britain, and prices have not risen equally everywhere. In London and the more affluent parts of the southeast, they are soaring. But in most of the north of England, they are still substantially below 2008 levels. The London phenomenon is due to a restriction of supply at a time of soaring demand. In the north of England, slow economic growth, low population growth and plenty of new construction mean that there are lots of homes and not all that much demand for them. In London and the southeast, by contrast, tight planning rules and a shortage of land mean that relatively little new housing is being built, even as a booming economy and spectacular population growth create lots of demand for it. Tight "green belts"—areas in which most new construction is banned—surround London and small, pretty cities such as Oxford and Cambridge, making it difficult to build new suburbs. Tall apartment blocks are constricted by laws protecting the skyline, and by the difficulty and expense of acquiring land and demolishing(拆毁，毁掉)existing homes. That suggests that unless there is more construction, prices in London and the south east will continue to climb, at least as long as interest rates stay low, the population keeps growing and there isn't another financial crisis.

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Will Electronic Dictionaries Replace Printed Dictionaries? You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words following the outline given below. 1．有人认为电子词典将代替纸质版词典，请陈述你的观点。 2．用事实例证你的观点。 3．得出结论。

雷锋是一位 中国人民解放军 (the People's Liberation Army of China)战士的名字，如今已家喻户晓，成了一个文化符号，象征着无私和奉献。1963年3月5日，毛泽东主席发起“向雷锋同志学习”的活动，鼓励年轻人以雷锋为榜样。自此，3月5日正式成为学雷锋日。雷锋精神的核心是全心全意为人民服务。随着时代的发展，雷锋精神也被赋予了鲜明的时代特色，成为精神文明的同义词。尤其从20世纪90年代开始，人们就把雷锋精神与“做好事，帮助别人”联系在一起。

重阳节(the Double Ninth Festival)，在每年的农历九月初九，是中国的传统节日。

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乌镇位于浙江省桐乡市北端，是一座具有悠久历史的典型江南古镇。由于气候温暖潮湿，并且有着充足的雨水和阳光，乌镇物产丰富，被誉为“鱼米、丝绸之乡”。古镇中河流密布，人们沿河建造房屋，在石桥边建立集市，过着悠闲的生活。现在，乌镇仍然拥有超过100 公顷 (hectare)的19世纪末期的 建筑群 (architecture complex)和100多座形态各异的古代石桥。乌镇因其深厚的历史文化、优美的水乡风景、独特的美食及民俗而被称作反映江南水乡生活的“博物馆”。

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