电子商务在近几年迅猛发展，使传统零售业遭受重击。传统零售业的营业收入大幅减少，而电子商务却占领了原属于传统零售业的市场。在过去的一年中。很多品牌关闭了全国的几千个 实体店 (physical store)。对于很多消费者来说。线上购物已成为他们生活中不可缺少的一部分，因此在实体店消费的时间和金额就下降了。分析家预测，在5年内电子商务将占据中国零售总额的1／5，因而一些传统零售店很可能被逐渐取代。

There is much discussion today about whether economic growth is desirable. At an earlier period, our desire for material wealth may have been【C1】______. Now, however, this desire for more than we need is causing serious problems【C2】______. Even though we have good【C3】______, we may be producing too much, too fast. Those who criticize economic growth argue that we must slow down. They believe that society is【C4】______certain limits on growth. These include the fixed supply of natural resources, the possible【C5】______effects of industry on the natural environment, and the continuing increase in the world's population. As society reaches these limits, economic growth can no longer continue, and the quality of life will【C6】______. People who want more economic growth, on the other hand, argue that even at the present growth rate there are still many poor people in the world. These【C7】______of economic growth believe that only more growth can create the capital needed to improve the quality of life in the world. Furthermore, they argue that only continued growth can provide the【C8】______resources required to protect our natural surroundings from industrialization. This debate over the desirability of continued economic growth is of【C9】______importance to business and industry. If those who argue against economic growth are correct, the problems they mention cannot be【C10】______. To find a solution, economists and the business community must pay attention to these problems and continue discussing them with one another.A)approaching I)intentionB)constantly J)justifiedC)decrease K)negativeD)enlarge L)positiveE)financial M)proponentsF)fundamental N)rigidlyG)ignorant O)specification H)ignored

{{B}}Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D.{{/B}}

Drought, tsunami, violent crime, financial meltdown—the world is full of risks. The poor are often most【C1】______to their effects. Instead of【C2】______responding to crises, aid workers and policymakers should anticipate and help to guard against such rare and【C3】______disastrous events. After the world suffered major crises in 2008, the concept of risk management has gained【C4】______in international development. The links between risk, livelihoods and poverty are all too clear. Mounting evidence shows that【C5】______shocks—above all, health and weather shocks and economic crises—play a major role in pushing households below the poverty line and keeping them there. But forward-thinking interventions can help【C6】______the costs of future shocks. Bangladesh offers a good example. In 1970, a large typhoon caused 300,000 deaths in Bangladesh. In 2007, a typhoon of the same【C7】______and strength caused only 4,000 deaths. The reason for the change was that the country had built a number of shelters. It went from having only 12 shelters in 1970 to having 2,500 in 2007. It also had a system of warning the population and a system of【C8】______these events. But risk management isn't just about lessening the effects of crises; it can also help people get ahead. Farmers in Ghana and India who had access to rainfall insurance were more likely to【C9】______in fertilizer, seeds, and other farming inputs, the report said, instead of sitting on their money to guard against potential future shocks. Several recent studies have predicted that extreme events will become more common. If we fail to anticipate and plan for those events, then we could【C10】______giving up many of the development gains made over the past few decades. A)forecasting B)prominence C)optimum D)vulnerable E)guidelines F)motivate G)simply H)risk I)adverse J)invest K)offset L)paralyzing M)potentially N)primarily O)characteristics

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For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled The Internet : Curse or Blessing. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1.

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"Deep reading"—as opposed to the often superficial reading we do on the Web—is an endangered practice, one we ought to take steps to preserve as we would a historic building or a significant work of art. Its disappearance would jeopardize the intellectual and emotional development of generations growing up online, as well as the preservation of a critical part of our culture: the novels, poems and other kinds of literature that can be appreciated only by readers whose brains, quite literally, have been trained to understand them. Recent research in cognitive science and psychology has demonstrated that deep reading—slow, immersive, rich in sensory detail and emotional and moral complexity—is a distinctive experience, different in kind from the mere decoding of words. Although deep reading does not, strictly speaking, require a conventional book, the built-in limits of the printed page are uniquely helpful to the deep reading experience. A book's lack of hyperlinks(超链接) , for example, frees the reader from making decisions—Should I click on this link or not? —allowing her to remain fully immersed in the narrative. That immersion is supported by the way the brain handles language rich in detail, indirect reference and figures of speech: by creating a mental representation that draws on the same brain regions that would be active if the scene were unfolding in real life. The emotional situations and moral dilemmas that are the stuff of literature are also vigorous exercise for the brain, propelling us inside the heads of fictional characters and even, studies suggest, increasing our real-life capacity for empathy (认同) . None of this is likely to happen when we're browsing through a website. Although we call the activity by the same name, the deep reading of books and the information-driven reading we do on the Web are very different, both in the experience they produce and in the capacities they develop. A growing body of evidence suggests that online reading may be less engaging and less satisfying, even for the "digital natives" to whom it is so familiar. Last month, for example, Britain's National Literacy Trust released the results of a study of 34,910 young people aged 8 to 16. Researchers reported that 39% of children and teens read daily using electronic devices, but only 28% read printed materials every day. Those who read only onscreen were three times less likely to say they enjoy reading very much and a third less likely to have a favorite book. The study also found that young people who read daily only onscreen were nearly two times less likely to be above-average readers than those who read daily in print or both in print and onscreen.

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For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on holiday economy. Your essay should express your own opinion of the phenomenon and provide the reasons to support your argument. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled People Are Becoming Isolated from Each Other. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words and you should base your composition on the outline below. 1．尽管科技的发展使世界变小，人与人之间的关系却越来越疏远。 2．人们彼此疏远的原因。 3．你的结论。

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Latino youths need better education for Arizona to take full advantage of the possibilities their exploding population offers. Arizona's fast-growing Latino population offers the state tremendous promise and a challenge. Even more than the aging of the baby boomers, the Latino boom is fundamentally reorienting the state' s economic and social structure. Immigration and natural increase have added 600,000 young Latino residents to the state's population in the past decade. Half of the population younger than 18 in both Phoenix and Tucson is now Latino. Within 20 years, Latinos will make up half of the homegrown entry-level labour pool in the state' s two largest labour markets. What is more, Hispanics are becoming key economic players. Most people don't notice it, but Latinos born in Arizona make up much of their immigrant parents' economic and educational deficits. For example, second-generation Mexican-Americans secure an average of 12 grades of schooling where their parents obtained less than nine. That means they erase 70 percent of their parents' lag behind third-generation non-Hispanic Whites in a single generation. All of this hands the state a golden opportunity. At a time when many states will struggle with labour shortages because of modest population growth, Arizona has a priceless chance to build a populous, hardworking and skilled workforce on which to base future prosperity. The problem is that Arizona and its Latino residents may not be able to seize this opportunity. Far too many of Arizona ' s Latinos drop out of high school or fail to obtain the basic education needed for more advanced study. As a result, educational deficits are holding back many Latinos—and the state as well. To be sure, construction and low-end service jobs continue to absorb tens of thousands of Latino immigrants with little formal education. But over the long term, most of Arizona's Latino citizens remain ill-prepared to prosper in an increasingly demanding knowledge economy. For the reason, the educational uplift of Arizona' s huge Latino population must move to the centre of the state's agenda. After all, the education deficits of Arizona's Latino population will severely cramp the fortunes of hardworking people if they go unaddressed and could well undercut the state' s ability to compete in the new economy. At the entry level, slower growth rates may create more competition for low-skill jobs, displacing Latinos from a significant means of support. At the higher end, shortages of Latinos educationally ready to move up will make it that much harder for knowledge-based companies staff high-skill positions.

儒家思想 (Confucianism)有时候被当作一种宗教，但它更是一种伦理体系。孔子是儒家思想的创始人。 孟子 (Mencius)和荀子都是先秦时期儒家学说的代表人物，都对儒学的发展做出过巨大贡献。儒家思想的核心是“ 仁 ”(benevolence)，主张仁爱人之心是处理人际关系的有效方法。孟子认为统治者应爱护人民，保障人民权利。荀子强调社会秩序和个人的努力。作为中国古代传统思想的主要流派，儒家思想对中国人的思想观念，特别是价值观念，有着极其深远的影响。

The Frontier Heritage The Impact of the American Frontier [A]Although American civilization took over and replaced the frontier more than a century ago, the heritage of the frontier is still very much alive in the United States today. The idea of the frontier still stirs the emotions and imaginations of the American people. Americans continue to be fascinated by the frontier because it has been a particularly important force in shaping their national value. [B]The frontier experience began when the first colonists settled on the east coast of the continent in the 1600s. It ended in about 1890 when the last western lands were settled. [C]The American, frontier consisted of the relatively unsettled regions of the United States, usually found in the western part of the country. Here, both land and life were more rugged and primitive than in the more settled eastern part As one frontier area was settled, people began moving farther west into the next unsettled area. By settling one frontier area after another, Americans moved across an entire continent, 2,700 miles wide. How did this movement, which lasted more than two centuries, help to shape American values? [D]Americans have tended to see the frontier, its life, and its people as the purest examples of their basic values. This has been the impact of the frontier on the American mind. For example, the frontier provided many inspiring examples of hard work as forests were turned into towns, and towns into large cities. The race for competitive success was rarely more colorful or adventurous than on the western frontier. The rush for gold in California, for silver in Montana, and for fertile land in all the western territories provided endless stories of high adventure, When it was announced that almost two million acres of good land in Oklahoma would be opened for settlement in April 1889, thousands of settlers gathered on the border waiting for the exact time to be announced. When it was, they literally raced into the territory in wagons and on horseback to claim the best land they could find for themselves. [E]Individualism, self-reliance, and equality of opportunity have perhaps been the values most closely associated with the frontier heritage of America Throughout their history, Americans have tended to view the frontiersman as the model of the free individual. This is probably because there was less control over the individual on the frontier than anywhere else in the United States. There were few laws and few established social or political institutions to confine people living on the frontiers. In the United States, where freedom from outside social controls is so highly valued, the frontier has been idealized, and it still serves as a basis for a nostalgic(怀旧的)view of the purity of the early United States, which was lost when the country became urbanized and more complex. Self-Reliance and the Rugged Individualist [F]Closely associated with the frontier ideal of the free individual is the ideal of self-reliance. If the people living on the frontier were free of many of society's rules, they were also denied many of society's comforts and conveniences. They had to be self-reliant. They often constructed their own houses, hunted, tended their own gardens, and made their own clothing and household items. [G]The self-reliant frontiersman has been idealized by Americans who have made him the model of the classic American hero with "rugged individualism". This hero is a man who has been made physically tough and rugged by the conditions of frontier life. He is skilled with guns and other weapons. He needs no help from others. He usually has no strong tie or obligations to women and children. He is kind and polite to them, but he prefers "to go his own way" and not be tied down by them. Standing alone, he can meet all the dangers which life on the frontier brings. He is strong enough to extend his protection beyond himself to others. [H]There are two types of this heroic rugged individualist drawn from two different stages of life on the frontier. In the early frontier, which existed before the Civil War of the 1860s, the main struggle was one of man against the wilderness. Daniel Boone is probably the best-known hero of this era. Boone explored the wilderness country of Kentucky in the 1760s and 1770s. On one trip he stayed in the wilderness for two years, successfully matching his strength and skills against the dangers of untamed nature and hostile Indians. In 1778 Boone was captured by Indians, who were so impressed with his physical strength and skills that they made him a member of their tribe. Later he succeeded in making a daring escape. Boone's heroic strength is seen primarily in his ability to master the harsh challenges of the wilderness. Although he had to fight against Indians from time to time, he is admired mainly as a survivor and conqueror of the wilderness, not as a fighter. [I]The second type of heroic rugged individualist is drawn from the last phase of the western frontier, which lasted from the 1860s until the 1890s. By this time the wilderness was largely conquered. The struggle now was no longer man against nature, but man against man. Cattlemen and cowboys fought against farmers, outlaws, Indians, and each other for control of the remaining western lands. The traditions of law and order were not yet well established, and physical violence was frequent. The frontier became known as "the Wild West". Equality of Opportunity [J]In addition to viewing the frontier as an expression of individual freedom and self-reliance in their purest forms, Americans have also seen the frontier as a pure expression of the ideal of equality of opportunity. On the western frontier there was more of a tendency for people to treat each other as social equals than in the more settled eastern regions of the country. On the frontier, the highest importance was placed on what a person could do in the present, and hardly any notice was taken of who his dead ancestors were. Frontiersmen were fond of saying, "what's above the ground is more important than what's beneath the ground." [K]Because so little attention was paid to a person's family background, the frontier offered the chance of a new beginning for many Americans who were seeking new opportunities to advance themselves. One English visitor to the United States in the early 1800s observed that if Americans experienced disappointment or failure in business, in politics, or even in love, they moved west to the frontier to make a new beginning. The frontier offered millions of Americans a source of hope for a fresh start in the competitive race for success and for a better life. On the frontier there was a continuing need for new farmers, new skilled laborers, new merchants, new lawyers, and new political leaders. [L]The differences in wealth between rich and poor on the frontier were generally smaller than those found in the more settled regions of the nation. People lived, dressed, and acted more alike on the frontier than in other parts of the United States. The feeling of equality was shared by hired helpers who refused to be called "servants" or to be treated as such. One European visitor observed: "The clumsy gait(步态)and bent body of our peasant is hardly ever seen here... Everyone walks erect and easy." Wealthy travelers to the frontier were warned not to show off their wealth or to act superior to others if they wished to be treated politely. [M]The American frontier may not be "the key" to American development, as Frederick Jackson Turner said, but it is certainly one major factor. The frontier provided the space and conditions which helped to strengthen the American ideals of individual freedom, self-reliance, and equality of opportunity. On the frontier, these ideals were enlarged and made workable. Frontier ideas and customs were continuously passed along to the more settled parts of the United States as newer frontier regions took the place of older ones during a westward march of settlers which lasted more than two centuries. In this way, many of the frontier values became national values.

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