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筷子 (chopsticks)是中国传统的独具特色的 进食工具 (dining utensils)，至今已有数千年的历史。筷子在古代被称为“箸”，大约从明朝开始才有了“筷子”的称呼。筷子多为竹子制成，也有用木头、 象牙 (ivory)、金属或其他材料制作而成。它要么上方下圆，要么上下全圆而上粗下细。不管其形状如何，筷子必须是成对使用的。并且两只筷子的大小长短要相同。筷子是中国人日常生活的必备工具，它的发明充分反映了中国人民的智慧。

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北京大学的成立标志着中国近代史上高等教育的开始。

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It is getting harder to go anywhere without stepping on a piece of Lego-related hype. The Lego Movie is number two at the American box office, after three weeks at number one. Model kits related to the film are piled high in the shops. They will add to the already gigantic heap of Lego bits: 86 for every person on the planet. The toymaker has enjoyed ten years of spectacular growth, almost quadrupling its revenue. This is remarkable for many reasons. Lego' s home town, Billund in rural Denmark, is so small that the company had to provide it with a hotel—an elegant one, unsurprisingly. The toy business is one of the world's trickiest: perennially faddish and, at the moment, convulsed by technological innovation. Children are growing up ever faster, and abandoning the physical world for the virtual. To cap it all, the company almost collapsed in 2003-04, having drifted for years, diversifying into too many areas, producing too many products and, in a fit of desperation, flirting with becoming a lifestyle company, with Lego-branded clothes and watches. Lego' s decade of success began when it appointed Jorgen Vig Knudstorp as chief executive. Mr. Knudstorp decreed that the company must go back to the brick: focusing on its core products, forgetting about brand-stretching, and even selling its theme parks. He also brought in stricter management controls, for example reducing the number of different pieces that the company produced from 12,900 to 7,000. Under Mr. Knudstorp Lego has struck a successful balance between innovation and tradition. The company has to generate new ideas to keep its sales growing: customers need a reason to expand their stock of bricks, and to buy them from Lego rather than cheaper rivals. Lego produces a stream of kits with ready-made designs, such as forts and spaceships, to provide children with templates. But it also insists that the pieces can be added to the child's collection of bricks, and reused to make all sorts of other things. Lego has got better at managing its relationships. The Lego Movie demonstrates how it can focus on the brick while venturing into the virtual world: Warner Bros. made the film while Lego provided the models. It has also got better at tapping its legion of fans—particularly adult fans of Lego, or AFOLs—for new ideas. Lego is now at an inflection point, building its organizational capacity and embracing globaliszation, to help it find new sources of growth. The aim is twofold: to replicate in the rapidly growing east Lego ' s success in the west; and to transform a local company that happened to go global into a global company that happens to have its head office in Billund.

{{B}}Part II Listening Comprehension{{/B}}

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那达慕大会 (Nadama Fair)是 蒙古族 (Mongolian)人民具有鲜明民族特色的传统活动。“那达慕”是蒙古语，意为“娱乐、游戏”，还可以表示人们丰收的喜悦之情。每年农历六月初四开始的那达慕大会，是草原上一年一度的盛会。它是为适应蒙古族人民生活需要而举办的，在当地人的生活中占有重要的地位。那达慕大会的内容以摔跤、赛马、 射箭 (archery)比赛和激动人心的歌舞表演为主要特色。每当这一盛会举行的时候，人们从四面八方赶来参加各种竞赛，观看表演。

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BSection B/B

Nursing, as a typically female profession, must deal constantly with the false impression that nurses are there to wait on the physician. As nurses, we are【B1】______to provide nursing care only. We do not have any legal or moral obligation to any physician. We provide health teaching, assess physical as well as emotional problems,【B2】______patient-related services, and make all of our nursing decisions 【B3】______what is best or suitable for the patient. If, in any【B4】______, we feel that a physician's order is inappropriate or unsafe, we have a legal responsibility to question that order or refuse to carry it out. Nursing is not a nine-to-five job with every weekend off. All nurses【B5】______that before they enter the profession. The emotional and physical stress, however, that occurs due to【B6】______working hours is a prime reason for a lot of the career dissatisfaction. It is sometimes required that we work overtime, and that we change shifts four or five times a month. That【B7】______our personal lives, disrupts our sleeping and eating habits, and isolates us from everything except job-related friends and activities. The quality of nursing care is being affected【B8】______by these situations. Most hospitals are now staffed by new graduates, as experienced nurses finally give up trying to change the system. Consumers of medically related services have evidently not been affected enough yet to demand changes in our medical system. But if【B9】______continue as predicted, they will find that most critical hospital care will be provided by new, inexperienced, and sometimes【B10】______trained nurses.

中国的官方语言普通话(Mandarin)在美国的学校中突然热起来。由于中国经济在21世纪的快速发展，美国的公立和私立学校纷纷在外语课程中加入汉语这一科目。或将已有的汉语教学项目进行扩展。据统计，在美国的学校中，有5万名孩子在学习汉语。但推动汉语项目的发展不是没有遇到困难。由于缺乏受过专业训练、持有证书的教师，一些学校很难加入汉语教学的竞争。当学校聘用教师时，它们通常直接从中国招聘，这种方式为文化冲突埋下了隐患。

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BPart I Writing/B

重阳节，又称登高节，为农历九月初九。在重阳节这天，传统的饮食是重阳糕、 菊花 (chrysanthemum)酒、菊花茶。登高、插 茱萸 (cornel)和赏菊是重阳节的重要习俗。这些活动不仅增加了重阳节的节日气氛，而且据说通过这些活动，还可以避祸免灾。如今，重阳节已经无法见到插茱萸的风俗了，但是很多人仍然习惯在这一天登高赏菊，观赏秋天的美景。在中国的一些地方，重阳节还有祭拜祖先之墓的风俗。具有悠久历史的重阳节已经被列入第一批国家级 非物质 (intangible)文化遗产名录。

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{{B}}Part Ⅳ Translation{{/B}}