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Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences, argue that rewards can【C1】______ performance at work and school. Cognitive (认知派的) researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on【C2】______ and gifts from others. The latter view has gained many supporters,【C3】______ among educators. But the careful use of small【C4】______ rewards sparks creativity in grade school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements (刺激) indeed【C5】______ inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. "If kids know they're working for a reward and can focus on a relatively【C6】______ task, they show the most creativity," says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark. "But it's easy to【C7】______ creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards." A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for【C8】______ achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and【C9】______ failing grades. In early grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued rewards, shows【C10】______ in raising efforts and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.A) mental I) approvalB) promise J) monetaryC) kill K) generallyD) avoid L) improveE) hope M) challengingF) especially N) restoreG) aid O) excellent H) ordinary

写一篇学生会主席的竞选演说辞。 1．你认为自己具备什么条件(能力、性格、爱好)可以胜任学生会主席工作。 2．如果当选你将会为本校同学做什么?

BSection A/B

在每年的电影节上，数百部来自世界不同国家和地区的优秀影片同时放映，使上海国际电影节成为世界上最受欢迎的电影嘉年华(carnival)之一。

Twice a year, in spring and autumn, London's fashionistas go【C1】______at the second of the world's "big four" fashion weeks. From September 16th to the 21st, 68 catwalk shows【C2】______the wares of mainly British-based designers, with celebrities in【C3】______. A study by Oxford Economics for the British Fashion Council(BFC)found that the business added about ￡21 billion to GDP directly, twice as much as car making. High fashion accounts for only a【C4】______of that, but top-end, trend-setting design sits at the heart of the broader retail market. The BFC, which stages London Fashion Week, estimated that its six days will have【C5】______perhaps ￡ 100 million in orders. More than that, fashion is just the sort of thing Britain is【C6】______to be good at in this post-industrial age: creative, high-value-added, cluster-based. And the country does excel. But there are characteristically British【C7】______, too. Many designers have trouble【C8】______their ideas into cash. This is only partly because capital is hard to come by. "Here, it' s all about art. In other places it's much more of a business," says a Central St Martins student who has worked in France. The【C9】______for a number of new designers agrees: "Young designers here just make what inspires them without thinking enough about how much they'll have to【C10】______for it, or who will buy it." A great many fold after a few years. A big challenge now is to conquer developing markets before developing-world fashion houses conquer Britain.A)merits B)transmitting C)converting D)supposedE)charge F)crazy G)displayed H)delightedI)agent J)downsides K)yielded L)fractionM)account N)majority O)attendance

能源是人类赖以生存和发展的重要物质基础。在整个人类社会发展的历史中，人类文明的每一次重大进步都伴随着能源的改进和更替。目前，中国已成为世界上最大的能源生产国，形成了煤炭、电力、石油、天然气以及新能源和可再生能源全面发展的能源供应体系。但中国人口众多、资源不足，能源发展面临着诸多挑战，比如石油储备不足，能源消费增长过快。为保证能源的可持续发展，中国政府把节约能源放在优先位置，鼓励开发新能源和可再生能源。

中国结是一种汉族特有的手工编织工艺品，它身上所显示的情致与智慧正是汉族古老文明中的一个侧面。周朝人随身佩戴的玉佩常以中国结为装饰，而战国时代的铜器上也有中国结的图案，至清朝中国结才真正传于民间的艺术。当代多用来装饰室内、作亲友间的馈赠礼物及个人的随身饰物。因为其外观对称精致，可以代表汉族悠久的历史，符合中国传统装饰的习俗和审美观念，故命名为中国结。中国结代表着团结幸福平安，深受大众的喜爱。

中国经济年度人物 (Chinese Economy Person of the Year)评选是由CCTV在2000年开始发起的。作为中国经济领域的 “奥斯卡” (Oscar)，它是中国国内最具专业性和影响力的一个奖项，也是中国认知度最高的一个品牌。每年的评选结果在该年年底或下一年度之初以颁奖典礼的方式在CCTV发布。获奖人物为积极推动中国经济发展和社会进步的一些企业家、经济学家或政府官员。这些年度人物不仅在获奖当年是中国经济领域的模范，而且在获奖之后也会对中国经济产生越来越大的影响。

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泰山 (Mount Tai)位于山东省的中部，海拔1545米。山上有不计其数的 奇石 (grotesque rock formations)、清瀑、古松、石桥、庙宇、塔类、 殿堂 (hall)，以及历代名人和 书法家 (calligrapher)所留下的古老的石刻 碑文 (inscription)。泰山将自然景观与文化遗产完美地融为一体。吸引着来自世界各地的游客。泰山之所以被称为“天下第一山”，是因为历代帝王认为它是 圣地 (holy place)，并来此祈祷国家繁荣祥和。1987年泰山因其文化价值和旅游价值而被列为世界文化遗产和自然遗产。

要解决这一问题，需要每个人和政府的共同努力。

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拙政园(the Humble Administrator's Garden)位于苏州城北，是江南园林的典型代表，也是面积最大的古典山水园林，被誉为“中国园林之母”。

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay commenting on the remark "The Importance of Cooperation". You can cite examples to illustrate your point. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words. Write your essay on Answer Sheet 1.

中国的人口老龄化带来了一系列社会问题，如劳动力资源相对短缺、国家福利和医疗服务支出增加。

For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition entitled The Importance of Attending Your Classes Regularly. You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words following the outline given below. 1．现在大学校园里，迟到、早退、旷课是常见的现象。 2．保证学生的出勤率对大学教育的重要性。 3．作为一个大学生应该怎样做?

BSection B/B

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Not too many decades ago it seemed "obvious" both to the general public and to sociologists that modem society has changed people's natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin(亲戚)and neighbors, and substituted in their place superficial relationships with passing acquaintances. However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the "obvious" is not true. It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community. But, for the most part, this fact has few significant consequences. It does not necessarily follow that if you know few of your neighbors you will know no one else. Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between more and less urban people. Small-town residents are more involved with kin than are big-city residents. Yet city dwellers compensate by developing friendships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism may produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not differ between town and city. Nor are residents of large communities any likelier to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than are residents of smaller communities. However, city dwellers do worry more about crime, and this leads them to a distrust of strangers. These findings do not imply that urbanism makes little or no difference. If neighbors are strangers to one another, they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple living next door or keep an eye out for young trouble makers. Moreover, as Wirth suggested, there may be a link between a community's population size and its social heterogeneity(多样性). For instance, sociologists have found much evidence that the size of a community is associated with bad behavior including gambling, drugs, etc. Large-city urbanites are also more likely than their small-town counterparts to have a cosmopolitan(见多识广者的)outlook, to display less responsibility to traditional kinship roles, to vote for leftist political candidates, and to be tolerant of nontraditional religious groups, unpopular political groups, and so-called undesirables. Everything considered, heterogeneity and unusual behavior seem to be outcomes of large population size.