For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on universities lower admission requirements for celebrities. Your essay should focus on the different attitudes on this issue and present their reasons. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

中国的四大发明包括指南针、火药、造纸术和印刷术。它们是中国在人类文明史上占有重要地位的标志之一。第一个指南针产生于 战国时期 (the Warring States Period)，是利用 天然磁石 (natural magnet)来辨别方向的一种简单仪器。火药发明于隋唐时期，主要应用于军事领域。造纸术于东汉年间由蔡伦改进，使纸成为人们普遍使用的书写材料。印刷术，又称活字印刷术，大大促进了文化的传播。四大发明对世界经济的发展和人类文化的进步做出了巨大的贡献。

[此试题无题干]

转基因食品 (Genetically Modified Food；GMF)是利用基因工程技术生产的食品。它具有产量高、营养丰富、抗病力强等优势，但也存在明显的缺陷——可能会造成 基因污染 (gene contamination)。因此，转基因食品的安全性一直是一个有争议的话题。在中国，政府和科学界支持转基因作物的推广，却持续引发信任危机。鉴于人们对相关农产品的安全担忧，中国政府草拟了新的粮食法，试图对转基因食品进行更严格的管理。该法规定，任何单位和个人不得在 主要粮食品种 (principal grain cultivars)上应用转基因技术。

道家思想 (Taoism)是中国 春秋时期 (the Spring and Autumn Period)最重要的思想学派之一，创始人是老子。道家思想的核心是 “道” (Tao)，老子用“道”来说明宇宙万物的产生和演变。认为人们在思想和行为上都要遵循“道”的规律，一切都要顺其自然。老子之后的另一位哲学家庄子继承和发展了道家思想。他强调自我提高，追求精神的自由。道家思想提倡追求自然、和谐的思想以及批判性思维的人文精神，是中国传统文化中宝贵而独特的精神财富。

3D眼镜帮助医生在看不清双手的时候进行外科手术。如今戴着3D眼镜的并非只有电影爱好者，一项新研究表明3D眼镜也能让医生获益。过去，医生对于工作中使用3D技术持怀疑态度，他们更愿意依靠自身经验。但由于3D眼镜或者甚至不需要眼镜的3D技术，这种情况可能要有所改变了。在行业人士的资助下，对50场手术的研究发现新技术的使用提高了手术的精准性与速度。

[此试题无题干]

No woman can be too rich or too thin This saying often attributed to the late Duchess(公爵夫人)of Windsor embodies much of the odd spirit of our times. Being thin is deemed as such a virtue. The problem with such a view is that some people actually attempt to live by it. I myself have fantasies of slipping into narrow designer clothes. Consequently, I have been on a diet for the better—or worse—part of my life. Being rich wouldn't be bad either, but that won't happen unless an unknown relative dies suddenly in some distant land, leaving me millions of dollars. Where did we go off the track? When did eating butter become a sin, and a little bit of extra flesh unappealing, if not repellent? All religions have certain days when people refrain from eating and excessive eating is one of Christianity's seven deadly sins. However, until quite recently, most people had a problem getting enough to eat. In some religious groups, wealth was a symbol of probable salvation and high morals, and fatness a sign of wealth and well-being. Today the opposite is true. We have shifted to thinness as our new mark of virtue. The result is that being fat—or even only somewhat overweight—is bad because it implies a lack of moral strength. Our obsession(迷恋)with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. It is true that in this country we have more overweight people than ever before, and that, in many cases, being overweight correlates with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease. These diseases, however, may have as much to do with our way of life and our high-fat diets as with excess weight. And the associated risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more of a dietary problem—too much fat and a lack of fiber—than a weight problem. The real concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, but that we neither exercise enough nor eat well. Exercise is necessary for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced diet without a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases. We should surely stop paying so much attention to weight Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardous if those who get(or already are)thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention to their overall life-style. Thinness can be pure vainglory(虚荣).

甲骨文(oracle bone script)指中国商代和西周早期刻在龟甲或兽骨上的文字，用于占卜(divine)或记事。

To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good example oversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wants him to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example. Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than "Monkey see, monkey do". Look at it from the child's point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a ready response. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response for the situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get the right result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do. There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain his immediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. When shouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is told emphatically that such a racket(叫嚷)is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room and say his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire to solve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection and approval when his parents like his response. Then other adults award some actions and criticize others. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adopt responses his social group approves. In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates the person who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wished to avoid. If the pupil wants to be good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques of capable players; while some other person may most influence his approach to books. Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes an identifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating much that they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating them leads to success.

[此试题无题干]

[此试题无题干]

[此试题无题干]

Are smarter kids smart enough to avoid alcohol and drugs? For decades, scientists had documented that those with lower IQ and less education were more likely to become addicted to alcohol or other drugs, probably because lower levels of education and lower IQ are associated with the【C1】 1effects of poverty and because having less intelligence offers fewer mental resources to allow users to moderate and avoid problems. The latest data, published in Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, doesn't【C2】 2those findings. Drug use is not the same as drug addiction—higher intelligence is a protective factor against alcoholism and addictions;【C3】 3smarter people are more likely to drink or try drugs. Social drinking in many countries and non-problematic drinking is more【C4】 4and common among people with higher education. But why? What protects them from【C5】 5into addiction? Intelligence can serve as a vehicle for【C6】 6when it comes to alcohol or drug use—the more educated people are, the more they internalize and appreciate the dangers and risks of【C7】 7 Intelligence can also【C8】 8more curiosity and openness to new experiences. And that includes experimenting with alcohol and drugs. People have the impression that intelligence is somehow related to being【C9】 9and bookwormish, but large studies definitely find that intelligence is associated with sensation-seeking and seeking different kinds of experiences, including learning new things. It could be related to the nature of intelligence. Such experimentation doesn't always lead to addiction or problematic behavior because this type of exposure often involves a few experiences before the person moves on to the next【C10】 10 A)execution B)moderation C)compelling D)indulgence E)nonetheless F)decent G)frequent H)novelty I)spur J)damaging K)deviate L)sliding M)exceptionally N)introverted O)contradict 【C1】

瓷器 (porcelain)起源于中国，是中华民族对世界文明做出的伟大贡献。“瓷器”与国家名“中国”在英文中同为一词。这一现象充分说明精美的中国瓷器完全可以作为中国的标志。瓷器，因其外观美、强度高而价值不菲。早在欧洲人掌握瓷器制造技术的1000年之前。中国人就已经制造很精美的 陶瓷器 (chinaware)。提到瓷器，就不能不提景德镇。景德镇因瓷而闻名，享有“瓷都”的美誉。景德镇瓷器产品以其精湛的 工艺 (workmanship)、美丽的造型、精致的图案和迷人的色彩享誉世界。

Work-life balance. In most corporate circles, it's the sort of phrase that gives hard-charging managers the hives, bringing to mind candlelit meditation (沉思) sessions and—more frustratingly—rows of empty office cubicles (小隔间). So, what if we renamed work-life balance? Let's call it something more appealing, something like Make More Money. That might lift heads off desks. A few people might show up at a meeting to discuss that; women, and the way we want to work, are extremely good for business. Let's start with the female management style. It turns out it's not soft; it's profitable. The workplace research group Catalyst studied 353 Fortune 500 companies and found that those with the most women in senior management had a higher return on equities (资产净值). Are the women themselves making the difference? Or are these smart firms that make smart moves, like promoting women? There is growing evidence that in today's marketplace the female management style is not only distinctly different but also essential. Studies from Cambridge University and the University of Pittsburgh suggest that women manage more cautiously than men do. They focus on the long term. Women are also less competitive, in a good way. They're consensus builders, and they employ what is called a transformational leadership style—heavily engaged, motivational, extremely well suited for the emerging, less hierarchical workplace. Indeed, when the Chartered Management Institute in the U.K. looked ahead, it saw a work world where the demand for female management skills will be stronger than ever. Women, CMI predicts, will move rapidly up the chain of command, and their emotional-intelligence skills may become ever more essential. That trend will accelerate with the looming talent shortage. The Employment Policy Foundation estimated that within the next decade there would be a 6 million-person gap between the number of college graduates and the number of college-educated workers needed to cover job growth. And who receives the majority of college and advanced degrees? Women. They also control 83% of all consumer purchases. Forward-looking companies understand they need women to figure out how to market to women. All that—the female management style, education levels, purchasing power—is already being used, by pioneering women and insightful companies, to create a female-friendly working environment, in which the focus is on results, not on time spent in the office chair. On efficiency, not casual talking. On getting the job done, however that happens best—in a three-day week, at night after the kids go to bed.

[此试题无题干]

The Future Is Another Country[A] A couple of months or so after becoming Britain's prime minister, David Cameron wanted a few tips from somebody who could tell him how it felt to be responsible for, and accountable to, many millions of people: people who expected things from him, even though in most cases he would never shake their hands.[B] He turned not to a fellow head of government but to... Mark Zuckerberg, the founder and boss of Facebook, the phenomenally successful social network. (It announced that it had 500m users) In a well-publicised online video chat this month, the two men swapped ideas about ways for networks to help governments. Was this just a political leader seeking a spot of help from the private sector—or was it more like diplomacy, a comparison of notes between the masters of two great nations?[C] In some ways, it might seem absurd to call Facebook a state and Mr. Zuckerberg its governor. It has no land to defend; no police to enforce law and order; it does not have subjects, bound by a clear cluster of rights, obligations and cultural signals. Compared with citizenship of a country, membership is easy to acquire and give up. Nor do Facebook's boss and his executives depend directly on the consent of an "electorate (选民)" that can unseat them. Technically, the only people they report to are the shareholders.[D] But many web-watchers do detect country-like features in Facebook. "It is a device that allows people to get together and control their own destiny, much like a nation-state," says David Post, a law professor at Temple University. If that sounds like a flattering description of Facebook's "groups" (often rallying people with unusual habits and hatred), then it is worth recalling a classic definition of the modern nation-state. As Benedict Anderson, a political scientist, put it, such polities are "imagined communities" in which each person feels a bond with millions of anonymous fellow-citizens. In centuries past, people looked up to kings or bishops; but in an age of mass literacy and printing in non-official languages, so Mr. Anderson argued, horizontal ties matter more.[E] So if newspapers and shabby paperbacks can create new social and political units, for which people toil and die, perhaps the latest forms of communication can do likewise. In his 2006 book "Code: Version 2.0", a legal scholar, Lawrence Lessig noted that online communities were transcending the limits of conventional states-and predicted that members of these communities would find it "difficult to stand neutral in this international space".[F] To many, that forecast still smacks (带……味道) of cyber-fantasy. But the rise of Facebook at least gives pause for thought. If it were a physical nation, it would now be the third most populous on earth. Mr. Zuckerberg is confident there will be a billion users in a few years. Facebook is unprecedented not only in its scale but also in its ability to blur boundaries between the real and virtual worlds. A few years ago, online communities evoked fantasy games played by small, strange groups. But as technology made possible large virtual arenas like Second Life or World of Warcraft, an online game with millions of players, so the overlap between cyberspace and real human existence began to grow.[G] From the users' viewpoint, Facebook can feel a bit like a liberal polity: a space in which people air opinions, rally support and right wrongs. What about the view from the top? Is Facebook a place that needs governing, just as a country does? Brad Burnham of Union Square Ventures, a venture-capital firm, has argued that the answer is yes. In the spirit of liberal politics, he thinks the job of Facebook's managers is to create a space in which citizens and firms feel comfortable investing their time and money to create things.[H] Facebook has certainly tried to guide the development of its online economy, almost in the way that governments seek to influence economic activity in the real world, through fiscal (财政的) and monetary policy. Earlier this year the firm said it wanted applications running on its platform to accept its virtual currency, known as Facebook Credits. It argued that this was in the interests of Facebook users, who would no longer have to use different online currencies for different applications. But this made some developers angry, who resent the fact that Facebook takes a 30% cut on every transaction involving credits.[I] Like any ruling elite that knows it relies on the consent from the ruled, Facebook seeks advice from its members on questions of governance. It allows users to vote on proposed changes to its terms of service, and it holds online forums to collect views on future policies. And like any well-intentioned politicians, Facebook makes blunders: its members were angry earlier this year by changes to its policy that made public some previously private information. If Mr. Zuckerberg achieves his goal of creating the world's favourite "social utility", he may need to give users a more formal say—a bit like a constitution.[J] Experience shows that networks which neglect governance pay a price. Take MySpace, which was once much bigger than Facebook: its growth stalled a couple of years ago when its managers let the site become too disorderly. There is a thin line, it seems, between the freedom that spurs creativity and a free-for-all.[K] As Facebook's masters present it, their mission is just to make the world more open and connected— and bring closer the "global village" predicted in the 1960s by Marshall McLuhan, a futurologist they love. Their claim to be accelerators has some force. Facebook's success "raises a lot of issues that we thought were a generation away," says Edward Castronova, a professor at Indiana University. One of them is how much impact virtual economies and currencies will have on real world ones.[L] Facebook may also influence how governments supply services, and compete to provide them. For instance, the firm allows members to use their Facebook profiles to log into other sites around the web, creating a sort of passport. A similar facility could help people on the move retain access to government services. And then there is the question of how social networks will change politics. Clearly, they help to stimulate discussion, and they let governments search and test proposals. When Messrs Cameron and Zuckerberg conferred, the main topic was how to get new ideas for cutting public spending. [M] Like many diplomatic relationships, theirs was not constant. Days after the chat, Facebook was criticised by the British government for allowing tributes to a murderer to be posted. The firm refused to remove the offending page, which was later taken down by its creator. "Facebook is a place where people can express their views and discuss things in an open way, as they can and do in many other places," it said. Mr. Zuckerberg may not have any territory, but he was determined to stand his ground.