单选题 Questions13-15 are based on the passage you have just heard.

单选题 An Unlikely Most Valuable Player A. It was a bitter winter night in New York—cold enough to keep most people indoors. But outside the Elwain home, someone was bouncing a ball repeatedly against the asphalt, totally ignoring the frigid air. It was Jason, a tall teenager, dressed lightly against the February chill, doing what he loved most: shooting hoops. No matter the weather, Jason practiced basketball, if not at home, then at his high school, Greece Athena. B. As a junior, he tried out for college team, but Jason is autistic (孤独症的), and lacking the fine coordination and strength of the other players, he didn't make it. He practiced harder and tried out again as a senior, only to be met with the same disheartening result. But because Jason's passion for basketball was so intense, the coach found a way for him to stay in the game—as the Trojans' team manager. It was Jason's job to hand out water and offer his teammates major doses of moral support. C. The Trojans enjoyed a solid season, playing 17 games and coming away with 12 victories—which was why, for their final home game, coach Jim asked his popular manager to suit up. As a surprise to Jason, he planned to let him play. With just four minutes left on the clock and the Trojans with a comfortable lead, Johnson called number 52 onto the court. D. A stunned Jason had his first shot badly, and he missed again with the second. Then suddenly, the 17-year-old made a clean hoop shot. He kept shooting, one basket after another, until he'd scored six three-pointers and one two-pointer for a total of 20 points. Applause filled the gymnasium as members of the crowd surged forward to lift Jason onto their shoulders. Coach Jim actually wept, and Jason's classmates waved signs with the boy's face on them, screaming, 'Jason, Jason.' The kid who lived for basketball but was never picked for the team was suddenly the most unexpected streak shooter in high school hoops history. E. Jason became an instant celebrity, winning headlines across the country. Highlights of his streak were shown repeatedly on TV news and ESPN. Movie offers poured in from Hollywood studios, and last July, Jason won the ESPY Award for Best Moment in sports. 'Though I knew it wasn't going to be me, I never thought Jason would be the one in our family to become famous,' his dad, David, a sales tax audit manager, says with a laugh. But Jason's feat on the basketball court was hardly the first dramatic moment in his life. F. The younger of two boys born to David and Debbie Elwain, Jason seemed a normal infant. Then, when he was six months old, everything changed. Jason became rigid if held; he soon stopped making eye contact and was completely unresponsive when he was rocked. 'I knew something was wrong,' says Debbie, a dentist. Though her husband and other relatives told her not to worry, Debbie couldn't avoid comparing Jason's development with that of his brother, Josh, older by 18 months. 'Josh talked a lot at age two,' she says. 'At the same age, Jason just sat in a corner and played with his fingers.' G. David and Debbie, fearing the worst, took Jason to Strong Children's Hospital in Rochester for a complete evaluation. There, doctors diagnosed the boy with severe autism. Affecting some 1.5 million Americans, autism is the country's fastest-growing developmental disability, although scientists do not know why. Jason also suffers from learning disabilities and has an IQ of 70. H. Debbie, who became her son's personal warrior, says, 'I was determined to get him out of it.' Having discovered that with early intervention, there is a chance a severely autistic child can become high functioning, she enrolled Jason, at age three, in an intensive special education program. She also worked to keep him stimulated at home and talked to him ceaselessly. When he wouldn't eat or drink, she'd flick the lights to distract him, then slip food into his open mouth. She made sure the only toys Jason received were the interactive kind. I. Like many autistic children, Jason was prone to violent behaviors. He'd run screaming around the house. All his parents could do was grab him and hold him tight. In trying to restrain her son, Debbie sometimes got hurt. Once, Jason gave her a black eye; another time, he dislocated her shoulder. 'I'd do anything to stop him from hurting himself,' says Debbie, 'but it was exhausting. The outbursts could last a half-hour.' Still, she says, 'you just keep going and try not to despair.' J. And whatever Josh did, Jason tried to do too. 'Usually at my insistence,' says Josh, who has always been protective of his little brother. The boys learned to play golf together. When Josh, now an outgoing and strong 19-year-old, became a lifeguard, Jason took lessons. When Josh took up the violin, Jason decided to play an instrument. In their neighborhood, Josh stood up for his brother when kids teased Jason or tried to make him do foolish things. When a student at school stole Jason's birthday money, Josh got it back. One downside to the brothers' close relationship: It was tough for Jason to say goodbye when Josh headed to college two years ago. K. Change can be extremely hard for the autistic, who typically finds comfort in routine. 'Jason is very superstitious,' explains Debbie. 'Before basketball games, he insists that his supper consist of chicken soup, peaches, apple sauce and a glass of milk—or his team will lose. And he has to wear the same black pants, white shirt and shoes courtside.' Those shoes no longer fit the night of the last game, but Jason wore them anyway—and ended up with blisters. L. Today, Jason, now 18, has learned to control his autistic humming in public. And when the urge to flap his arms comes, he thrusts his hands deep into his pockets. He has not outgrown his difficulty in making eye contact, but unlike some people with autism, he's very social. M. Jason's immediate response to his streak-shooting performance was pragmatic. 'It was great to achieve this before finishing high school.' He says. And his good fortune didn't end there. He took a pretty sophomore to the senior prom. Josh was proud of his brother's achievement. 'Everybody at my school knows who Jason is,' he says. 'Girls say to me, 'Oh, my God, you're Jason's brother. That's pretty cool.' I think so, too.' N. Late last spring, basketball great Magic Johnson paid a visit to Greece Athena High School to give a talk to the student body. 'He said he was really proud of us, and especially of Jason,' says one of Jason's teammates. Johnson, who said he was 'touched' by Jason's story, plans to serve as an executive producer on a Columbia Pictures movie about the boy. O. The film is expected to make Jason financially secure, alleviating one of his parents' longtime worries. 'I believe he can hold a job and support himself,' says his father. 'But the film means he'll be well looked after, and that's what we care about.' Jason is taking it all in stride. Last summer, he helped coach two Amateur Athletic Union basketball teams. At evening practices, when he joined his teenage players on the court, Jason Elwain was in his element.

单选题 Obtaining Linguistic Data A. Many procedures are available for obtaining data about a language. They range from a carefully planned, intensive field investigation in a foreign country to a casual introspection about one's mother tongue carried out in an armchair at home. B. In all cases, someone has to act as a source of language data—an informant. Informants are (ideally) native speakers of a language, who provide utterances for analysis and other kinds of information about the language (e.g. translations, comments about correctness, or judgements on usage). C. Often, when studying their mother tongue, linguists act as their own informants, judging the ambiguity, acceptability, or other properties of utterances against their own intuitions. The convenience of this approach makes it widely used, and it is considered the norm in the generative approach to linguistics. D. But a linguist's personal judgements are often uncertain, or disagree with the judgements of other linguists, at which point resource is needed to more object methods of enquiry, using non-linguists as informants. The later procedure is unavoidable when working on foreign languages, or child speech. E. Many factors must be considered when selecting informants—whether one is working with single speakers (a common situation when languages have not been described before), two people interacting, small groups or large-scale samples. Age, sex, social background and other aspects of identity are important, as these factors are known to influence the kind of language used. F. The topic of conversation and the characteristics of the social setting (e.g. the level of formality) are also highly relevant, as are the personal qualities of the informants (e.g. their fluency and consistency). For larger studies, scrupulous attention has been paid to the sampling theory employed, and in all cases, decisions have to be made about the best investigative techniques to use. G. Today, researchers often tape-record informants. This enables the linguist's claims about the language to be checked, and provides a way of making those claims more accurate ('difficult' pieces of speech can be listened to repeatedly). H. But obtaining naturalistic, good-quality data is never easy. People talk abnormally when they know they are being recorded, and sound quality can be poor. A variety of tape-recording procedures have thus been devised to minimise the 'observer's paradox' (how to observe the way people behave when they are not being observed). I. Some recordings are made without the speakers being aware of the fact—a procedure that obtains very natural data, though ethical objections must be anticipated. Alternatively, attempts can be made to make the speaker forget about the recording, such as keeping the tape recorder out of sight, or using radio microphones. A useful technique is to introduce a topic that quickly involves the speaker, and stimulates a natural language style (e.g. asking older informants about how times have changed in their locality). J. An audio tape recording does not solve all the linguist's problems, however. Speech is often unclear and ambiguous. Where possible, therefore, the recording has to be supplements by the observer's written comments on the non-verbal behaviour of the participants, and about the context in general. K. A facial expression, for example, can dramatically alter the meaning of what is said. Video recordings avoid these problems to a large extent, but even they have limitations (the camera cannot be everywhere), and transcription always benefits from any additional commentary provided by an observer. L. Linguists also make great use of structured sessions, in which they systematically ask their informants for utterances that describe certain actions, objects or behaviours. With a bilingual informant, or though use of an interpreter, it is possible to use translation technique ('How do you say table in your language?'). M. A large number of points can be covered in a short time, using interview work-sheets and questionnaires. Often, the researcher wishes to obtain information about just a single variable, in which case a restricted set of questions may be used: a particular feature of pronunciation, for example, can be elicited by asking the informant to say a restricted set of words. There are also several direct methods of elicitation, such as asking informants to fill in the blanks in a substitution frame (e.g. 'I ______ see a car.'), or feeding them the wrong stimulus for correction ('Is it possible to say I no can see?'). N. A representative sample of language, complied for the purpose of linguistic analysis, is known as a corpus. A corpus enables the linguist to make unbiased statements about frequency of usage, and it provides accessible data for the use of different researchers. Its range and size are variable. Some corpora attempt to cover the language as a whole, taking extracts from many kinds of text; others are extremely selective, providing a collection of material that deals only with a particular linguistic feature. O. The size of the corpus depends on practical factors, such as the time available to collect, process and store the data: it can take up to several hours to provide an accurate transcription of a few minutes of speech. Sometimes a small sample of data will be enough to decide a linguistic hypothesis; by contrast, corpora in major research projects can total millions of words. An important principle is that all corpora, whatever their size, are inevitably limited in their coverage, and always need to be supplemented by data derived from the intuitions of native speakers of the language, though either introspection or experimentation.

单选题 Questions9-11 are based on the passage you have just heard.

单选题 Is your doctor telling you the truth? Possibly not, according to a new survey in Health Affairs of nearly 1,900 physicians around the country. The researchers found that 55% of doctors said that in the last year they had been more positive about a patient's prognosis (预断) than his medical history warranted. And 10% said they had told patients something that wasn't true. About a third of the M. D. s said they did not completely agree that they should disclose medical errors to patients, and 40% said they didn't feel the need to disclose financial ties to drug or device companies. Really? The study's lead author, Dr. Lisa Iezzoni, a medicine professor at Harvard Medical School and director of the Mongan Institute for Health Policy at Massachusetts General Hospital, was surprised to learn how dishonest her colleagues were. 'Some of the numbers were larger than I expected they might be,' she says. Why the white lies? In some cases, Iezzoni says it was for self-protection. Nearly 20% of the doctors admitted that they didn't disclose a medical error to their patients because they were afraid of being sued for malpractice. In other cases, it may have been for the patient's benefit. M. D. s might spare an anxious patient from hearing about the slightly abnormal results of a lab test, for example, if it has no impact on the patient's health. Conversely (相反地), the doctor might exaggerate a health result in hopes of motivating a patient to take better care of himself. 'The doctor-patient relationship is a human interaction, and physicians are human too,' says Iezzoni. 'They don't want to upset their patients, they don't want their patients to look unhappy or burst into tears. But they also need to be professionals, so they need to tell themselves that if there is a difficult truth they need to tell their patient, they need to figure out a way of communicating that effectively. ' That's critical for doctors to appreciate, because as well-intentioned as their lies may be, other studies consistently show that patients prefer the truth, and would rather hear harsh news than remain ignorant about a terrible medical condition. Being fully informed is a way that patients can cope and prepare for whatever might occur. As for the failure to disclose medical errors, Iezzoni says doctors' fear of malpractice suits may often be misplaced. Studies suggest that in cases where physicians are open about their mistakes, patients are more likely to be understanding and refrain from suing. So how can doctors learn to be more honest with their patients? More training about how to communicate with people about their health is critical—especially when it comes to delivering bad news. Patients also need to be clear and firm about how honest they want their doctors to be. Communication is a two-way street, after all, even in the doctor's office. (选自Time)

单选题 Now listen to the following recording and answer questions24-27.

单选题Last month, 25 people died and 130 were injured in a train crash near Los Angeles. The cause was a cell phone. In three hours of work before the crash, one of the engineers received 28 text messages and sent 29 more. He sent his last message 22 seconds before impact, just after passing a signal that would have alerted him to the disaster ahead. Scientists call this 27 'inattention blindness'. The mind, captured by the world inside the phone, becomes blind to the world outside it. Millions of people move among us in this half-absent state. 28 , they're living in another world. In many ways, mobile phones are wonderful. Through the phone, you can 29 the confines of your environment. The problem is that physically, you're still living in that environment. Like other creatures, you've evolved to function in the natural world, one setting at a time. Nature has never tested a species' ability to function in two worlds at once. So how is this multitasking experiment going? Not so well. In the nationwide survey, 45 percent of Americans said they've been hit or nearly hit by a driver on a cell phone. Studies show that the more tasks you dump on drivers, the worse they 30 . Our performance on the two-worlds test, like all 31 experiments, can be measured in death. The Federal Railroad Administration reports seven cell-phone-related railway accidents in the last three years, five of them fatal. Today, we're so 32 to mobile devices that we rely on them even to translate the physical world. Misled by with Global Positioning System devices, people are driving cars into rivers, trees, and sand piles. Twice this year in Bedford Hills, N. Y. , drivers have caused train crashes by steering onto the track because their GPS mistook it for a road. Warning signs, pavement markings, and 33 train-signal masts failed to stop them. They trusted the dashboard (仪表盘), not the 34 . If we don't want this two-worlds experiment to be regulated nature's way, then we'd better regulate it ourselves. Here are a few 35 rules of the road. Multitasking is a glorious gift. We can't ban it, nor should we. Want to phone your spouse or your office while walking? Fine. The only life at stake is yours. Want to turn on your car radio or music player? Fine. Listening is easier than talking, and you can mentally or 36 shut it off when necessary. Want to chat with your passenger? Fine again. Studies indicate that passenger conversations are less distracting than phone calls, apparently because you're sharing the same environment. A. reflective B. evolutionary C. accident D. phenomenon E. physically F. confront G. escape H. assure I. mentally J. windshield K. perform L. primarily M. addicted N. compartment O. proposed

单选题 丽江古城 丽江古城(the Old Town of Lijiang)位于中国云南省丽江市，始建于南宋末年，至今已有八百多年的历史。丽江古城地处战略要地，古时候商旅活动频繁，是茶马古道(the Ancient Tea Horse Road)上的重镇。丽江古城没有城墙，古城内的建筑融合了多种文化元素，展现了汉族、白族、藏族以及纳西族的建筑特点。古城拥有古老的供水系统，至今仍有效地发挥着作用。水系(waterway)上有三百多座桥，均建于明清时期。现在，纳西族的传统文化东巴(Dongba)文化，如文字、绘画、舞蹈和音乐成为丽江古城旅游的焦点。

单选题 Now listen to the following recording and answer questions25-27.

单选题 Questions13-16 are based on the passage you have just heard.

单选题 唐诗(Chinese Tang poetry)泛指创作于唐代(618年—907年)的诗。唐诗是汉族最珍贵的文化遗产之一，同时也对周边民族和国家的文化发展产生了巨大影响。而流传最广的当属《唐诗三百首》(Three Hundred Poems of the Tang Dynasty)，里面收录的许多诗篇都为后人所熟知。唐代的诗人很多，其中李白、杜甫等都是世界闻名的伟大诗人，他们的作品有很多都是脍炙人口的诗篇。唐代诗歌的创作技巧多样，题材丰富，是我国诗歌发展的最高成就。

单选题 The Health Benefits of Drinking Water —Is Bottled Drinking Water Healthier Than Filtered Tap Water? A. Water is a key ingredient in a healthy diet and lifestyle. There are many health benefits of drinking water. It helps flush impurities and toxins out of our systems. It aids in the delivery of oxygen and nutrients. In fact, nearly every system in our bodies relies on water for proper functioning. But what will happen if the water you drink is unhealthy? B. In past decades, concerns about tap water and its impact on overall health led some people to turn to bottled drinking water instead. However, in those days, there were few choices of bottled waters. You could pay to have a company deliver large bulky plastic bottles of water for the water cooler. Or you could purchase gallon jugs of distilled or 'drinking water' at the grocery store. C. In recent years, there has been an explosion in the number of different bottled waters available, with big distributors such as Coke and Pepsi jumping on the bandwagon. But are bottled drinking waters like Coke's Dasani brand, Pepsi's Aquafina, or Wal-Mart's store brand really any healthier than your tap water? Or would you be better off with a drinking water filtration system? D. As we have learned more about the water we drink, the technology behind drinking water filters and purification systems has improved dramatically. There are filters to remove impurities, chemicals, heavy metals, bacteria and most every contaminant you can think of. With the fight size and filter combination for your specific home, your water can be exceptionally pure and healthy. Cost Comparison E. Drinking water filtration systems have also become more affordable and easy to use. Although the initial cost of a whole house system usually amounts to several hundred dollars, that cost is often less than $100 each year if spread out over the life of the system. There may be additional expenses to replace carbon filters, membranes in reverse osmosis drinking water filtration system, or lamps in an ultraviolet light water treatment device. These expenses can add another $100 or so to the annual costs of operating drinking water filters and purification systems. F. While some people may hesitate to spend so much each year for clean, safe drinking water, they are probably paying more for bottled drinking water. Calculations show that at a price of $1 to $4 per gallon, bottled or delivered water costs an average of $400 each year, especially if you purchase individual bottles. And that doesn't take into consideration the gas needed to drive to the store or the environmental impact of all the empty plastic bottles. Health Aspects G. Many people who choose bottled drinking water understand that it is more expensive, but they are still willing to pay the extra money because bottled water is thought to be safer and healthier than filtered drinking water. After all, bottled water is often marketed as 'natural spring water' or 'pure glacier water.' H. In reality, few bottled waters come from natural springs, and most of them use municipal tap water. The companies are able to get away with this false marketing because the regulations and standards for bottle drinking water are less stringent than those for residential drinking sources. I. The quality of bottled water is regulated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), while drinking water systems are typically regulated by State regulations or the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This doesn't mean that the FDA isn't doing their job. It's just that the rules for bottled water only require it to be as good as tap water, not better. J. In addition, the FDA regulations only apply to bottled drinking water that is transported across state lines. If a company sells their bottled drinking water in the same state where it was bottled, the federal regulations don't apply. The result is that many bottled waters are not any healthier than filtered water, and in fact some are less pure. K. This was demonstrated in a study which was conducted in 1999 by the Natural Resources Defense Council. They tested over 100 brands of bottled drinking water and found that about one third of the waters contained contamination in the form of chemicals, bacteria, and arsenic. The study also found that up to forty percent of bottled drinking waters come from a city water system. How to Tell if Your Water Is Healthy L. So how do you tell if the water you are drinking is healthy? With tap water, it is relatively easy. If you water comes from a municipal source, the suppliers are required by law to provide annual water quality reports. If you have a well, you can have an authorized lab test your water. It may cost $100 or more, but it's a small price to pay for peace of mind. Or you can purchase a kit and test it yourself, but naturally the results may not be as conclusive or reliable as those produced by authorized labs. M. When it comes to bottled drinking water, it can be more difficult to know what you are getting. Start by checking the label or the bottle cap. Some may tell you that the water comes from a municipal source or 'community water system', which means tap water. N. If the label doesn't give any information, you can call the bottler and ask. But don't be surprised if you get the run around and are transferred to several different departments. Some states have a bottled water program that tracks bottled drinking water and can tell you the origin of the source water as well as other information. O. Safe and healthy drinking water has become big business. Thousands of companies are vying for your hard earned cash, and some are not always honest about what their products offer. The initial investment for a home drinking water filtration system can seem expensive at first, but over time, it is usually less expensive than bottled drinking water. And with a water filter, you at least know where the water you drink came from and how it was treated. P. Before going out and spending your hard earned money for bottled drinking water that may, be no better than your own tap water, it is obviously a good idea to do some research. You are likely to decide that a drinking water filtration system and/or purifier is the healthier choice and provides the best value as well.

单选题 孔子学院 孔子学院(Confucius Institute)是中国国家对外汉语教学领导小组办公室在世界各地设立的旨在推广汉语和传播中国文化与国学(sinology)的教育和文化交流机构。其最重要的一项工作就是给世界各地的汉语学习者提供规范的现代汉语教材和最正规、最权威的汉语教学平台。孔子学院是一家非营利性的公共机构，总部设在北京，境外的孔子学院都是其分部。全球首家孔子学院于2004年11月21日在韩国首尔成立。迄今为止，全世界已经有超过300所孔子学院。

单选题 Now listen to the following recording and answer questions19-21.

单选题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay entitled Live With a Goal by commenting on the saying 'The world makes way for the man who knows where he is going.' You should write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.