单选题 百度(Baidu)是全球最大的中文搜索引擎。2000年1月，李彦宏(Robin Li)和徐勇在北京中关村创立了百度公司，致力于向公众提供“简单、可依赖”的信息获取方式。经过多年的发展，百度已经拥有数千名研发工程师，他们掌握着世界上最为先进的搜索引擎技术。百度已经成为掌握最尖端的核心技术的中国高科技企业之一。百度提供的所有产品操作简单，涉及普通公众工作和生活的各个方面。它已成为中国最受欢迎、影响力最大的中文网站。

单选题 中医(Traditional Chinese Medicine)是中华文化不可分割的一部分，为振兴华夏做出了巨大的贡献。如今，中医和西医(western medicine)在中国的医疗保健领域并驾齐驱。中医以其独特的诊断手法、系统的治疗方式和丰富的典籍材料，备受世界瞩目。中国的中医事业由国家中医药管理局(State Administration of TCM and Pharmacology)负责。现在国家已经出台了管理中医的政策、法令和法规，引导并促进这个新兴产业的研究和开发。在定义上，中医是指导中国传统医药理论和实践的一种医学，它包括中医疗法、中草药(herbology)、针灸(acupuncture)、推拿(massage)和气功(Qigong)。

单选题 Questions12-14 are based on the passage you have just heard.

单选题 Questions13-15 are based on the passage you have just heard.

单选题 That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but nevertheless remarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularly named memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skilful performance on the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words. So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement for reasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends on memory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlier experiences. Practice (or review)tends to build and maintain memory for a task or for any learned material. Over a period of no practice, what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptive consequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can seem to be adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through a process of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painful experience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionary interpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process of forgetting survived natural selection. In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful to consider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time, since old memories weaken and the .new tend to stand out, providing clues for inferring duration. Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, for example, learned behaviour that might have been corrected a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinary standards)forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. This forgetting seems to serve that survival of the individual and the species. Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that provides adaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are made between learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is an evidence that the rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such data offers gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.

单选题 Set Your Body's Time Clock Our Body Operates Like a Clock A. As the first rays of sunlight filter over the hills of California's Silicon Valley, Charles Winget opens his eyes. It is barely 5a.m., but Winget is raring (渴望) to go. Meanwhile, his wife pulls up the covers and buries her face under the pillow. 'For the past fifteen years,' says Winget, 'We've hardly ever gotten up together.' B. The Wingets' situation is not uncommon. Our bodies operate with the complexity of clocks, and like clocks, we all run at slightly different speeds. Winget is a morning person. His wife is not at her best until after nightfall. C. Behavioral scientists long attributed such differences to personal eccentricities or early conditioning. This thinking was challenged in the late 1950s by a theory labeled chronobiology by physician-biologist Franz Halberg. In a Harvard University laboratory, Dr. Halberg found that certain blood cells varied predictably in number, depending on the time of day they were drawn from the body. The cell count was higher at a given time of day and lower 12 hours later. He also discovered that the same patterns could be detected in heart and metabolic rates and body temperature. D. Halberg's explanation: instead of performing at a steady, unchanging rate, our systems function on an approximately 25-hour cycle. Sometimes we are accelerating, sometimes slowing down. We achieve peak efficiency for only a limited time each day. Halberg dubbed these bodily cadences 'circadian rhythms'. E. Much of the leading work in chronobiology is sponsored today by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Charles Winger, a NASA research physiologist and authority on circadian rhythms, says that circadian principles have been applied to astronauts' work schedules on most of the space-shuttle flights. F. The space-age research has many useful applications here on earth. Chronobiologists can tell you when to eat and still lose weight, what time of day you're best equipped to handle the toughest challenges, when to go to the dentist with your highest threshold of pain and when to exercise for maximum effect. Says Winget, 'It's a biological law of human efficiency: to achieve your best with the least effort, you have to coordinate the demands of your activities with your biological capacities.' How to Figure Out Your Body's Patterns G. Circadian patterns can be made to work for you. But you must first learn how to recognize them. Winger and his associates have developed the following approach to help you figure out your body's patterns. H. Take your temperature one hour after getting up in the morning and then again at four-hour intervals throughout the day. Schedule your last reading as close to bedtime as possible. You should have five readings by the end of the day. I. Now add your first, third and fifth readings and record this total. Then add your second and fourth readings and subtract this figure from the first total. That number will be an estimate of your body temperature in the middle of the night—consider it your sixth reading. J. Now plot all six readings on graph paper. The variations may seem minuscule (极小的)—only one-tenth of a degree in some cases—but they are significant. You'll probably find that your temperature will begin to rise between 3 a.m. and 6 a.m., reaching a peak sometime in the late morning or early afternoon. By evening the readings start to drop. They will steadily decline, reaching their nadir (最低点) at around 2 a.m. Learn to Use Your Body's Pattern K. Of course, individual variations make all the difference. At what hour is your body temperature on the rise? When does it reach its highest point? Its lowest? Once you have familiarized yourself with you patterns, you can take advantage of chronobiology techniques to improve your health and productivity. L. We do our best physical work when our rhythms are at their peak. In most people, this peak lasts about four hours. Schedule your most taxing (费力的) activities when your temperature is highest. M. For mental activities, the timetable is more complicated. Precision tasks, such as mathematical work are best tackled when your temperature is on the rise. For most people, this is at 8 or 9 a.m. By contrast reading and reflection are better pursued between 2 and 4 p.m., the time when body temperature usually begins to fall. N. Breakfast should be your largest meal of the day for effective dieting. Calories burn faster one hour after we wake up than they do in the evening. During a six-year research project known as the Army Diet Study, Dr. Halberg, chronobiologist Robert Sothern and research associate Erna Halberg monitored the food intake of two groups of men and women. Both ate only one 2000-calorie meal a day, but one group ate their meal at breakfast and the other at dinner. 'All the subjects lost weight eating breakfast,' states Sothern. 'Those who ate dinner either maintained or gained weight.' O. If foods are processed differently at different times of day, certainly caffeine, alcohol and medicines will be too. Aspirin compounds, for example, have the greatest potency (力量) in the morning, between 7 and 8. (So does alcohol.) They are least effective between 6 p.m. and midnight. Caffeine has the most impact around 3 in the afternoon. Charles Walker, dean of the College of Pharmacy at Florida A M University, explains, 'Stimulants are most effective when you are normally active, and sedatives (镇静物) work best when you're naturally sedate or asleep.' P. Knowing your rhythms can also help overcome sleep problems. Consult your body-temperature chart. Your bedtime should coincide with the point at which your temperature is lowest. This is between 11 p.m. and 2 a.m. for most people. Q. Dr. Michael Thorpy of the Sleep-Wake Disorders Center at Montefiore Medical Center in New York City offers other circadian sleep tips: go to bed at the same time every night and get up at the same time every morning, even on weekends. 'Irregularity in sleep and waking times is the greatest cause of sleep problems,' Dr. Thorpy says. The best way to recover from a bad night's sleep is simply to resume your normal cycle. Beware of sleeping pills. 'Most sleeping pills won't work for periods longer than two weeks,' warns Dr. Thorpy. And there is real danger of drug accumulation in the blood. R. Visit a doctor or dentist as early in the day or as late in the evening as possible, since your highest pain threshold is between 8 p.m. and 8 a.m. S. Winget and fellow NASA chronobiologist Charles DeRoshia also offer advice to diminish the debilitating effects of jet lag: a week or so before departure begin adjusting your daily activities so that they coincide with the time schedule of your destination. Eat a small, high-protein, low-carbohydrate meal just before your trip. Get plenty of sleep in the days before your trip. In flight, eat very little, drink lots of water and avoid alcohol and caffeinated drinks. When you arrive, walk around, talk to people, try to adapt to your environment. Before retiring, have a light meal, high in carbohydrates. Take a warm bath. T. Knowing your body's patterns is no guarantee of good health. But what chronobiology reveals is the importance of regularity in all aspects of your life and of learning to act in synchronization with your body's natural rhythms.

单选题 上海博物馆位于人民广场的南侧，是一座大型的中国古代艺术博物馆。它的陈列面积为2800平方米，馆藏珍贵文物12万件，其所收藏的青铜器、陶瓷(ceramics)、书法、绘画等质量精湛，在国内外享有盛誉。上海博物馆创建于1952年，发展迅速，在文物收藏、保护、研究、展出以及与其他机构的文化交流方面均有不俗的成就。1992年，在上海市政府的决策下，开始在市中心建立新馆。新的上海博物馆设有11个展馆(gallery)和3个展览厅。目前，它正以崭新的面貌迎接着八方来客。

单选题 According to a study conducted last April, female seniors studying at Boston College left the university with lower self-confidence than when they entered as freshmen. The study, administered by the Office of Institutional Research, Planning and Assessment at Boston College, examined two surveys: the first of which was taken by students during their freshman year, and the second of which was taken by students exiting their senior year. Despite reports of high academic achievement, most female students gave themselves weaker self evaluations in the second survey. Abbey Clark, a senior and founder of the Boston College chapter (分会) of I AM THAT GIRL, a female-empowerment (赋权) community, says the finding is 'startling'. Clark hopes to change the trend by creating an open community that will ignite (点燃) confidence and empowerment in young women. I AM THAT GIRL, a global community which aims to help girls turn their self-doubt into self-love, is all about celebrating women's unique selves, Clark says. 'I AM THAT GIRL helps girls turn their stories of struggle and adversity (逆境) into stories of connectedness and empowerment and feeling good about themselves,' Clark says. 'I think that all high school girls at one time or another can relate to the feeling of not being good enough.' To help young girls overcome these feelings, Clark says I AM THAT GIRL at Boston College, which boasts 100 members in its first registered year on campus, holds weekly meetings offering a 'safe space' for college students in which they can discuss topics like body image, relationships, family dynamics and finding one's passions. Maria Pascucci, the founder of Campus Calm, a national organization that aims to help college women lead healthy, happy lives, says females feel the pressure to be perfect on a regular basis. She added that the media sends mixed messages to young girls, advising them to be the best they can be while simultaneously persuading them to buy more and strive for more. 'In our society, being a perfectionist is a glorified and socially acceptable form of self-abuse,' Pascucci says. Pascucci, who was teased as a young girl and suffered self-esteem issues, says her main message to young girls is to let them know their sense of worth comes from within. 'When we begin to compare ourselves to others, especially when we're vulnerable, that can do a lot of damage to our self-esteem,' she says. Clark echoes Pascucci's point, saying it's important to let young girls know that their physical appearance is only 'one slice of the pie'. 'Girls have a lot to bring to the table,' Clark says, 'and that's looking past physical beauty and just celebrating something unique within yourself that isn't so apparent.'

单选题 Questions6-9 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

单选题 Teenagers at risk of depression, anxiety and suicide often wear their troubles like a neon (霓虹灯) sign. Their risky behaviors—drinking too much alcohol, using illegal drugs, smoking cigarettes and skipping school—can alert parents and teachers that serious problems are brewing. But a new study finds that there's another group of adolescents who are in nearly as much danger of experiencing the same psychiatric symptoms: teens who use tons of media, don't get enough sleep and have a sedentary (不爱活动的) lifestyle. Of course, that may sound like a description of every teenager on the planet. But the study warns that it is teenagers who engage in all three of these practices in the extreme who are truly in jeopardy. Because their behaviors are not usually seen as a red flag, these young people have been dubbed the 'invisible risk' group by the study's authors. 'In some ways they're at greater risk of falling through the cracks,' says researcher Vladimir Carli. 'While most parents, teachers and clinicians would react to an adolescent using drugs or getting drunk, they may easily overlook teenagers who are engaging in inconspicuous behaviors.' The study's authors surveyed 12,395 students and analyzed nine risk behaviors, including excessive alcohol use, illegal drug use, heavy smoking, high media use and truancy (逃学). Their aim was to determine the relationship between these risk behaviors and mental health issues in teenagers. About 58% of the students demonstrated none or few of the risk behaviors. Some 13% scored high on all nine of the risk behaviors. And 29%, the 'invisible risk' group, scored high on three in particular.. They spent five hours a day or more on electronic devices. They slept six hours a night or less. And they neglected 'other healthy activities.' The group that scored high on all nine of the risk behaviors was most likely to show symptoms of depression; in all, nearly 15% of this group reported being depressed, compared with just 4% of the low-risk group. But the invisible group wasn't far behind the high-risk set, with more than 13% of them exhibiting depression. The findings caught Carli off guard. 'We were very surprised,' he says. 'The high-risk group and low-risk group are obvious. But this third group was not only unexpected, it was so distinct and so large—nearly one third of our sample—that it became a key finding of the study.' Carli says that one of the most significant things about his study is that it provides new early-warning signs for parents, teachers and mental health-care providers. And early identification, support and treatment for mental health issues, he says, are the best ways to keep them from turning into full-blown disorders.

单选题 Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an essay on university students' physical health. Your essay should focus on why students are in bad physical health. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.

单选题 胡同 有一种说法称“胡同(hutong)”这个词来源于蒙古语(Mongolian)，意思是“井”。古时候人们聚集和生活在井的周围，所以“胡同”一词的本意应该是“人们聚集生活的地方”。另外一个解释是：在元朝(the Yuan Dynasty)时，居民区被分割成几个区域，区域间增设过道以便居民来往。这些过道的另一个作用就是隔离防火。在蒙古语中，这种过道被称做“胡同”。不管它的确切意思如何，有一点是可以肯定的：胡同最初出现是在元朝。

单选题Researchers from the Shaare Zedek Medical Center and Bar-Ilan University just released a report explaining how a new type of eye drop 27 with 'nanoparticles' could replace the need for glasses or contacts. It's a bit 28 and requires a brief doctor visit, but it apparently works like a charm. The three-step process starts with a 29 of the individual's eye refraction (屈光度), which can be performed with a smartphone. Then, doctors create a very specific laser pattern which is applied to the eye for less than one second. The laser creates tiny 30 in the surface of the cornea. Lastly, special eye drops are applied. 'These nanoparticles go into the shallow ablated patterns generated on the surface of the cornea,' Zeev Zalevsky explained to Digital Trends. 'They change the refraction index inside of those patterns. This corrects the 31 problem the user has. The process of correction can be done at home without the need of a medical doctor.' The procedure is less 32 than traditional laser eye surgery in that it only affects the exterior of the eye and does not require an extensive procedure. However, because the 33 to the eye are so minor, the tiny etchings in the cornea eventually heal themselves and vision 34 degrades. The researchers believe the positive effects of the treatment will last one to two months. Heading to the eye doctor for a reapplication of the laser every two months sounds pretty 35 , but the technology is still in its infancy. Going forward, the researchers are planning additional testing and hope to have something 36 a commercial product available within the next two years. A. alterations B. bacteria C. completely D. complicated E. damaged F. grooves G. inconvenient H. infused I. invasive J. measurement K. resembling L. subsequently M. treat N. visual O. weird

单选题 Questions10-12 are based on the passage you have just heard.

单选题 Questions6-9 are based on the conversation you have just heard.

单选题 The fertile land of the Nile delta is being eroded along Egypt's Mediterranean coast at an astounding rate, in some parts estimated at 100metres per year. In the past, land scoured away from the coastline by the currents of the Mediterranean Sea used to be replaced by sediment brought dawn to the delta by the River Nile, but this is no longer happening. Up to now, people have blamed this loss of delta land on the two large dams at Aswan in the south of Egypt, which hold back virtually all of the sediment that used to flow down the river. Before the dams were built, and the Nile flowed freely, carrying huge quantities of sediment north from Africa's interior to be deposited on the Nile delta. This continued for 7,000 years, eventually covering a region of over 22,000 square kilometres with layers of fertile silt. Annual flooding brought in new, nutrient-rich soil to the delta region, replacing what had been washed away by the sea, and dispensing with the need for fertilizers in Egypt's richest food-growing area. But when the Aswan dams were constructed in the 20th century to provide electricity and irrigation, and to protect the huge population centre of Cairo and its surrounding areas from annual flooding and drought, most of the sediment with its natural fertilizer accumulated up above the dam in the southern, upstream half of Lake Nasser, instead of passing down to the delta. Now, however, there turns out to be more to the story. It appears that the sediment-free water emerging from the Aswan dams picks up silt and sand as it erodes the river bed and banks on the 800-kilometre trip to Cairo. Daniel Jean Stanley of the Smithsonian Institute noticed that water samples taken in Cairo, just before the river enters the delta, indicated that the river sometimes carries more than 850 grams of sediment per cubic metre of water—almost half of what it carried before the dams were built. 'I'm ashamed to say that the significance of this didn't strike me until I had read 50 or 60 studies,' says Stanley in Marine Geology. 'There is still a lot of sediment coming into the delta, but virtually no sediment comes out into the Mediterranean to replenish the Coastline. So this sediment must be trapped on the delta itself.' According to Siegel, international environmental organizations are beginning to pay closer attention to the region, partly because of the problems of erosion and pollution of the Nile delta, but principally because they fear the impact this situation could have on the whole Mediterranean coastal ecosystem. But there are no easy solutions. In the immediate future, Stanley believes that one solution would be to make artificial floods to flush out the delta waterways, in the same way that natural floods did before the construction of the dams. He says, however, that in the long term an alternative process such as desalination may have to be used to increase the amount of water available, 'In my view, Egypt must devise a way to have more water running through the river and the delta,' says Stanley. Easier said than done in a desert region with a rapidly growing population.