Ruth Handler invented something in 1959 which became so quintessentially American as to be included in the official "America's Time Capsule" buried at the celebration of the Bicentennial in 1976: the Barbie doll. In the early 1950s, Handler saw that her young daughter, Barbara, and her girlfriends enjoyed playing with adult female dolls as much or more than with baby dolls. Handler sensed that it was just as important for girls to imagine what they themselves might grow up to become as it was for them to focus on what caring for children might be like. Inspired by her daughter's fascination with adult paper dolls, Ruth Handler suggested making a three-dimensional doll through which little girls could act out their dreams. In 1959, Mattel introduced the Barbie doll(named after the Handlers' daughter), a pint-sized model of the "girl next door. " Soon enough Barbie sprouted a coterie of friends and family. Ken(named for the Handlers' son), Barbie's boyfriend, appeared in 1961. Meanwhile, the longtime Southern California resident defied prevailing trends in the toy industry of the late 1950s when she proposed an alternative to the flat-chest baby dolls then marketed to girls. "I believed it was important to a little girl's self-esteem, " Handler has said, "to play with a doll that has breasts. " Barbie, a teenage doll with a tiny waist, slender hips and impressive bust, became not only a best-selling toy with more than 1 billion sold in 150 countries, but a cultural icon analyzed by scholars, attacked by feminists and showcased in the Smithsonian Institution. "My whole philosophy of Barbie was that through the doll, the little girl could be anything she wanted to be, " Handler wrote in her 1994 autobiography. "Barbie always represented the fact that a woman has choices." Ruth Handler undeniably invented an American icon that functions as both a steady cynosure for girls' dreams and an ever-changing reflection of American society. By 1966, Handler was 50 and Mattel ruled the highly competitive toy world; It controlled 12% of the $2-billion toy market in the United States. By 1970, however, her world began to unravel. Handler was diagnosed with breast cancer and underwent a mastectomy. New corporate managers began to diversify Mattel away from toys, and their machinations ultimately resulted in the Handlers' ouster from the company they had founded. Although best known for her pivotal role as Barbie's inventor, Handler devoted her later years to a second, trailblazing career; manufacturing and marketing artificial breasts for women who had undergone mastectomies. Herself a breast cancer survivor, she personally sold and fitted the prosthesis and crisscrossed the country as a spokeswoman for early detection of the disease in the 1970s, when it was still a taboo subject. The Nearly Me prosthetic breast was made of liquid silicone enclosed in polyurethane and had a rigid foam backing. Her goal was to make an artificial breast so real that "a woman could wear a regular brassiere(= bra)and blouse, stick her chest out and be proud." she said of the prosthetics business. "It sure rebuilt my self-esteem, and I think I rebuilt the self-esteem of others." By 1980, sales of the Nearly Me artificial breast had surpassed $1 million. In 1991, Handler sold the company to a division of Kimberly-Clark. She died on April 27th, 2002. The family has asked that any memorial donations be made to the Stop Cancer Organization.

(l)Life moves on—even in Tucson. The flowers and candles are being dismantled. The fresh golf courses are filled with winter visitors. The funerals that marked life here for two weeks are over. (2)But it will be a long time before this desert community puts behind it, if it ever does, what happened in an instant on a sunny Saturday morning in front of a supermarket. (3)On that day, at La Toscana Village strip mall, I peered past the police tape at the blood-smeared sidewalk and the covered bodies of the victims. I knew I had to focus and ask questions. I had to file a story. But I also had to stop for a minute to process my breaking heart. (4)Nineteen people, including a 9-year-old girl, a federal judge and a member of Congress, had just been gunned down in my home town. (5)In the past more than 25 years, I have seen the unspeakable many times. I wrote about the slaughter of 32 students inside their Virginia Tech classrooms. I reported on the random shootings of 13 people in the Washington area by two snipers (狙击手). I have covered countless murders of youths on the streets of the District. (6)But I never expected to see this kind of tragedy here in my safe haven. Tucson was where I hiked with my husband on the trails of Sabino Canyon, the desert oasis in Coronado National Forest, and where I rode horses with my daughter near Saguaro National Monument, amid the cholla and ocotillo cactus. Here I breathed the clean desert air, especially intoxicating after a rain, filled with the fragrance of creosote and sage. Here I drove 15 minutes out of town to Gates Pass to watch the spectacular sunsets and then marvel at the big, starry Arizona sky. This was my city, a blend of Native American and Mexican culture, where the sun shines more days a year than anywhere else in the country. (7)The world is filled with cities that are touched with senseless violence. And after the streets are swept clean, life goes on. People go back to work and to play. On the surface, it appears as if nothing really changed. (8)But something has . Extreme acts of violence affect the psychological and social fabric of a community in subtle but important ways. The place where residents have felt safe doesn't feel quite so safe anymore. Insecurity creeps in. Anxieties rise. (9)I was here on the morning of the shootings visiting my mother, who moved to Tucson with my father in the 1950s. A childhood friend called to tell us she'd heard that Giffords had just been shot. I called The Post and then, on instinct, as if I were still on the D.C. crime beat, raced to the scene—just two miles away. (10)In the days that followed, my home town was transformed into a national media spectacle, complete with a camera-ready headline: "Tragedy in Tucson." Famous television anchors flew in and set up with my beloved Santa Catalina Mountains as their backdrop. Reporting the story was strange. It felt uncomfortable calling old friends for help and reaching out to Giffords's rabbi, whom I'd known since she was a teenager, to urge her to share her experience at the lawmaker's bedside. (11)Growth and development had long ago changed Tucson. At the end of roads where there was once only desert, there are expensive sprawling homes, luxury resorts and strip malls, like the one where Jared Loughner pulled out his Glock 19. Making my way around Tucson, a flood of childhood memories came back, but now superimposed on them were images from the bloodbath. (12)So, too, it is with those who live here. Their lives go on, but in ways big and small the city they call home is not quite the same as it was before.

She really wanted to say something at the meeting, but eventually______from it. (2013-79)

The locals like selling things to tourists because the tourists are so ______ .

PASSAGE ONE

I think that our boss took a powder right after the meeting. The underlined part means______.

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(l)Cooperation is the only safeguard we have against the development of neurotic tendencies. It is therefore very important that children should be trained and encouraged in cooperation, and should be allowed to find their own way amongst children of their own age, in common tasks and shared games. Any barrier to cooperation will have serious consequences. The spoilt child, for example, who has learned to be interested only in himself, will take this lack of interest in others to school with him. His lessons will interest him only in so far as he thinks he gains his teachers' favor. He will listen only to what he considers advantageous to himself. As approaches adulthood, the result of his lack of social feeling will become more and more evident. When he first misunderstood the meaning of life, he ceased training himself for responsibility and independence. By now he is painfully ill-equipped for life's tests and difficulties. (2)We cannot blame the adult for the child's early mistakes. We can only help him to remedy them when he begins to suffer the consequences. We do not expect a child who has never been taught geography to score high marks in an examination paper on the subject. Similarly, we cannot expect a child who has never been trained in cooperation to respond appropriately when tasks that demand cooperation are set before him. But all of life's problems demand an ability to cooperate if they are to be resolved; every task must be mastered within the framework of human society and in a way that furthers human welfare. Only the individual who understands that life means contribution will be able to meet his difficulties with courage and with a good chance of success. (3)If teachers, parents and psychologists understand the mistakes that can be made in ascribing a meaning to life, and provided they do not make the same mistakes themselves, we can be confident that children who lack social feeling will eventually develop a better sense of their own capacities and of the opportunities in life. When they meet problems, they will not stop trying; they will not look for an easy way out, try to escape or throw the burden onto the shoulders of others; they will not demand extra consideration or special sympathy; they will not feel humiliated and seek revenge, or ask, "what is the use of life? What do I get from it?" They will say, "we must make our own lives. It is our own task and we are capable of performing it. We are masters of our own actions. If something new must be done or something old replaced, no one can do it but ourselves." If life is approached in this way, as a cooperation of independent human beings, there are no limits to the progress of our human civilization.

Travis hopes to be _______ from hospital next month.

Variations in British Accents Language【T1】______as people try to express themselves in different ways to different people. And English, although【T2】______the same language,【T3】______in lots of different ways by lots of different people.【T4】______this is because people live far apart. People across Britain speak English using not only different accents,【T5】______.【T6】______, people of different ages and from different parts of Britain may【T7】______many different words. As people【T8】______Britain, and as people move around Britain more freely,【T9】______. However, most British people can guess where another British person is from【T10】______.

U.S. Early Childhood Education Fifty years ago,【T1】______attended early education programs. Today,【T2】______the children of that age go to【T3】______with educational programs.【T4】______young children who have received this kind of education do better【T5】______. Children in these programs【T6】______including【T7】______. They also【T8】______through singing and playing games. Many programs【T9】______. After early education program,【T10】______.

{{B}}PART I DICTATIONDirections: Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work.{{/B}}

If you are like most people, then chances are you often ______ others while they are still talking.

On the 20th【T1】______ of the first official report on AIDS the head of the United Nations AIDS programme warns the【T2】______ disease may only be at its early stages in many parts of the world. Dr. Piot has said that the disease has already reached the【T3】______proportions since first being【T4】______ in 1981. 58 million people world-wide have【T5】______ the HTV virus, which causes AIDS, while 22 million have【T6】______related illnesses. The UN【T7】______ the world's HTV-【T8】______ population at 36 million, including 25 million in Sub-Saharan Africa. International officials warned that the disease would have【T9】______political, social and economic【T10】______ in many developing countries.

The government has promised to do ______ lies in its power to ease the hardships of the victims in the flood-stricken area.[2004]

The girl cannot come to school today on account of the flu. The underlined part means_____.(2012-66)

A. negligible B. overuse C. procedures D. abnormal E. patients F. potential G. complied H. collaborated I. made J. involved K. infrequent L. possessed M. detect N. provisions O. impact A study found that the radiation from CT scans—the tests regularly used to【C1】______ internal injuries or signs of cancer—is likely responsible for 2 percent of cancer cases in the United States. While lots of Americans undergo CT scans, that research is unlikely to come up in doctors' offices: Two-thirds of【C2】______in a new JAMA study reported hearing nothing of the risks of the diagnostic procedure. Meanwhile, 17 percent felt like they played an active role in a discussion over, whether this diagnostic test was the best path forward. "Our study indicates that most decisions to undergo outpatient CT are【C3】______ by physicians and risk communication is【C4】______," a team of researchers led by University of Colorado's Tanner Caverly writes. "The risk communication that took place had limited【C5】______: respondents who recalled discussing the benefits and risks of imaging did not have better knowledge." Would a conversation about the【C6】______ risks have made a difference? Caverly's team asked a few other questions that suggest it would: Patients undergoing the scan have little idea about the radiation【C7】______. One-quarter self-identified radiation as a risk of a CT scan; 37 percent were able to identify CT scans as having a higher level of radiation than a chest x-ray. There's a growing movement in medicine right now to cut back on unnecessary treatment or 【C8】______ of care. Much of this has been led by a group called Choosing Wisely, which has 【C9】______ with dozens of medical societies to come up with lists of【C10】______ that doctors themselves don't think they ought to be using. One of their key messages is that more care isn't necessarily better; all medicine comes with some level of risk. That message does not, however, seem to be delivered in the doctor's offices studied here.

All the following sentences contain an adverbial clause of purpose EXCEPT

It's raining. There is a _____ possibility that she won't come.