单选题[此试题无题干]

单选题. SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there are several passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. For each question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO. Passage One Something incredible is happening in a lab at Duke University's Center for Neuroengineering—though, at first, it's hard to see just what it is. A robot arm swings from side to side, eerily lifelike, as if it were trying to snatch invisible flies out of the air. It pivots around and straightens as it extends its mechanical hand. The hand clamp shuts and squeezes for a few seconds, then relaxes its grip and pulls back to shoot out again in a new direction. OK, nothing particularly astonishing here—robot arms, after all, do everything from building our cars to sequencing our DNA. But those robot arms are operated by software; the arm at Duke follows commands of a different sort. To see where those commands are coming from, you have to follow a tangled trail of cables out of the lab and down the hall to another, smaller room. Inside this room sits a motionless macaque monkey(短尾猿). The monkey is strapped in a chair, staring at a computer screen. On the screen a black dot moves from side to side; when it stops, a circle widens around it. You wouldn't know just from watching, but that dot represents the movements of the arm in the other room. The circle indicates the squeezing of its robotic grip; as the force of the grip increases, the circle widens. In other words, the dot and the circle are responding to the robot arm's movements. And the arm? It's being directed by the monkey. Did I mention the monkey is motionless? Take another look at those cables: They snake into the back of the computer and then out again, terminating in a cap on the monkey's head, where they receive signals from hundreds of electrodes buried in its brain. The monkey is directing the robot with its thoughts. For decades scientists have pondered, speculated on, and pooh-poohed the possibility of a direct interface between a brain and a machine—only in the late 1990s did scientists start learning enough about the brain and signal-processing to offer glimmers of hope that this science-fiction vision could become reality. Since then, insights into the workings of the brain—how it encodes commands for the body, and how it learns to improve those commands over time—have piled up at an astonishing pace, and the researchers at Duke studying the macaque and the robotic arm are at the leading edge of the technology. "This goes way beyond what's been done before," says neuroscientist Miguel Nicolelis, co-director of the Center for Neuroengineering. Indeed, the performance of the center's monkeys suggests that a mind-machine merger could become a reality in humans very soon. Nicolelis and his team are confident that in five years they will be able to build a robot arm that can be controlled by a person with electrodes implanted in his or her brain. Their chief focus is medical—they aim to give people with paralyzed limbs a new tool to make everyday life easier. But the success they and other groups of scientists are achieving has triggered broader excitement in both the public and private sectors. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has already doled out $ 24 million to various brain-machine research efforts across the United States, the Duke group among them. High on DARPA's wish list. mind-controlled battle robots, and airplanes that can be flown with nothing more than thought. You were hoping for something a bit closer to home? How about a mental telephone that you could use simply by thinking about talking? Passage Two Within that exclusive group of literary characters who have survived through the centuries—from Hamlet to Huckleberry Finn few can rival the cultural impact of Sherlock Holmes. Since his first public appearance 20 years ago, the gentleman with the curved pipe and a taste for cocaine, the master of deductive reasoning and elaborate disguise, has left his mark everywhere—in crime literature, film and television, cartoons and comic books. At Holmes' side, of course, was his trusted friend Dr. Watson. Looming even larger, however, was another doctor, one whose medical practice was so slow it allowed him plenty of time to pursue his literary ambition. His name: Arthur Conan Doyle. As the creator of these fictional icons, Conan Doyle has himself become something of a cult figure, the object of countless critical studies, biographies and fan clubs. Conan Doyle was born in Edinburgh in 1859, in a respectable middle-class Catholic family. Still, it was far from an easy life. There was never enough money; they moved frequently in search of lower rents; and his father, a civil servant and illustrator was an alcoholic who had to be institutionalized. Yet the early letters he wrote to his mother are surprisingly optimistic, concerned mainly with food, clothes, allowances and schoolwork. At 14 came his first unforgettable visit to London, including Madame Tussaud's, where he was "delighted with the room of Horrors, and the images of the murderers." A superb student, Conan Doyle went on to medical school, where he was attracted by Dr. Joseph Bell, a professor with an uncanny ability to diagnose patients even before they opened their mouths. For a time he worked as Bell's outpatient clerk and would watch, amazed, at how the location of a callus could reveal a man's profession, or how a quick look at a skin rash told Bell that the patient had once lived in Bermuda. In 1886, Conan Doyle outlined his first novel, A Study in Scarlet, which he described as "a simple tale of mystery to make a little extra money." Its main character, initially called Sherringford Hope and later called Sherlock Holmes, was based largely on Bell. But Holmes' first appearance went almost unnoticed, and the struggling doctor devoted nearly all of his spare time to writing long historical novels in the style of Sir Walter Scott—novels that he was convinced would make his reputation. It wasn't to be. In 1888, Holmes reappeared in A Scandal in Bohemia, a short story in Strand Magazine. And this time, its hero took an immediate hit and Conan Doyle's life would never be the same. Passage Three As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe—sun baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably like modern apartment houses. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with store rooms for grain and other goods. These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies. They were really villages in themselves, as later Spanish explorers must have realized since they called them "pueblos", which is Spanish for town. The people of the pueblos raised what are called "the three sisters"—com, beans, and squash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they could hold water. The Southwest has always been a dry country, where water is scarce. The Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches. Water was so important that it played a major role in their religion. They developed elaborate ceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain. The way of life of less settled groups was simpler and more strongly influenced by nature. Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted small animals such as small rabbits and snakes. In the Far North the ancestors of today's Inuit hunted seals, walruses, and the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow. When summer came, they fished for salmon and hunted the lordly caribou. The Cheyenne, Pawnee, and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the grasslands between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted bison, commonly called the buffalo. Its meat was the chief food of these tribes, and its hide was used to make their clothing and covering of their tents and tipis. Passage Four Migration is usually defined as "permanent or semipermanent change of residence". "This broad definition, of course, would include a move across the street or a cross a city. Our concern is with movement between nations, not with internal migration within nations, although such movements often exceed international movements in volume. Today, the motives of people who move short distances are very similar to those of international migrants". Students of human migration speak of "push" and "pull" factors, which influence an individual's decision to move from one place to another. Push factors are associated with the place of origin. A push factor can be as simple and mild a matter as difficulty in finding a suitable job, or as traumatic as war, or severe famine. Obviously, refugees who leave their homes with guns pointed at their heads are motivated almost entirely by push factors (although pull factors do influence their choice of destination). Pull factors are those associated with the place of destination. Most of these are economic, such as better job opportunities or the availability of good land to farm. The latter was an important factor in attracting settlers to the United States during the 19th century. In general, pull factors add up to an apparently better chance for a good life and material well-being than is offered by the place of origin. When there is a choice between several attractive potential destinations, the deciding factor might be a non-economic consideration such as the presence of relatives, friends, or at least fellow countrymen already established in the new place who are willing to help the newcomers settle in. Considerations of this sort lead to the development of migration flow. Besides push and pull factors, there are what the sociologists call "intervening obstacles". Even if push and/or pull factors are very strong they still may be outweighed by intervening obstacles, such as the distance of the move, the trouble and cost of moving, the difficulty of entering the new country, and the problems likely to be encountered on arrival. The decision to move is also influenced by "personal factors" of the potential migrant. The same push/pull factors and obstacles operate differently on different people, sometimes because they are at different stages of their lives, or just because of their varying abilities and personalities. The prospect of packing up everything and moving to a new and perhaps very strange environment may app ear interesting and challenging to an unmarried young man and appallingly difficult to a slightly older man with a wife and small kids. Similarly, the need to learn a new language and customs may excite one person and frighten another. Regardless of why people move, migration of large numbers of people causes conflict. The United States and other western countries have experienced adjustment problems with each new wave of immigrants. The newest arrivals are usually given the lowest-paid jobs and are resented by native people who may have to compete with them for those jobs. It has usually taken several decades for each group to be accepted into the mainstream of society in the host country.1. Why is it incredible for something happened in a lab at Duke University's Center?(Passage One)

单选题《复合题被拆开情况》 1I was prepared to dislike Max Kelada even before I knew him. The war had just finished and the passenger traffic in the oceangoing liners was heavy. Accommodation was very hard to get and

单选题 This word, which is ______

单选题6. Summer holidays spent on the hot ghetto streets are ______ the time middle-class students devote to camps, exotic vacations and highly organized sports.

单选题. SECTION A MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS PASSAGE ONE (1) Ralph felt a kind of affectionate reverence for the conch (海螺), even though he had fished the thing out of the lagoon himself. He faced the place of assembly and put the conch to his lips. The others were waiting for this and came straight away. The place of assembly filled quickly; Jack, Simon, Maurice, most of the hunters, on Ralph's right; the rest on the left, under the sun. Piggy came and stood outside the triangle. This indicated that he wished to listen, but would not speak; and Piggy intended it as a gesture of disapproval. (2) "The thing is: we need an assembly." (3) No one said anything but the faces turned to Ralph were intent. He flourished the conch. He had learnt as a practical business that fundamental statements like this had to be said at least twice, before everyone understood them. One had to sit, attracting all eyes to the conch, and drop words like heavy round stones among the little groups that crouched or squatted. He was searching his mind for simple words so that even the littluns would understand what the assembly was about. (4) "We need an assembly. Not for fun. But to put things straight." (5) He paused for a moment and automatically pushed back his hair. Piggy tiptoed to the triangle, his ineffectual protest made, and joined the others. Ralph went on. (6) "We have lots of assemblies. Everybody enjoys speaking and being together. We decide things. But they don't get done. We were going to have water brought from the stream and left in those coconut shells under fresh leaves. So it was, for a few days. Now there's no water. The shells are dry. People drink from the river." (7) There was a murmur of assent. He licked his lips. (8) "Then there's huts. Shelters." (9) The murmur swelled again and died away. (10) "You mostly sleep in shelters. Tonight, except for Samneric up by the fire, you'll all sleep there. Who built the shelters?" (11) Clamor rose at once. Everyone had built the shelters. Ralph had to wave the conch once more. (12) "Wait a minute! I mean, who built all three? We all built the first one, four of us the second one, and me'n Simon built the last one over there. That's why it's so tottery (摇摇欲坠的). No. Don't laugh. That shelter might fall down if the rain comes back. We'll need those shelters then." (13) Piggy held out his hands for the conch but Ralph shook his head. His speech was planned, point by point. He paused, feeling for his next point. "And another thing." (14) Someone called out. "Too many things." (15) There came a mutter of agreement. Ralph overrode them. (16) "And another thing. We nearly set the whole island on fare. And we waste time, rolling rocks, and making little cooking fires. Now I say this and make it a rule, because I'm chief. We won't have a fire anywhere but on the mountain. Ever." (17) There was a row immediately. Boys stood up and shouted and Ralph shouted back. (18) "Because if you want a fire to cook fish or crab, you can jolly well go up the mountain. That way we'll be certain." (19) Hands were reaching for the conch in the light of the setting sun. He held on and leapt on the trunk. (20) "All this I meant to say. Now I've said it. You voted me for chief. Now you do what I say." (21) They quieted, slowly, and at last were seated again. Jack stood up, scowling in the gloom, and held out his hands. (22) "I haven't finished yet." (23) "But you've talked and talked!" (24) "I've got the conch." (25) Jack sat down, grumbling. (26) "Then the last thing. This is what people can talk about." (27) He waited till the platform was very still. (28) "Things are breaking up. I don't understand why. We began well; we were happy. And then—Then people started getting frightened." (29) A murmur, almost a moan, rose and passed away. Ralph went on, abruptly. (30) "But that's littluns' talk. We'll get that straight. We've got to talk about this fear and decide there's nothing in it. I'm frightened myself, sometimes; only that's nonsense! Like bogies. Then, when we've decided, we can start again and be careful about things like the fire." A picture of three boys walking along the bright beach flitted through his mind. "And be happy." (31) Ceremonially, Ralph laid the conch on the trunk beside him as a sign that the speech was over. What sunlight reached them was level. PASSAGE TWO (1) Men and women tend to choose different career paths, and researchers have identified this as the biggest reason men make more money. So if men and women were equally represented across all occupations, would it close that gender pay gap? (2) Teaching is just one example of an occupation segregated along gender lines. According to the Labor Department, about 80 percent of elementary- and middle-school teachers are women. A wide array of other jobs in the United States are overwhelmingly done by one gender or the other—from low-wage cafeteria workers (61 percent women) all the way up to the C-suite (75 percent of chief executives are men). (3) But according to a study released on July 13 by the job-search site CareerBuilder, that could be changing. Women are entering traditionally male-dominated jobs in greater numbers, and vice versa. One of the more dramatic examples: A full 95 percent of firefighters are men, but nearly a third of new firefighters hired since 2009 have been women, according to the study. On the other side of the coin, just 20 percent of elementary school teachers are men, yet men make up nearly half of all new hires in the field over the past eight years. (4) The softening of those gendered barriers, and evolving perceptions of which jobs are appropriate for whom, is a product of fundamental changes in the US economy, and, if the trend continues, could inch women closer to equal pay with their male counterparts. But it's not a silver bullet. The pay gap is a multifaceted problem without a clean fix—men still out-earn women even within the same occupations, and a dearth of women at the top of the career ladder persists. (5) "We could have perfect gender parity and still have a pay gap, but it's still good news," says Emily Liner, an economist and senior policy advisor. Gender parity hasn't improved markedly for every career, but the study finds that women have made inroads in the past eight years in occupations including CEOs, lawyers, web developers, dentists, sales managers, marketing managers, chemists, and financial analysts. There's even been a big increase in women hired as sports coaches and scouts. Some of these shifts for men and women are borne out elsewhere. According to the US Census Bureau, the number of men in nursing careers, while still small, has tripled since the 1970s. (6) A number of factors could be driving that migration. For men, Ms. Liner says, the evolution into a service economy is altering perceptions of what is acceptable work. "Automation and globalization are the reasons men are considering jobs they may not have before," she says. For both men and women, seeing peers take those less conventional career paths can get the ball rolling toward gender parity even faster. "It's, 'I know someone who does this who is similar to me.' That might be causing some acceleration there." (7) In terms of increasing the 80 cents a woman earns for every dollar a man does, easing the job market's gender segregation could play a big role. Liner, in her research on how gender is linked to salaries, found that jobs that account for the top 10 percent of earnings in the US are almost entirely male-dominated. In contrast, women occupy over two-thirds of the lowest-wage jobs that the Labor Department tracks—entry-level retail and food service positions. Even within those low-wage categories, there are often stark gender divides. Parking lot attendants, for example, are overwhelmingly male, and they make about $3,000 more per year on average than cashiers, who skew female. (8) Historically, too, just the influx of women or men into certain careers has influenced their prestige and earning potential. Computer programming started out as unglamorous work done primarily by women, but became better-paying and respected as men became the majority. The reverse is true for a number of jobs now occupied primarily by women. (9) But not all of them. Pharmacists make up an occupational group that has both increased the number of women in its ranks over the long term and retained high earnings. Pharmacy is the second-highest-paying profession in the US, and has a smaller pay gap than other prestigious fields, including business and law. In a 2014 speech, Harvard labor economist Claudia Goldin credited the job's flexibility, made possible by technology and the standardization of the work itself, as a major factor in its ability to recruit women and retain them even as they start families. PASSAGE THREE (1) Louis Armstrong is rightly lauded as one of the most influential jazz artists of all time, but less frequently appreciated is the impact he had on ending segregation in the United States. In 1931, when Charles Black Jr. was a 16-year-old freshman at the University of Texas, he went to see Armstrong play at the Driskill Hotel in Austin, hoping, in his own words, that there would be "lots of girls there". Instead, he was struck by the music. "He was the first genius I had ever seen," Black wrote in 1986. "It had simply never entered my mind, for confirming or denying in conjecture, that I would see this for the first time in a black man... And if this was true, what happened to the rest of it?" (2) Black later became a constitutional lawyer, and in 1954 he wrote the legal briefs for Linda Brown, the 10-year-old plaintiff in Brown v. Board of Education. That experience of being awed by an artist's genius ended up contributing to a landmark case declaring racial segregation in public schools to be unconstitutional. The Harvard art history and African American studies professor Sarah Lewis cites this moment as an example of how culture enables people to see beyond their own blind spots. Art that gets us to pause, she argues, can lead us to a new vision of the world. (3) Last year, Lewis guest-edited an edition of Aperture magazine titled "Vision and Justice", which explored the intersection of photography and black American, and how the medium has contributed to social progress. She discussed the power of images and the political role of artists with the architect Michael Murphy on Wednesday at the Aspen Ideas Festival, co-hosted by the Aspen Institute and The Atlantic. Acknowledging the role that culture plays in justice, Lewis said, is something people tend to do only in times of crisis. But even in the current moment, she argued, when more visuals are produced every two minutes than were created during the entire 19th century, images still wield great power when they force people to slow down. (4) One example Lewis cited wasn't an artwork at all, but a plaque unveiled at Harvard last year to commemorate slaves who worked at the university in the 17th century. She also referred to an instantly iconic photograph of President Barack Obama bending down to let a small boy touch his head. And she quoted President John Kennedy's 1963 speech at Amherst College, in which Kennedy considered the power of artists in society, stating: "We must never forget that art is not a form of propaganda; it is a form of truth." (5) While that may be so, Murphy said, it doesn't mean art can't be weaponized. The co-founder and CEO of MASS Design Group, a non-profit firm advocating for "architecture that promotes justice and human dignity," reiterated the idea that forcing people to pause can enable them to restructure their thinking. Architecture is conceptually slow, he argued, since most buildings take at least five years to move from design to completion. He referred to MASS's proposal for a Holocaust memorial in London, which would create a pile of six million individual stones in the middle of the city, each one inscribed with the name of a victim. Visitors would be encouraged to take the stones home. The end result, Murphy said, would be that "six million people... agree to participate, engage, take a stone, and embrace a more just and tolerant society." (6) "There are images that are impossible to forget, searing themselves into our collective consciousness," my colleague Yoni Appelbaum wrote last year, after an extraordinary photo of a peaceful protester facing down two armed policemen went viral. As Lewis said, these are the visuals that prompt us to pause, and show us "not only the things we want to celebrate, but the things we need to remember."1. According to the context, the conch may be a symbol of ______. (PASSAGE ONE)

单选题11. The government is committed to enforcing some of the recommendations, but others will he open to ______.

单选题There is growing recognition that businesses that operate in a globalizing economy need a universal________of business ethics.

完形填空When Barack Obama first ran for president, Emma

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完形填空Three hundred years ago news travelled by word

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完形填空Debate about proposals to raise the retirement

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