African elephants have been slaughtered at alarming rate over the past decade, largely because they are the primary source of the world's ivory. Their population has been dwindled from 1.3 million in 1979 to just 625,000 today, and the rate of killing has been 1 in recent years because many of the older, bigger 2 animals have already been destroyed. "The poachers now must kill times as many elephants to get the same quantity of ivory," explained Curtis Bohlen, senior vice president of the World Wildlife Fund.Though its record on the environment has been spotty so far, the government last week took the 3 in a major conservation issue by imposing a ban on ivory imports into the US. The move came just four days after a consortium of 4 groups, including the World Wildlife Fund and Wildlife Conservation International, called for that kind of action, and it made the US the first nation to forbid imports of both raw and 5 ivory. The ban, says Bohlen, sends a very clear 6 to the ivory poachers that the game is over.In the past African nations have resisted an ivory ban, but increasingly they realized that the decimation of the elephant herds poses a 7 threat to their tourist business. Last month Tanzania and several other African countries called for an amendment to the 102 nation Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species 8 would make the ivory trade illegal worldwide. The amendment is expected to be approved at an October meeting in Geneva and to go into effect next January. But between now and then, conservationists 9 poachers may go on a rampage, killing elephants 10, so nations should unilaterally forbid imports right away.

(1) The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photograph's fidelity to appearances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art. Throughout the nineteenth century, the defence of photography was identical with the struggle to establish it as a fine art. Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality, photographers asserted that it was instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting. (2) Ironically, now that photography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring themselves—anything but making works of art. They are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fine art, except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art It shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art. (3) Photographers' disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us more about the harried status of the contemporary notion of art than about whether photography is or is not art. For example, those photographers who suppose that, by taking pictures, they are getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentrating on the physical act of painting. Much of photography's prestige today derives from the convergence of its aims with those of recent art, particularly with the dismissal of abstract art implicit in the phenomenon of Pop painting during the 1960's. Appreciating photographs is a relief to sensibilities tired of the mental exertions demanded by abstract art. Classical Modernist painting—that is, abstract art as developed in different ways by Picasso, Kandinsky, and Matisse—presupposes highly developed skills of looking and a familiarity with other paintings and the history of art. Photography, like Pop painting, reassures viewers that art. is not hard; photography seems to be more about its subjects than about art. (4) Photography, however, has developed all the anxieties and self-consciousness of a classic Modernist art. Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of photography as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the public will forget that photography is a distinctive and exalted activity—in short, an art.

Nowadaysmanykidsareoverprotectedbytheirparents.Butisitnecessarytodothat?Lookatthefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteyourresponseinabout200words,inwhichyoushouldstartwithabriefdescriptionofthepictureandgiveyourviewontheissue.Markswillbeawardedforcontentrelevance,contentsufficiency,organization,languagequality.Failuretofollowtheaboveinstructionsmayresultinalossofmarks.WriteyourresponseonANSWERSHEETTHREE.

Noise constitutes a real and present danger to people's health. Day and night, at home, at work, and at play, noise can produce serious physical and 1 stress. No one is 2 to this stress. Though we seem to 3 noise by ignoring it, the ear, in fact, never closes and the body still responds—sometimes with extreme tension—to a strange sound in the night.The 4 we feel when faced with noise is the most common outward disease of the stress building up inside us. The more 5 and more serious health hazards associated with the stress caused by noise traditionally have been given much less attention. Nevertheless, when we are annoyed or made irritable by stress, we should consider these symptoms fair 6 that other things may be happening to us, some of which may be damaging our health.Of all health hazards of noise, hearing loss is most clearly observable and measurable by health professionals. The other hazards are harder to 7. For many of us, there may be a risk that exposure to stress of noise 8 susceptibility to disease and infection. However, the link between noise and many disabilities or diseases has not yet been 9 demonstrated, and we tend to dismiss annoyance caused by noise 10 a price to pay for living in the modern world.

(1) Remember the Stone Age days of research back in elementary school and middle school? We would spend countless hours digesting the information we could find on index cards. Do you recall using those ancient computers that ran with the Gopher program or some generic database whose name connoted a marmot that could take half an hour to find Moby Dick? (2) Well, all I have to say can be summed up in five words: Thank God For The Internet! Screw going to the library! I have access to dozens of databases, journals, and collections of literature right at my fingertips. I can complete all of my research at home and no longer must run amok in the library, stressing out while trying to find Shakespeare's The Tempest or some other book, all the while trying to block out the noisy study groups who have forgotten what the "silence policy of libraries" means. (3) If you recall the flood epidemic that hit Colorado State University just a couple summers ago, that natural disaster wreaked havoc all over campus. A large portion of journals and texts were located in our libraries' basement which completely filled up with about 10 feet of rain water in a matter of hours. (4) The Lory Student Center's basement was also flooded and that was where the university bookstore was located. This forced almost every professor to order new textbooks and that really put a dent in our wallets. Many students here, myself included, still have to face the disappointment of searching for a particular book or journal for a last minute paper, only to find out that the certain item was a casualty of the flood. (5) Thanks to the Internet, the university implemented the Inter-library Loan system. Several universities around Colorado have generously aided us in our research endeavors by loaning any resource we need for at least two to three weeks. All we have to do is type in a request and five other university libraries automatically search for that information. (6) Without this program, I may have failed several papers and projects. I would have had to spend my nights running from public library to public library around the state just to find a certain article or novel. The World Wide Web has also given us the capability to order any textbook at a much lower price than the university bookstores charge. Hey, we're all college students and we're usually broke, so anytime we can find a deal or discount that will save us a few bucks, we will gladly take it. (7) And last but not least, for those of us who are constantly homesick, have a special someone far away or still want to keep in touch with pals, we have e-mail. Like most of you, I moved away from home to go to school and my high school friends spread out across the globe. Instead of wasting money on stationery and envelopes and stamps (which seem to increase in price about every year), I can chat with everyone through the Internet. Plus, scanning has allowed us to send pictures to our sweethearts, friends, and family who have forgotten what we look like. So, I'm asking everyone to get on their hands and knees and to pay homage to the tele-communications god, the Internet.

(1) It seems that our society favors a kind of ritualized aggression. Everywhere you look, in newspapers and on television, issues are presented using the terminology of war and conflict. We hear of battles, duels and disputes. We see things in terms of winners and losers, victors and victims. The problem is society's unquestioning belief in the advantages of the debate as a way of solving disagreements, even proving right from wrong. (2) Our brainwashing begins early, at school, when the brightest pupils are co-opted onto the debating team. The training in this adversarial approach continues at our tertiary institutions. The standard way to present an academic paper, for instance, is to take up an opposing argument to something expressed by another academic. The paper must set out to prove the other person wrong. This is not at all the same thing as reading the original paper with an open mind and discovering that you disagree with it. (3) The reverence for the adversarial approach spills over into all areas of life. Instead of answering their critics, politicians learn to sidestep negative comments and turn the point around to an attack on their accusers. Defense lawyers argue the case for their clients even when they suspect they may be guilty. And ordinary people use the same tactics—just listen to your teenager next time you pull him up for coming home late. You can be sure a stream of abuse will flow about your own time-keeping, your irritating habits, and your history of bad parenting. (4) Unfortunately, the smarter your kid, the better his or her argument against you will be. You'll be upset, sure, but you'll comfort yourself that those teenage monsters of yours will one day turn into mature, tough adults who can look after themselves—by which you mean, of course, they will be able to argue their way out of sticky situations. (5) It's not that you should never use angry words, or take up a position in opposition to someone or something. There are certainly times when one should take a stand, and in such cases strong words are quite appropriate: if you witness injustice, for instance, or feel passionately about another's folly. Mockery— so cruel when practiced on the innocent—can be very useful in such situations. There is no better way to bring down a tyrant than to mock him mercilessly. (6) What I dislike is the automatic assumption most people have when it comes to disagreements: they should attack, abuse, and preferably over power their opponent, at whatever the cost. (7) But just think how easy it can be to persuade a "difficult" person to be considerate of you or your wishes when you are pleasant to them, and unthreatening. Give them a way out of a potentially aggressive situation without losing face, and they will oblige you willingly.

Americans today have more different eating habits than in the past. There is a wide selection of food available.They have a broader knowledge of 1, so they buy more fresh fruit and vegetables than ever before. At he same time, Americans purchase increasing quantities of sweets, 2 and sodas.It is easy to study the amounts and kinds of food that people consume. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the food industry—growers, processors, marketers and restaurateurs 3 sales statistics and keep accurate records. Red meat, which used to be the most popular choice for dinner, is no longer an American 4. Instead, chickens, turkey, and fish have become more popular. Sales of these foods have greatly increased in recent years. This is probably a result of the awareness of the dangers of eating food which 5 high levels of cholesterol, or animal fat. Doctors believe that cholesterol is a threat to human health.According to a recent survey, Americans also change their eating 6 to meet the needs of different situations. They have certain ideas about which foods will increase their athletic ability, help them lose weight, make them 7 for business meetings, or put them in the vegetables, which supply them with carbon hydrates, to give them strength for physical activity, such as sports. Adults choose foods rich in 8, such as bread and cereal, for breakfast, and salads for lunch to prepare them for business appointments. For romantic dinners, however, Americans choose shrimp and lobster. While many of these ideas are based on nutritional facts, some are not.Americans' 9 of nutrition, 10 with their changing tastes and needs, leads them to consume a wide variety of foods—foods for health, for fun, and simply for good taste.

(1) College students are more stressed out than ever before—at least according to the latest findings of a large, national survey that has been conducted annually for the last 25 years. The survey includes more than 200,000 students attending nearly 300 colleges and asks them to rate how their own mental health stacks up with their classmates'—for example, is it "above average" or in the "highest 10％"? (2) This somewhat unusual methodology typically results in the statistical Lake Woebegon effect in which most people tend to overestimate themselves in relation to others (it refers to the fictional Lake Woebegon, where "all the women are strong, all the men are good-looking and all the children are above average"). But the most recent results indicate that fewer and fewer freshmen feel like they are in top form in terms of coping with stress. (3) A quarter century ago, nearly 70％ of freshmen put themselves in the top 10％ of mentally stable people in their class; today only 52％ rate themselves that highly, down 3 points since last year. Students' self-esteem, however, is still strong: a full 71％ of freshmen put themselves in the top 10％ in terms of academic abilities. It's hard to know what these numbers actually mean: obviously, it's not mathematically possible for 52％ or 71％ of people to be in the top 10％ of anything. And, as I explored earlier, people's attempts to compare themselves with others are skewed (倾斜) in various ways. Nevertheless, the finding is in line with previous research, which found that almost half of all college students who seek counseling now have a major mental illness. That's more than double the rate seen 10 years ago. (4) So what's going on? Obviously, the economy and high unemployment rate make for a scary time to be in college, potentially facing terrifying levels of debt—that alone could account for the increase in stress. (5) Secondly, a much more rigorous large study recently found that empathy among college students had declined 40％ since 2000—and since caring relationships are essential to mental and physical health, a decline in empathy could also produce a decline in mental health and coping. (6) My final point brings us back to my earlier post on a Stanford study that looked at the psychological effects of comparing ourselves to others. It found that the way people tend to conceal their negative emotions while broadcasting their happy ones makes the rest of us feel somehow "less than"—as though all our friends and neighbors have better lives than we do. Social media sites like Facebook and Twitter seem to have made these comparisons even more harmful by providing the perfect venue through which people can continually present a perfect version of themselves. (7) This phenomenon, too, might tie into why the new survey, "The American Freshman: National Norms," found that students are feeling less confident about their level of emotional and mental stability. If all the students around you are desperately trying to put on a happy face—and you perceive that face as a true reflection of their inner selves, even as you work to hide your own sadness—well, it's not surprising that so many students might be getting a bit stressed out. (8) Instead, if students were encouraged to feel safe expressing their honest emotions, even about their fears and failures, everyone might feel more connected, happier—and, yes, healthier.

(1) Archaeology as a profession faces two major problems. First, it is the poorest of the poor. Only paltry sums are available for excavating and even less is available for publishing the results and preserving the sites once excavated. Yet archaeologists deal with priceless objects every day. Second, there is the problem of illegal excavation, resulting in museum-quality pieces being sold to the highest bidder. (2) I would like to make an outrageous suggestion that would at one stroke provide funds for archaeology and reduce the amount of illegal digging. I would propose that scientific archeological expeditions and governmental authorities sell excavated artifacts on the open market. Such sales would provide substantial funds for the excavation and preservation of archaeological sites and the publication of results. At the same time, they would break the illegal excavator's grip on the market, thereby decreasing the inducement to engage in illegal activities. (3) You might object that professionals excavate to acquire knowledge, not money. Moreover, ancient artifacts are part of our global cultural heritage, which should be available for all to appreciate, not sold to the highest bidder. I agree. Sell nothing that has unique artistic merit or scientific value. But, you might reply, everything that comes out of the ground has scientific value. Here we part company. Theoretically, you may be correct in claiming that every artifact has potential scientific value. Practically, you are wrong. (4) Irefer to the thousands of pottery vessels and ancient lamps that are essentially duplicates of one another. In one small excavation in Cyprus, archaeologists recently uncovered 2,000 virtually indistinguishable small jugs in a single courtyard. Even precious royal seal impressions have been found in abundance—more than 4,000 examples so far. (5) The basements of museums are simply not large enough to store the artifacts that are likely to be discovered in the future. There is not enough money even to catalogue the finds; as a result, they cannot be found again and become as inaccessible as if they had never been discovered. Indeed, with the help of a computer, sold artifacts could be more accessible than are the pieces stored in bulging museum basements. Prior to sale, each could be photographed and the list of the purchasers could be maintained on the computer. A purchaser could even be required to agree to return the piece if it should become needed for scientific purposes. (6) It would be unrealistic to suggest that illegal digging would stop if artifacts were sold on the open market. But the demand for the clandestine product would be substantially reduced. Who would want an unmarked pot when another was available whose provenance was known, and that was dated stratigraphically by the professional archaeologist who excavated it?

(1) American culture nurtures many myths about the moral value of hard work. The phrase " by the bootstraps" still widely used to describe those Americans who have found success through a combination of dogged work and stubborn will, rose from a mis-remembering of The Surprising Adventures of Baron Munchausen: In it, the eponymous aristocrat pulls himself from a swamp—not by his bootstraps, but by his hair. And Horatio Alger's stories, as well, while often remembered collectively as the prototypical tale of American rags to American riches, romanticized not just the social and economic power of hard work, but also the power of old-fashioned good luck. (2) The myths live on, though, for the same reason myths often will: They ratify a deeply held value in American culture. They allow us denizens of the current moment to hold onto one of the most beloved ideas that has animated Americans' conception of themselves—ourselves—as a culture, over the decades and centuries; that we live in a meritocracy. That our widely imitated and yet idiosyncratic (另类的) take on democracy has been built, and continues to rest, on a system that ensures that talent and hard work will be rewarded. (3) Current events, however—and Americans' ability to share their experiences with each other, via new technological platforms—have helped to reveal the notion of meritocracy to be what it always was: yet another myth. During a discussion at the Aspen Ideas Festival, NPR's Michele Norris talked with Darren Walker, the president of the Ford Foundation, and Jeff Raikes, the co-founder of the Raikes Foundation. The trio, in their discussion, emphasized the tensions between how we talk about the American dream and how people live it. (4) "As Americans, we want to believe that you can get on that mobility escalator (自动扶梯) and ride it as far as you want," Walker said, "but that no one rides it faster than anyone else. " We want to believe that talent will triumph, and that hard work will be the tool of that success. Which is to say: We want to believe that opportunity is evenly distributed. (5) But, of course, that great escalator is far faster for some than it is for others. It is harder for some to get to in the first place than it is for others. And it's been that way from the beginning: This country, as Walker put it, "was constructed on a racialized hierarchy. " It's a hierarchy that remains today—one that is evident, in ways both obvious and latent, across American culture, across the American education system, across the American housing system, across the American economy. (6) And yet our stories, and our myths, tend to belie (证明……是虚假的) that reality. The logic of meritocracy, as a concept—"a system in which the talented are chosen and moved ahead on the basis of their achievement," per Merriam-Webster, but also, per Dictionary, com, "an elite group of people whose progress is based on ability and talent rather than on class privilege or wealth"—endorses a world in which economic success carries a moral valence, and in which, as a consequence, the lack of such success implies a kind of moral failing. (7) It's a tension playing out, at the moment, with the negotiations taking place in Congress, about the future of the American health-care system. Many of those debates, my colleague Vann Newkirk pointed out, have adopted the pernicious logic of the prosperity truth—the idea that success, and wealth, and indeed health itself, are signs of God's favor. But it's a tension, too, that has long inflected conversations about social assistance programs—a tension that has, in general, long defined how Americans think about what they owe to each other, as people and as fellow citizens. (8) "Meritocracy" takes as its core assumption, essentially, an equality that does not exist in America. It is romantic rather than realistic. "To successful people," Walker said, "to interrogate their success requires that they acknowledge the injustice that is baked into our systems. And that's really, really hard to do, because we're patriots. We believe in our country. We believe that there is something that makes it possible for people like me, and Jeff, and Norris to be where we are today. " (9) That something is the American dream. That something is "an elite group of people whose progress is based on ability and talent" as a myth and a cultural ideal. As concepts, they claim to speak to the best of who we are; in practice, however, they can serve as a justification of the worst. They can allow us to be complacent about the world rather than interrogate it. After all, as Norris summed things up: In America, " we are the land of the brave and the home of amnesia. "

A. amuse B. astonishment C. deeply D. discovery E. earnest F. employed G. lying H. pursue I. removed J. scare K. significant L. sincerely M. slipped N. trick O. unknown One day, a student was taking a walk with a professor. As they went along, they saw a pair of old shoes【C1】________in the path, which they supposed to belong to a poor man who was【C2】________in a field close by. The student said, "Let's play a【C3】________on the man. We will hide his shoes, and conceal ourselves behind those bushes." "My young friend," answered the professor, "we should never【C4】________ourselves at the expense of the poor. Put a coin into each shoe, and then we will hide ourselves and watch how the【C5】________affects him. " The student did so, and they placed themselves behind the bushes. The poor man soon finished his work, and came across the field to the path where he had left his shoes. While putting on his coat he【C6】________his foot into one of his shoes; but feeling something hard, he found the coin. Wonder and【C7】________were seen upon his face. He proceeded to put on the other shoe; but his surprise was doubled on finding the other coin. He looked up to the heavens and uttered aloud an【C8】________thanksgiving, in which he spoke of his wife, sick and helpless, and his children without bread, whom from some 【C9】________hand, would save them from dying. The student stood there, 【C10】________affected. He said to the professor, "I feel now the truth of those words, which I never understood before: ' It is more blessed to give than to receive'. "

(1) The number of women directors appointed to corporate boards in the United States has increased dramatically, but the ratio of female to male directors remains low. Although pressure to recruit women directors, unlike that to employ women in the general work force, does not derive from legislation, it is nevertheless real. Although small companies were the first to have women directors, large corporations currently have a higher percentage of women on their boards. When the chairs of these large corporations began recruiting women to serve on boards, they initially sought women who were chief executive officers (CEOs) of large corporations. However, such women CEOs are still rare. In addition, the ideal of six CEOs (female or male) serving on the board of each of the largest corporations is realizable only if every CEO serves on six boards. This raises the specter of director over commitment and the resultant dilution of contribution. Consequently, the chairs next sought women in business who had the equivalent of CEO experience. However, since it is only recently that large numbers of women have begun to rise in management, the chairs began to recruit women of high achievement outside the business world. Many such women are well known for their contributions in government, education, and the nonprofit sector. The fact that the women from these sectors who were appointed were often acquaintances of the boards' chairs seems quite reasonable: chairs have always considered it important for directors to interact comfortably in the boardroom. (2) Although many successful women from outside the business world are unknown to corporate leaders, these women are particularly qualified to serve on boards because of the changing nature of corporations. Today a company's ability to be responsive to the concerns of the community and the environment can influence that company's growth and survival. Women are uniquely positioned to be responsive to some of these concerns. Although conditions have changed, it should be remembered that most directors of both sexes are over fifty years old. Women of that generation were often encouraged to direct their attention toward efforts to improve the community. This fact is reflected in the career development of most of the outstandingly successful women of the generation now in their fifties, who currently serve on corporate boards: 25 percent are in education and 22 percent are in government, law, and the nonprofit sector. (3) One organization of women directors is helping business become more responsive to the changing needs of society by raising the level of corporate awareness about social issues, such as problems with the economy, government regulation, the aging population, and the environment. This organization also serves as a resource center of information on accomplished women who are potential candidates for corporate boards.

(1) Life moves on—even in Tucson. The flowers and candles are being dismantled. The fresh golf courses are filled with winter visitors. The funerals that marked life here for two weeks are over. (2) But it will be a long time before this desert community puts behind it, if it ever does, what happened in an instant on a sunny Saturday morning in front of a supermarket. (3) On that day, at La Toscana Village strip mall, I peered past the police tape at the blood-smeared sidewalk and the covered bodies of the victims. I knew I had to focus and ask questions. I had to file a story. But I also had to stop for a minute to process my breaking heart. (4) Nineteen people, including a 9-year-old girl, a federal judge and a member of Congress, had just been gunned down in my home town. (5) In the past more than 25 years, I have seen the unspeakable many times. I wrote about the slaughter of 32 students inside their Virginia Tech classrooms. I reported on the random shootings of 13 people in the Washington area by two snipers (狙击手). I have covered countless murders of youths on the streets of the District. (6) But I never expected to see this kind of tragedy here in my safe haven. Tucson was where I hiked with my husband on the trails of Sabino Canyon, the desert oasis in Coronado National Forest, and where I rode horses with my daughter near Saguaro National Monument, amid the cholla and ocotillo cactus. Here I breathed the clean desert, air, especially intoxicating after a rain, filled with the fragrance of creosote and sage. Here I drove 15 minutes out of town to Gates Pass to watch the spectacular sunsets and then marvel at the big, starry Arizona sky. This was my city, a blend of Native American and Mexican culture, where the sun shines more days a year than anywhere else in the country. (7) The world is filled with cities that are touched with senseless violence. And after the streets are swept clean, life goes on. People go back to work and to play. On the surface, it appears as if nothing really changed. (8) But something has. Extreme acts of violence affect the psychological and social fabric of a community in subtle but important ways. The place where residents have felt safe doesn't feel quite so safe anymore. Insecurity creeps in. Anxieties rise. (9) I was here on the morning of the shootings visiting my mother, who moved to Tucson with my father in the 1950s. A childhood friend called to tell us she'd heard that Giffords had just been shot. I called The Post and then, on instinct, as if I were still on the D. C. crime beat, raced to the scene—just two miles away. (10) In the days that followed, my home town was transformed into a national media spectacle, complete with a camera-ready headline: "Tragedy in Tucson." Famous television anchors flew in and set up with my beloved Santa Catalina Mountains as their backdrop. Reporting the story was strange. It felt uncomfortable calling old friends for help and reaching out to Giffords's rabbi, whom I'd known since she was a teenager, to urge her to share her experience at the lawmaker's bedside. (11) Growth and development had long ago changed Tucson. At the end of roads where there was once only desert, there are expensive sprawling homes, luxury resorts and strip malls, like the one where Jared Loughner pulled out his Glock 19. Making my way around Tucson, a flood of childhood memories came back, but now superimposed on them were images from the bloodbath. (12) So, too, it is with those who live here. Their lives go on, but in ways big and small the city they call home is not quite the same as it was before.

What if clothing was more than just an accessory? The green movement is not new to fashion, and many designers and manufacturers have been actively seeking out ways to ensure their garments have less of an environmental impact. But what if your clothes were actually able to have a 1 impact on the environment?This vision is one shared by the two founders of Catalytic Clothing(触媒服装): Professor Tony Ryan, a scientist from the University of Sheffield, and Professor Helen Storey, a designer and artist from the London College of Fashion. Together they are working on a project that draws on the growing field of nanotechnology(纳米技术) to create a fabric 2 that can break down pollutants in the air."In a sense, it's a recycling of an existing technology that exists in toothpaste and sunscreen," Professor Storey explains. The additive contains nanoparticles of titanium dioxide which act as a catalyst (触媒剂；催化剂). When light hits these particles, they react with oxygen to make what is essentially a peroxide(过氧化物) bleach. This in turn reacts with air 3 such as nitric oxide and breaks them down.While this technology could be used to create an entirely new fabric, Professor Ryan thinks that it has greater potential as an additive. "It only needs to be on the surface," he says. "You don't 4 it in the fibers, and that means that it's really easy to upgrade existing fabrics with the technology. We think the best way to do this is via the laundry, because everyone washes their clothes."Jeans have been a particular focus of Catalytic Clothing, both because they are widely prevalent as well as that the particles 5 especially well to cotton denim. And while the amount of air pollutants broken down by any one individual wearing catalyzed jeans is minor, "6, we can have a huge impact on the quality of the air and therefore respiratory health," Storey says.According to Ryan, 4 people wearing catalyzed jeans in a day would 7 the nitric oxide air pollution created by one car.The future might be one in which this pollution-busting fabric additive is so 8 that we no longer give it a second thought, like fluoride(氟化物) in tap water. Though at the moment it's not commercially 9, Ryan estimates that it could be with in a year or class. Catalytic Clothing is aiming for mass 10. The day is near when we'll be able to make our clothes work for us in more ways than one.

Read carefully the following excerpt and then write your response in NO LESS THAN 200 WORDS, in which you should: . summarize the main message of the excerpt, and then . comment on the phenomenon of "Moonlight Clan" in China. You can support yourself with information from the excerpt. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. "Moonlight Clan" in China A recent survey has found that a growing number of young people in China have their heads in the clouds when it comes to saving money. The trend has become so common; it has coined its own phrase, "Moonlight Clan", which describes those with particularly poor money management, who are defying the Chinese tradition of being the world’s best savers. It’s believed the phrase first came into use during the early 2000s in mainland China as a way to describe young adults who represent an economic departure from the spending habits of their parents. Instead of saving in traditional Chinese fashion, they treat their cash as a disposable income, spending it all before the end of the month. It’s unusual, especially when you consider China’s reputation as being a nation of thrifty savers. In fact, the tradition of saving money is very prevalent in Chinese culture. Alongside the fear of not being able to provide for themselves and their family, being frugal is widely considered a virtue. A classic Chinese text states that the three greatest treasures one can have are love, frugality, and generosity. However, frugality is not something the "moonlight clan" have embraced. According to a recent survey conducted by MassMutual Asia Ltd, one in every six people aged 18 to 35 in Hong Kong, China, doesn’t have any money spare to save each month. That’s worse than in 2013 when one in every seven people didn’t save. This trend is not just unique to Hong Kong, China. A survey of 15 to 35 year-olds in Guangzhou last year showed that up to 35 percent were part of the so-called "moonlight clan", according to a China Daily report. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET THREE.

People produce waste every day they live. Some waste can be degraded while others cannot. Therefore, waste sorting is a must. Write a composition of about 200 words on the following topic: THE IMPORANCE OF WASTE SORTING You are to write in three parts. In the first part, state what the topic actually means to you. In the second part, give one or two examples to illustrate your ideas. In the last part, bring what you have written to a natural conclusion or a summary. Marks will be awarded for content, organization, grammar and appropriateness. Failure to follow the instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET THREE.

A. contrary B. exclaimed C. extensively D. affected E. prior F. demands G. so H. impact I. reasons J. relate to K. specifically L. accuracy M. extreme N. declines O. appropriate Our bodies experience an ebb and flow of energy throughout the day. This is called a circadian rhythm, and it has been studied【C1】________by scientists. Our energy level builds gradually to a peak, then【C2】________, reaching a trough (低谷) about 12 hours later. The exact nature of this cycle varies from person to person, and【C3】________do our preferences for activity versus rest. Our natural rhythms are【C4】________by internal drives and external stimulation. Typically, external stimulation wins out over what our internal guide tells us. For example, when we fly across six time zones, we have to fit into a different time frame whether we like it or not. The same is true when we work the night shift. These are【C5】________examples of what most of us experience every day on the job. So here we are, many of us working hours that are【C6】________to what our internal rhythms would prefer. Too bad. Or is it? Some forward-looking companies are looking at internal rhythms as they【C7】________productivity and are finding that a mid-afternoon nap increases work output and【C8】________. But can naptime really fit into the American workday? While experts seem to agree that napping is a good idea, the reality of napping is probably a long shot at best. There are lots of【C9】________for this. One is the need for predictability and standardization in the workplace, especially in companies that do business around the world. Another is the longstanding American work ethic that【C10】________total commitment from beginning to end of the workday. Napping is viewed as slacking, a real no-no for the go-getter who wants to get ahead.

We all make mistakes while parenting. We try to be a friend rather than a parent, or we are too strict when comfort is needed. We sometimes scold or hit when anger takes over, or we are negligent when depression 1 in. Imagine what our parenting would be like without resources to fall back on—like money, family, friends and connections—and what might be revealed if our lives were 2 examined with care in public housing, in public hospitals, in public child care and at our child's public school.This is the situation for many low-income parents, often 3 mothers of color, whose children come to the attention of the child-welfare system. But in many cities across the country, the main 4 by public agencies when parents have these types of problems is to place the child in long-term foster care. The parents become the enemy, as 5 to an essential partner in bettering the life of the child.It doesn't have to be this way. In the mid-1990s, New York City had one of the worst child-welfare systems in the country, with almost 50,000 children in foster care. Today fewer than 13,000 are in foster care, with many more children 6 safely in their families with additional support to ensure that the children are well cared for, including day care, homemakers to 7 with family chores and so on. These changes came about a few years ago after mothers whose children had been in foster care put pressure on the city administration to change. Parents who had changed their lives and were able to reunite with their children became advocates in helping other parents who were 8 as they had.In the next few months, the commissioner of New York City's Administration for Children's Services, Ronald Richter, will 9 a historic change that many parents have wanted. Every time there is a decision on whether to remove a child from his or her family, a parent advocate or community member will be present to ensure that parents' needs are met and their rights are respected. Most parents want to help their children, but at times they need the resources to do so. Involving and supporting parents is the best way to 10 families.

Read carefully the following excerpt and then write your response in NO LESS THAN 200 WORDS, in which you should: 1) summarize the main message of the excerpt, and then 2) comment on whether physical trauma is more valid than psychological trauma. You can support yourself with information from the excerpt. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET THREE. What Most People Don’t Understand about Psychological Trauma In medicine, professionals use the word trauma (创伤) to refer to physical damage to body parts. On the other hand, psychological trauma, loosely defined, refers to another type of wound: any past event that creates significant hardship and impairment in the present, at least one month after it occurred. Many think the severity of psychological trauma is about what happened to the person when in reality, it’s more about how the mind and body register what happened. It doesn’t need to be as serious as a rape—it can, in some cases, be the way a coach glared at you after you erred on the field, if you’re an athlete, for example. Just like with physical wounding, psychological wounds or trauma may simply need a little space, time, and tender loving care from another human, such as a romantic partner, parent, colleague, or friend in order to heal. Other psychological wounds may demand professional intervention. Some people think physical trauma is more valid than psychological trauma. This is not always the case and often it isn’t. Because they are visible to our five senses, physical wounds are more likely to be understood and validated by others as painful, according to trauma specialist, Jaime Marich. Unfortunately, when a psychological wound is continually invalidated by others, it can add to the pain, similar to applying salt to a cut, or wood to a fire. We’ve all been told "leave it in the past," or "get over it" when we’re suffering because of something that happened to us that’s still significantly affecting us. These platitudes, while often well-intentioned, never help. The trauma survivor is usually already suffering enough, and this can make their suffering worse by making them feel at fault for having suffering in the first place. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET THREE.

(1) Virtually everything astronomers known about objects outside the solar system is based on the detection of photons-quanta of electromagnetic radiation. Yet there is another form of radiation that permeates the universe: neutrinos (中微子). With (as its name implies) no electric charge, and negligible mass, the neutrino interacts with other particles so rarely that a neutrino can cross the entire universe, even traversing substantial aggregations of matter, without being absorbed or even deflected. Neutrinos can thus escape from regions of space where light and other kinds of electromagnetic radiation are blocked by matter. Furthermore, neutrinos carry with them information about the site and circumstances of their production: therefore, the detection of cosmic neutrinos could provide new information about a wide variety of cosmic phenomena and about the history of the universe. (2) But how can scientists detect a particle that interacts so infrequently with other matter? Twenty-five years passed between Pauli's hypothesis that the neutrino existed and its actual detection: since then virtually all research with neutrinos has been with neutrinos created artificially in large particle accelerators and studied under neutrino microscopes. But a neutrino telescope, capable of detecting cosmic neutrinos, is difficult to construct. No apparatus can detect neutrinos unless it is extremely massive, because great mass is synonymous with huge numbers of nucleons (neutrons and protons), and the more massive the detector, the greater the probability of one of its nucleon's reacting with a neutrino. In addition, the apparatus must be sufficiently shielded from the interfering effects of other particles. (3) Portunately, a group of astrophysicists has proposed a means of detecting cosmic neutrinos by harnessing the mass of the ocean. Named DUMAND, for Deep Underwater Muon and Neutrino Detector, the project calls for placing an array of light sensors at a depth of five kilometers under the ocean surface. The detecting medium is the seawater itself: when a neutrino interacts with a particle in an atom of seawater, the result is a cascade of electrically charged particles and a flash of light that can be detected by the sensors. The five kilometers of seawater above the sensors will shield them from the interfering effects of other high-energy particles raining down through the atmosphere. (4) The strongest motivation for the DUMAND project is that it will exploit an important source of information about the universe. The extension of astronomy from visible light to radio waves to x-rays and gamma rays never failed to lead to the discovery of unusual objects such as radio galaxies, quasars (类星体), and pulsars (脉冲星). Each of these discoveries came as a surprise. Neutrino astronomy will doubtless bring its own share of surprises.