MoreandmoreChinesescienceandtechnology’papershavebeenincludedinSCI.Lookatthefollowingchartcarefullyandwriteyourresponseinabout200words,inwhichyoushouldstartwithabriefdescriptionofthechart,interpretthechart,andgiveyourcomments.Markswillbeawardedforcontentrelevance,contentsufficiency,organization,languagequality.Failuretofollowtheaboveinstructionsmayresultinalossofmarks.

Abraham Lincoln turns 200 in 2009, and he's beginning to show his age. When his birthday arrives, on February 12, Congress will hold a special joint session in the Capitols National Statuary Hall, a wreath will be laid at the great memorial in Washington, and a(n) 1 will link school classrooms for a "teach-in" 2 his memory.Admirable as they are, though, the events will strike many of us Lincoln fans as 3, even halfhearted, and another sign that our appreciation for the 16th president and his 4 achievements is slipping away. And you don't have to be a Lincoln enthusiast to believe that this is something we can't afford to lose.Compare this year's celebration with the Lincoln 5, in 1909. That year, Lincoln's likeness 6 its debut on the penny, thanks to approval from the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. Communities and 7 associations in every comer of the country erupted in parades, concerts, balls, lectures, and military displays. We still feel the effects today: The momentum unloosed in 1909 led to the Lincoln Memorial, opened in 1922, and the Lincoln Highway, the first paved transcontinental thoroughfare.The celebrants in 1909 had a few 8 we lack today. Lincoln's presidency was still a 9 memory for countless Americans. In 2009 we are farther in time from the end of the Second World War than they were from the Civil War; families still felt the loss of loved ones from that awful national trauma.But Americans in 1909 had something more: an unembarrassed appreciation for heroes and a(n) 10 sense of the way that even long-dead historical figures press in on the present and make us who we are.

When some nineteenth century New Yorkers said "Harlem", they meant almost all of Manhattan above Eighty-sixth Street. Toward the end of the century, however, a group of citizens in upper Manhattan—wanting, perhaps, to 1 a closer and more 2 sense of community—designated a section that they wished to have known as Harlem. The 3 area was the Harlem to which Blacks were moving in the first decades of the new century as they left their old settlements on the middle and lower blocks of the West Side.As the community became predominantly Black, the 4 word "Harlem" seemed to lose its old meaning. At times it was easy to forget that "Harlem" was 5 the people from Holland, and 6 for most of its three centuries—it was first settled in the sixteen hundreds—it had been occupied by White New Yorkers. "Harlem" became synonymous 7 Black life and Black style in Manhattan. Blacks living there used the word as though they had coined it on their own—not only to 8 their area of residence but to express their sense of the various qualities of its life and atmosphere. As the years passed, "Harlem" assumes an even larger meaning. In the words of Adam Clayton Powell, the pastor of the Abyssinian Baptist Church, Harlem "became the symbol of liberty and the Promised Land to Negroes everywhere" . By 1919 Harlem's population had grown by several thousands. Some of the new 9 merely lived in Harlem; it was New York that they had come to, looking for jobs and for all the other legendary opportunities of life in the city. To others who 10 to Harlem, New York was merely the city in which they found themselves: Harlem was exactly what they wished to be.

(1) I heard it argued recently that saying "My father died" is insufficiently honest. Instead, one should say "My father is dead", to better recognise that death is an ongoing condition rather than a one-off tragedy. This struck me as both true and uncomfortably strict. (2) There is, at the moment, a craze for speaking bluntly about death. It began, as so many fashionable ideas do, as a necessary reaction to the status quo. Modern death is so discreetly done, overseen by professionals in hospitals and funeral homes, that it often feels weirdly invisible. Using delicate or obfuscating language is thought to reinforce the sense of taboo. (3) The terminal illness charity Marie Curie has just released a list of the 50 most popular British euphemisms (委婉语) for death—ranging from "passed away" to the less familiar "wearing a wooden onesie". The sheer volume of phrases, says the charity, "suggests society still has some way to go to feel comfortable about talking about dying". (4) But I'm not sure about that correlation. Some of the phrases listed here, such as "popped their clogs" or "kicked the bucket", are not really euphemisms. They are little jokes, defiant jabs of humour. Many of them originate from WWI, when the casualties were so relentless that the only way to endure it was with black humour. "Pushing up the daisies" and "become a landowner"—both phrases that date from the Great War—are almost anti-euphemisms, with their frank insistence on the corpse rotting in the soil. (5) Even the much-derided "pass away" isn't a modern euphemism at all, but a 14th century invention. Death was hardly a secret during the plague-ridden Dark Ages, when the average life expectancy was 24 for men and 33 for women. "Pass away" was not intended to disguise the reality of death, but to describe it. Christians of the time believed that the souls of the recently dead stayed in their bodies until the funeral rites were complete, at which point they "passed away" into the afterlife. (6) The difficulty now is that we live in a secular society, but rely on the consolations of faith. Christian phrases that once had literal meanings are now reduced to hollow platitudes. Few modern Britons really believe that the dead are "with the angels" or "looking down from Heaven". For the recently bereaved, these empty sentiments can in fact be the opposite of consoling. I remember, after my baby nephew died, feeling a rush of rage towards someone who assured me that he had "gone to a better place". Better than his mother's arms? It's not a comfort: it's an insult. (7) But an abundance of language is not, ordinarily, evidence of a taboo (禁忌). Quite the opposite. We have all those words for death because we need them. The reality is too vast, too various, too confounding to be simply expressed. One word just isn't enough.

Animals are living creatures and most of us often forget about it. Although they can't speak our language, they can understand us and they often 1 from human cruelty. Just because people are stronger doesn't mean they have the right to 2 animals. These little (or big) animals can't help themselves at times so they need you to help them. You don't have to spend money, though. Here are a few ways you can contribute to animal welfare without spending a(n) 3.Please 4 at your local animal shelter. If you can't donate to animal shelters, you can visit a local animal shelter and offer your help. You don't have to have any special skills to help animals. You can do the 5 things such as feeding animals, taking dogs for a walk, cleaning up cages, or participating in fundraising.Report any form of animal abuse. If you know someone who hits their pets to death or doesn't feed them for weeks, you are supposed to report abuse. No one has the fight to abuse little 6 and leave them in hungry, pain, and sick. Don't keep silent. Let others know how that person 7 animals. This way, you may save the lives of those poor animals. My neighbor doesn't feed his dog and cat well, so I try to feed his pets 8 to save them from death.Break a habit of buying things that contain animal products. Many beauty products, especially face creams, lotions and lipsticks, contain animal parts, so you'd better not buy them. When buying clothes, you should look for 9 brands, like avoiding anything that includes leather, silk, and wool.If you see a(n) 10 dog, don't be afraid of him. Give him something to eat and he will be thankful to you for it. When you have some bread crumbs at home, don't throw them away. Give them to birds instead.

(1) "Gentlemen," says the young man, very solemn, "I will reveal it to you, for I feel I may have confidence in you. By rights I am a duke! " (2) Jim's eyes bugged out when he heard that; and I reckon mine did, too. Then the baldhead says: "No! you can't mean it?" (3) "Yes. My great-grandfather, eldest son of the Duke of Bridgewater, fled to this country about the end of the last century, to breathe the pure air of freedom; married here, and died, leaving a son, his own father dying about the same time. The second son of the late duke seized the titles and estates—the infant real duke was ignored. I am the lineal descendant of that infant—I am the rightful Duke of Bridgewater; and here am I, forlorn, torn from my high estate, hunted of men, despised by the cold world, ragged, worn, heart-broken, and degraded to the companionship of criminals on a raft! " (4) Jim pitied him ever so much, and so did I. We tried to comfort him, but he said it wasn't much use, he couldn't be much comforted; said if we was a mind to acknowledge him, that would do him more good than most anything else; so we said we would, if he would tell us how. He said we ought to bow, when we spoke to him, and say "Your Grace," or "My Lord," or "Your Lordship"—and he wouldn't mind it if we called him plain "Bridgewater," which, he said, was a title anyway, and not a name; and one of us ought to wait on him at dinner, and do any little thing for him he wanted done. (5) Well, that was all easy, so we done it. All through dinner Jim stood around and waited on him, and says, "Will yo' Grace have some o' dis or some o' dat?" and so on, and a body could see it was mighty pleasing to him. (6) But the old man got pretty silent by and by—didn't have much to say, and didn't look pretty comfortable over all that petting that was going on around that duke. He seemed to have something on his mind. So, along in the afternoon, he says: (7) "Looky here, Bilgewater," he says, "I'm nation sorry for you, but you ain't the only person that's had troubles like that." (8) "No?" (9) "No, you ain't. You ain't the only person that's been snaked down wrongfully out'n a high place." (10) "Alas! " (11) "No, you ain't the only person that's had a secret of his birth." And he begins to cry. (12) "Hold! What do you mean?" (13) "Bilgewater, kin I trust you?" says the old man, still sort of sobbing. (14) "To the bitter death! " He took the old man by the hand and squeezed it, and says, "That secret of your being: speak! (15) "Bilgewater, I am the late Dauphin! " (16) You bet you, Jim and me stared this time. Then the duke says: (17) "You are what?" (18) "Yes, my friend, it is too true—your eyes is lookin' at this very moment on the pore disappeared Dauphin, Looy the Seventeen, son of Looy the Sixteen and Marry Antonette." (19) "You! At your age! No! You mean you're the late Charlemagne; you must be six or seven hundred years old, at the very least." (20) "Trouble has done it, Bilgewater, trouble has done it; trouble has brung these gray hairs and this premature balditude. Yes, gentlemen, you see before you, in blue jeans and misery, the wanderin', exiled, trampled-on, and sufferin' rightful King of France." (21) Well, he cried and took on so that me and Jim didn't know what to do, we was so sorry—and so glad and proud we'd got him with us, too. So we set in, like we done before with the duke, and tried to comfort him. But he said it wasn't use, nothing but to be dead and done with it all could do him any good; though he said it often made him feel easier and better for a while if people treated him according to his rights, and got down on one knee to speak to him, and always called him "Your Majesty," and waited on him first at meals, and didn't set down in his presence till he asked them. So Jim and me set to majestying him, and doing this and that for him, and standing up till he told us we might set down. This done him heaps of good, and so he got cheerful and comfortable. But the duke kind of soured on him, and didn't look a bit satisfied with the way things was going; still, the king acted real friendly towards him, and said the duke's great-grandfather and all the other Dukes of Bilgewater was a good deal thought of by his father, and was allowed to come to the palace considerable; but the duke stayed huffy a good while… (22) It didn't take me long to make up my mind that these liars weren't kings nor dukes at all, but just low-down humbugs and frauds. But I never said anything, never let on; kept it to myself; it's the best way; then you don't have quarrels, and don't get into trouble. If they wanted us to call them kings and dukes, I had no objections, as long as it would keep peace in the family; and it was no use to tell Jim, so I didn't tell him. If I never learnt nothing else out of pap, I learnt that the best way to get along with this kind of people is to let them have their own way.

Read carefully the following excerpt on retirement age delay arguments in China, and then write your response in NO LESS THAN 200 words, in which you should: . summarize the main message of the excerpt, and then . comment on whether retirement age should be delayed. You should support yourself with information from the excerpt. Marks will be awarded for content relevance, content sufficiency, organization and language quality. Failure to follow the above instructions may result in a loss of marks. China Plans to Delay Retirement Age China’s top labor official said the country is planning to push back the age at which workers can retire. Yin Weimin, minister of human resources and social security, explained why it’s essential to raise retirement age: "The life expectancy of Chinese people is now 73 years and is expected to rise to 74 during the next five years. Nearly 3 out of 10 Chinese people will be older than 60 by 2040, according to a United Nations forecast." he said. "The retirement age in China currently is 60 for men and 55 for female civil servants and 50 for female workers." The idea of delaying the retirement age is being widely supported by government officials. Many laborers and non-government employees were less enthusiastic about the prospect of working for longer. Currently, they have to pay into their pension plans for at least 15 years before they can retire. A female worker Chen Xianlian said, "I have to do lots of tough and repetitive work every day and I feel very tired after my working day. All my colleagues are discussing the government’s possible move to lift the retirement age. None of us wants to work any extra years." University graduates also fear that any rise in the retirement age could limit their employment opportunities. Write your response on ANSWER SHEET THREE.

(1) Science is committed to the universal. A sign of this is that the more successful a science becomes, the broader the agreement about its basic concepts. There is not a separate Chinese or American or Soviet thermodynamics, for example; there is simply thermodynamics. For several decades of the twentieth century there was a Western and a Soviet genetics, the latter associated with Lysenko's theory that environmental stress can produce genetic mutations. Today Lysenko's theory is discredited, and there is now only one genetics. (2) As the corollary of science, technology also exhibits the universalizing tendency. This is why the spread of technology makes the world look ever more homogeneous. Architectural styles, dress styles, musical styles—even eating styles—tend increasingly to be world styles. The world looks more homogeneous because it is more homogeneous. Children who grow up in this world therefore experience it as a sameness rather than a diversity, and because their identities are shaped by this sameness, their sense of differences among cultures and individuals diminishes. As buildings become more alike, the people who inhabit the buildings become more alike. The result is described precisely in a phrase that is already familiar: the disappearance of history. (3) The automobile illustrates the point with great clarity. A technological innovation like streamlining or all-welded body construction may be rejected initially, but if it is important to the efficiency or economics of automobiles, it will reappear in different ways until it is not only accepted but universally regarded as an asset. Today's automobile is no longer unique to a given company or even to a given national culture, its basic features are found, with variations, in automobiles in general, no matter who makes them. (4) As in architecture, so in automaking. In a given cost range, the same technology tends to produce the same solutions. The visual evidence for this is as obvious for cars as for buildings. Today, if you choose models in the same price range, you will be hard put at 500 paces to tell one make from another. In other words, the specifically American traits that lingered in American automobiles in the 1960s—traits that linked American cars to American history—are disappearing. Even the Volkswagen Beetle has disappeared and has taken with it the visible evidence of the history of streamlining that extends from D'Arcy Thompson to Carl Breer to Ferdinand Porsche. (5) If man creates machines, machines in turn shape their creators. As the automobile is universalized, it universalizes those who use it. Like the World Car he drives, modern man is becoming universal. No longer quite an individual, no longer quite the product of a unique geography and culture, he moves from one climate-controlled shopping mall to another, one airport to the next, from one Holiday Inn to its successor three hundred miles down the road; but somehow his location never changes. He is cosmopolitan. The price he pays is that he no longer has a home in the traditional sense of the word. The benefit is that he begins to suspect home on the traditional sense is another name for limitations, and that home in the modern sense is everywhere and always surrounded by neighbors.

A. accessB. anxietyC. associatedD. composedE. disconnectingF. elasticG. endangeredH. indispensableI. interactionsJ. negativelyK. operatedL. preferablyM. speculateN. sufferedO. transparentToo much time spent on your cell phone doesn't mean you're more connected and happier.New research from scientists at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio shows that the more time college students spend on their cellphones, the more anxious they were and the more their academic performance 1. Jacob Barkley, Aryn Karpinski and Andrew Lepp studied 500 Kent State University students, each of whom reported their daily cell phone use for the year as well as their level of 2 and satisfaction with their life.At the end of the year, the students also permitted the researchers to see their official school records for their cumulative grade point average (GPA). Not only was greater cell phone use 3 correlated with satisfaction and happiness indicators, it was also 4 with lower GPAs—presumably because the students were more anxious and unable to concentrate on their studies.While previous research found that cell phones can improve social 5 and reduce feelings of isolation, the latest findings, published in the journal Computers in Human Behavior, suggest that constant 6 to information and people may be a double-edged sword. The researchers 7 , for example, that students may feel anxious if they feel obligated to be in constant touch with their friends. Some may have difficulty 8, which only feeds into the stress linked to their phones.But since the convenience of mobile phone technology only makes cell phones more common and 9, the research team says it's worth exploring some of the less obvious as well as the more 10 ways that the devices might be influencing how we act and even—if you're a college student—the grades you get.

A. ability B. access C. admired D. allowed E. basically F. consuming G. current H. hiding I. includes J. motivation K. obvious L. passion M. premise N. value O. wisely The phrase bird-brain may be used to describe someone being silly, but this is not the case for ravens. Long【C1】________for their intelligence, ravens are now known to be able to plan ahead, a skill previously thought to belong only to humans. Researchers learned ravens could remember key information for a future task through tests. Until now, some corvids—the family of birds that【C2】________ravens—have shown the【C3】________to plan beyond the present, for example by【C4】________food for later. But the latest experiments revealed that ravens can【C5】________forego an immediate reward in order to get a better one in the future. In one of the tests, ravens were trained to use a tool to open a puzzle box in order to【C6】________a reward. And then, the ravens were presented with a tool to open a box and an immediate reward, but were only【C7】________to choose one or the other. Ravens remembered that the reward in the box was better than the immediate reward, and almost all of them chose the tool. Ravens'【C8】________for planning is still unknown, but it may be similar to ours. The human brain stores memories of past events to guide decision-making about【C9】________and future events. Planning tends to come about when the higher【C10】________of a future reward is palpable, or when one imagines the happiness that will come by retrieving food in the future.

A．reasonableB．initiallyC．consciousD．placingE．recoveredF．protectedG．approvalH．intentI．significantJ．removedK．eventuallyL．extendingM．speciesN．peripheryO．depthIn 1972, a century after the first national park in the United States was established at Yellowstone, legislation was passed to create the National Marine Sanctuaries Program (国家海洋保护区计划). The 1 of this legislation was to provide protection to selected coastal habitats similar to that existing for land areas. The designation of a marine sanctuary indicates that it is a(n) 2 area, just as a national park is. People are permitted to visit and observe there, but living organisms and their environments may not be harmed or 370 sites were 4 proposed as candidates for sanctuary status. Two and a half decades later, only fifteen sanctuaries had been designated, with half of these established after 1978. They range in size from the very small Fagatele Bay National Marine Sanctuary in American Samoa to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary in California, 5 over 15,744 square kilometers.The National Marine Sanctuaries Program is a crucial part of new management practices in which whole communities of species, and not just individual 6, are offered some degree of protection. Only in this way can a 7 degree of marine species diversity be maintained in a setting that also maintains the natural relationships among these species.Outside the United States, marine protected-area programs exist as marine parks, reserves, and preserves. Over 100 designated areas exist around the 8 of the Carbbean Sea. Others range from the well-known Australian Great Barrer Reef Marine Park to lesser-known parks in countries such as Thailand and Indonesia, where tourism is 9 growing pressures on fragile coral reef systems. As state, national, and international agencies come to recognize the importance of conserving marine biodiversity, marine projected areas. Whether as sanctuaries, parks, or coastal reserves, it will play an increasingly 10 role in preserving that diversity.

(1) Eastern medicines are becoming more popular in the west, but few people realize how long the two cultures have exchanged ideas. Now an exhibition at the Science Museum in London explores how the two have interacted on medicine through the centuries. (2) Called East Meets West: Medical Ideas on the Move. It looks at examples of how ideas and technologies have moved from one side of the world to another. It opens on Thursday and is based on an exhibition presented by the Welcome Trust; Neil Fazakerley is curator of the exhibition. He said: "It's attractive because it's taking a medical history story but from a slightly different angle, showing how the different cultures have interacted." (3) "It's obvious that eastern medical practices are becoming more popular in the west but maybe people don't know that ideas have been exchanged for thousands of years and medicine is not a static thing." The exhibition details four main areas: Ancient Greek and Islamic medical ideas, and how they were reborn into western culture. The exhibition starts in the ninth and tenth centuries when Baghdad was the centre of Islamic science and its highly sophisticated medical system. Through the translation work of Persian scholars, ancient Greek medical thought was brought into the Islamic medical system. It was when westerners started charging into the east on crusades during the twelfth century that European scholars became increasingly interested in Islamic medicine. (4) Arabic material was translated into Latin, the European scholars' language of the time, thus preserving the Greek tradition that may otherwise have been lost. Coexistence of Islamic and Indian traditions and the development of western medicine in colonial India—the traditional Indian medical system, known as ayurveda or "the knowledge of life"—has existed in some form for more than 2,000 years. During foreign invasions from the eleventh century onwards the Islamic unani system of medicine was brought to India. (5) The Indian name for Islamic medicine "unani" refers originally to the Greeks. The two systems complemented each other well and both ayurveda and unani flourish today in India. European colonists from the sixteenth century onwards, gained knowledge of plants, diseases and surgical techniques that were unknown in the West. One such example is rauwolfia (萝芙木) serpentia (美蛇根), a plant used in traditional Indian medicine. The active ingredient is today used to treat hypertension and anxiety in the west. The flow of ideas turned with the growth of the British Empire in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as many Western-style hospitals and medical colleges were established in India. (6) Inoculation—a true example of collaborative medicine. (7) "A good example of the exchange of medical ideas between east and west is that of immunization," the exhibition says. Smallpox inoculation has long been used by physicians in Asia and Africa by deliberately attempting to give people a mild smallpox infection. The technique became known in Europe in the eighteenth century and this technique was practiced for a while on the British aristocracy.

A staggering 8 million tonnes of plastic waste are entering the world's oceans every year, or the equivalent to five grocery bags filled with plastic for every foot of coastline in the world, according to the first scientific assessment of the problem.The joint US-Australian study, 1 at the American Association for the Advancement of Science annual meeting, analysed waste production data from 192 countries to 2 that between 4.8 million and 12.7 million tonnes of "mismanaged plastic" entered the oceans in 2010; 8 million tonnes is the central estimate.Plastic in the oceans is becoming a serious ecological problem for 3 life, as well as an ugly 4 washed up on beaches and floating on the open seas. Large pieces such as intact plastic bags are a 5 for animals from turtles to dolphins, which can become entangled(缠住)or swallow them with fatal results. More insidious is the weathering of plastic debris into tiny particles that can be 6 even by microscopic invertebrates(无脊椎动物).The amount of plastic going into the oceans is increasing fast, keeping pace with global plastic production, said the study leader Jenna Jambeck. "In 2025 the annual input would be about twice the 2010 input or 10 bags full per foot of coastline. The 7 input in 2025 would be nearly 20 times our 2010 estimate: 100 bags of plastic per foot of coastline in the world."8 nations have the infrastructure to dispose 9 of the vast majority of their plastic or recycle it. Poorer countries do not. Altogether about 3 percent of the world's total plastic waste ends up in the oceans through littering or dumping. A huge investment will be needed to save the oceans and their 10 from choking on human plastic debris.

单选题 Travis hopes to be ______ from hospital next month.

单选题 You ______ John in the street this morning. He's been dead for ages.

单选题 A. obligation B. occurs C. significant D. prior E. available F. approach G. preferences H. implies I. contribution J. distribution K. primarily L. convert M. automatically N. qualify O. overall To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the difference between marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated 42 on the efficient production of goods, and then relied on' persuasive salesmanship' to move as much of these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller to produce goods and then 43 them into money. Marketing, on the other hand, 44 that emphasis is placed on the wants of consumers. It begins with analyzing the 45 and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfy them. This eye-on-the-consumer 46 is known as the marketing concept. It simply means that instead of trying to sell whatever is easier to produce, the makers first try to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making it 47 for purchase. Every step—design, production, 48 , promotion—is made according to consumer demand. This concept does not mean that consumer satisfaction is 49 over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business activity—the firm and the consumer—and each must be satisfied before trade 50 Successful merchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is through understanding customers. When Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink in mid-1985, the non-acceptance by a 51 portion of the public brought about a quick restoration of the Classic Coke. This is a good example of the importance of satisfying consumers.

单选题 Which of the following sentences is NOT correct?

单选题 Which of the following sentences is an emphatic sentence(强调句)?

单选题 If you had entered the office ten minutes ago, you ______ what we were talking about just now.