单选题 Which of the following italicized parts is NOT used as a nominal substitute?

单选题 This rule may have preserved the shark from being eaten as well as other animals ______.

单选题 The weather is highly ______ at this time of the year.

单选题 The international situation has been growing ______ difficult for the last few years.

单选题 A. forecast B. flexible C. neutrally D. preference E. detach F. bound G. implement H. consequence I. qualified J. dismissing K. result L. occupying M. urgently N. skeptical O. response In the second half of the twentieth century, many countries of the South began to send students to the industrialized countries for further education. They 42 needed supplies of highly trained personnel to 43 a concept of development based on modernization. But many of these students decided to stay on in the developed countries when they had finished their training. In the 1960s, some Latin American countries tried to solve this problem by setting up special 'return' programs to encourage their professionals to come back home. These programs received support from international bodies such as the International Organization for Migration, which in 1974 enabled over 1, 600 44 scientists and technicians to return to Latin America. In the 1980s and 1990s, 'temporary return' programs were set up in order to make the best use of trained personnel 45 strategic positions in the developed countries. This gave rise to the United Nations Development Program's Transfer of Knowledge through Expatriate Nationals, which encourages technicians and scientists to work in their own countries for short periods. But the brain drain from these countries may well increase in 46 to the new laws of the international market in knowledge. Recent studies 47 that the most developed countries are going to need more and more highly qualified professionals around twice as many as their educational systems will be able to produce, or so it is thought. As a 48 there is an urgent need for developing countries which send students abroad to give 49 to fields where they need competent people to give muscle to their own institutions, instead of encouraging the training of people who may not come back because there are no professional outlets for them. And the countries of the South must not be content with institutional structures that simply take back professionals sent abroad; they must introduce 50 administrative procedures to encourage them to return. If they do not do this, the brain drain is 51 to continue.

单选题 A．doubt B．active C．system D．offer E．unfairly F．unfortunately G．motive H．assert I．peace J．demand K．ask L．superior M．overcome N．confidence O．roar Have you ever been afraid to talk back when you were treated 42 Have you ever bought something just because the salesman talked you into it? Are you afraid to ask someone for a date? Many people are afraid to assert themselves. Dr. Alberti thinks it's because their self-respect is low. 'Our whole 43 is designed to make people distrust themselves,' says Alberti. 'There's always ' 44 ' around—a parent, a teacher, a boss—who 'knows better'. These superiors often gain when they chip away at your self-image.' But Alberti and other scientists are doing something to help people 45 themselves, They 46 'assertiveness training' courses—AT for short. In the AT courses people learn that they have a right to be themselves. They learn to speak out and feel good about doing so. They learn to be more 47 without hurting other people. In one way, learning to speak out is to 48 fear. A group taking a course will help the timid person to lose his fear. But AT uses an even stronger 49 —the need to share. The timid person speaks out in the group because he wants to tell how he feels. Whether or not you speak up for yourself depends on your self-image. lf someone you face is more 'important' than you, you may feel less of a person. You start to 50 your own good sense. You go by the other person's 51 . But, why should you? AT says you can get to feel good about yourself. And once you do, you can learn to speak out.

单选题 I think that our boss took a powder right after the meeting. The underlined part means ______.

单选题 In the sentence 'We'll take action as soon as he's back.', the adverbial clause denotes ______.

单选题 SECTION A MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there are three passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. For each question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO. PASSAGE ONE (1) Scarlett recalled bitterly her conversation with Grandma Fontaine. On that afternoon two months ago, which now seemed years in the past, she had told the old lady she had already known the worst which could possibly happen to her, and she had spoken from the bottom of her heart. Now that remark sounded like schoolgirl hyperbole. Before Sherman's men came through Tara the second time, she had her small riches of food and money, she had neighbors more fortunate than she and she had the cotton which would tide her over until spring. Now the cotton was gone, the food was gone, the money was of no use to her, for there was no food to buy with it, and the neighbors were in worse plight than she. At least, she had the cow and the calf, a few shoats (小猪) and the horse, and the neighbors had nothing but the little they had been able to hide in the woods and bury in the ground. (2) Fairhill, the Tarleton home, was burned to the foundations, and Mrs. Tarleton and the four girls were existing in the overseer's house. The Munroe house near Lovejoy was leveled too. The wooden wing of Mimosa had burned and only the thick resistant stucco of the main house and the frenzied work of the Fontaine women and their slaves with wet blankets and quilts had saved it. The Calverts' house had again been spared, due to the intercession of Hilton, the Yankee overseer, but there was not a head of livestock, not a fowl, not an ear of corn left on the place. (3) At Tara and throughout the County, the problem was food. Most of the families had nothing at all but the remains of their yam (山药) crops and their peanuts and such game as they could catch in the woods. What they had, each shared with less fortunate friends, as they had done in more prosperous days. But the time soon came when there was nothing to share. (4) At Tara, they ate rabbit and possum (负鼠) and catfish (鲶鱼), if Pork was lucky. On other days a small amount of milk, hickory nuts (山核桃), roasted acorns (橡实) and yams. They were always hungry. To Scarlett it seemed that at every turn she met outstretched hands, pleading eyes. The sight of them drove her almost to madness, for she was as hungry as they. (5) She ordered the calf killed, because he drank so much of the precious milk, and that night everyone ate so much fresh veal all of them were ill. She knew that she should kill one of the shoats but she put it off from day to day, hoping to raise them to maturity. They were so small. There would be so little of them to eat if they were killed now and so much more if they could be saved a little longer. Nightly she debated with Melanie the advisability of sending Pork abroad on the horse with some greenbacks to try to buy food. But the fear that the horse might be captured and the money taken from Pork deterred them. They did not know where the Yankees were. They might be a thousand miles away or only across the river. Once, Scarlett, in desperation, started to ride out herself to search for food, but the hysterical outbursts of the whole family fearful of the Yankees made her abandon the plan. (6) Pork foraged (四处搜寻) far, at times not coming home all night, and Scarlett did not ask him where he went. Sometimes he returned with game, sometimes with a few ears of corn, a bag of dried peas. Once he brought home a rooster which he said he found in the woods. The family ate it with relish (享受) but a sense of guilt, knowing very well Pork had stolen it, as he had stolen the peas and corn. One night soon after this, he tapped on Scarlett's door long after the house was asleep and sheepishly exhibited a leg peppered with small shot. As she bandaged it for him, he explained awkwardly that when attempting to get into a hen coop (鸡笼) at Fayetteville, he had been discovered. Scarlett did not ask whose hen coop but patted Pork's shoulder gently, tears in her eyes. Negroes were provoking sometimes and stupid and lazy, but there was loyalty in them that money couldn't buy, a feeling of oneness with their white folks which made them risk their lives to keep food on the table. PASSAGE TWO (1) It has long been believed that the smartphones in our pockets are actually making us dumber; but now there is evidence for it. (2) The constant presence of a mobile phone has a 'brain drain' effect that significantly reduces people's intelligence and attention spans, a study has found. (3) Researchers at the University of Texas discovered that people are worse at conducting tasks and remembering information if they have a smartphone within eye shot. In two experiments they found phones sitting on a desk or even in a pocket or handbag would distract users and lead to worse test scores even when it was set up not to disturb test subjects. (4) The effect was measurable even when the phones were switched off, and was worse for those who were deemed (认为) more dependent on their mobiles. (5) 'Although these devices have immense potential to improve welfare, their persistent presence may come at a cognitive (认知的) cost,' said Dr Adrian Ward, the lead author of the study. 'Even when people are successful at maintaining sustained attention—as when avoiding the temptation to check their phones—the mere presence of these devices reduces available cognitive capability.' (6) The researchers tested 520 university students on their memory and intelligence when in the presence of a smartphone to see how it affected them. (7) Participants were told to complete tests in mathematics, memory and reasoning with their smartphones either on their desk, in their bag or pockets, or in another room, and with alerts turned off so as not to distract students. (8) Those who had their phones on the desk recorded a 10 percent lower score than those who left them in a different room on operational span tasks, which measures working memory and focus. Those who kept their phones further out of sight in their pockets or their bags scored only slightly better than when phones were placed on desks. (9) The researchers found that the negative effect of having a phone within eyeshot was significantly greater among those who said they were dependent on their smartphones. Participants who had expressed sympathy with phrases such as 'I would have trouble getting through a normal day without my cellphone' and 'using my cellphone makes me feel happy' performed as well as others when their phone was in a different room, but worse when it was placed on their desk. (10) The study also found reaction speeds to be affected, with students who had their phone on the desk responding more sluggishly in high-pace tests. (11) It even found that phones can even distract users even when they are turned off and placed face down. Those with phones outside of the room 'slightly outperformed' those with switched off devices. (12) The researchers said the effect arises because part of a smartphone users' mind is dedicated to trying to not think about distractions such as whether they have any messages when the handset (手机) is in their line of sight. (13) 'We see a linear trend that suggests that as the smartphone becomes more noticeable, participants' available cognitive capacity decreases,' said Ward. 'Your conscious mind isn't thinking about your smartphone, but that process—the process of requiring yourself not to think about something—uses up some of your limited cognitive resources. It's a brain drain.' (14) Similar research has previously showed smartphones can have a 'butterfly brain effect' on users that can cause mental blunders. PASSAGE THREE (1) Humanities departments in America are once again being axed. The reasons, one hears, are economic rather than ideological. It's not that schools don't care about the humanities—they just can't afford them. But if one looks at these institutions' priorities, one finds a hidden ideology at work. (2) Earlier this month, the State University of New York (Suny) Stony Brook announced a plan to eliminate several of the college's well-regarded departments for budgetary reasons. Undergraduates will no longer be able to major in comparative literature, cinema and cultural studies or theater arts. (3) Three doctoral programs would be cut, and three departments (European languages and literature, Hispanic languages and literature, and cultural studies) would be merged into one. Not only students but faculty will be affected; many untenured (未获得终身职位的) teachers would lose their jobs, and doctoral candidates would have to finish their studies elsewhere. (4) This is happening at a time in which high salaries are awarded to college administrators that dwarf those of a junior or even senior faculty member teaching in at-risk departments. That discrepancy can only be explained through ideology. The decision to reduce education to a corporate consumer-driven model, providing services to the student-client, is ideological too. (5) Suny Stony Brook is spending millions on a multiyear program entitled 'Far Beyond' that is intended to 'rebrand' the college's image: a redesigned logo and website, new signs, banners and flags throughout the campus. Do colleges now care more about how a school looks and markets itself than about what it teaches? Has the university become a theme park: Collegeland, churning out workers trained to fill particular niches? Far beyond what? (6) The threat of cuts that Suny Stony Brook is facing is not entirely new. In 2010, Suny Albany announced that it was getting rid of its Russian, classics, theater, French and Italian departments—a decision later rescinded (取消). The University of Pittsburgh has cut its German, classics and religious studies program. (7) This problem has parallels internationally. In the UK, protests greeted Middlesex University's 2010 decision to phase out its philosophy department. In June 2015, the Japanese minister of education sent a letter to the presidents of the national universities of Japan, suggesting they close their graduate and undergraduate departments in the humanities and social sciences and focus on something more practical. (8) Most recently, the Hungarian government announced restrictions that would essentially make it impossible for the Central European University, funded by George Soros, to function in Budapest. (9) These are hard times. Students need jobs when they graduate. But a singular opportunity has been lost if they are denied the opportunity to study foreign languages, the classics, literature, philosophy, music, theater and art. When else in their busy lives will they get that chance? (10) Eloquent defenses of the humanities have appeared—essays explaining why we need these subjects, what their loss would mean. Those of us who teach and study are aware of what these areas of learning provide: the ability to think critically and independently; to tolerate ambiguity; to see both sides of an issue; to look beneath the surface of what we are being told; to appreciate the ways in which language can help us understand one another more clearly and profoundly—or, alternately, how language can conceal and misrepresent. They help us learn how to think, and they equip us to live in—to sustain—a democracy. (11) Studying the classics and philosophy teaches students where we come from, and how our modes of reasoning have evolved over time. Learning foreign languages, and about other cultures, enables students to understand how other societies resemble or differ from our own. Is it entirely paranoid (多疑的) to wonder if these subjects are under attack because they enable students to think in ways that are more complex than the reductive simplifications so congenial (适合的) to our current political and corporate discourse? (12) I don't believe that the humanities can make you a decent person. We know that Hitler was an ardent (热心的) Wagner fan and had a lively interest in architecture. But literature, art and music can focus and expand our sense of what humans can accomplish and create. The humanities teach us about those who have gone before us; a foreign language brings us closer to those with whom we share the planet. (13) The humanities can touch those aspects of consciousness that we call intellect and heart—organs seemingly lacking among lawmakers whose views on health care suggest not only zero compassion but a poor understanding of human experience, with its crises and setbacks. (14) Courses in the humanities are as formative and beneficial as the classes that will replace them. Instead of Shakespeare or French, there will be (perhaps there already are) college classes in how to trim corporate spending—courses that instruct us to eliminate 'frivolous' programs of study that might actually teach students to think.

单选题 Jack ______ out very early, for he had not shown up at breakfast.

单选题 How to Choose a Job 1. How to start out: thinking about the work 2 you looking at job advertisements 2. What jobs suit me: asking yourself going to university career service for 3 3. What do different jobs 4 learning what people do every day 5 4. How to use my degree: asking university career service for the survey results visiting website to view 6 5. Four 7 benefits accounting for 8 of your total compensation opportunities for 9 work environment the company's 10 level of responsibility utilizing your hard-earned education sharpening your skills not 11 you to a coffee runner taking you where you want to go with your career

单选题 ______ the desert is like a sea, ______ is the camel like a ship.

单选题 We have planned an exciting publicity ______ with our advertisers.

单选题 A: I like playing football. B: ______ when he was young.

单选题 If you lose your job I'll lose mine, so we're in the same ______.

单选题 Thousands of ______ at the stadium came to their feet to pay tribute to an outstanding performance.

单选题 SECTION A MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In this section there are several passages followed by ten multiple-choice questions. For each question, there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO. Passage One Young people are moving to cities at a faster rate than the rest of the population, according to a new survey. It also shows the unemployment rate of young people is on the decline. The Contemporary China Youth Population Development Studies Report was released last November by the China Teenagers Research Center and China's Population Development Studies Center at Renmin University. The report shows that, although urban birthrates are declining, the percentage of young Chinese living in cities and towns is rising faster than that of the rest of the population. This is the result of migration from the countryside to the cities. Lu Yilin, Dean of the Department of Youth Work at Beijing Youth Politics College says the cities can draw on fresh blood for future growth; the youth have a better chance to develop themselves and be in touch with new ideas. However there are also hidden difficulties. According to Lu, the urban youth who don't have a registered permanent residence might find it hard to ensure they are treated as equals alongside those who have. The high percentage of young migrants benefits the mutual interaction and communication of different regions, according to Xia Xueluan, a society expert at Beijing University. However, it can cause cultural clashes or conflicts in lifestyles. According to the report, the employment rate among people above the age of 16 is 69.7 percent, 4.4 percentage points lower than in 2000. Although the employment rate for both men and women has declined, the employment rate for women has declined by a larger margin. 'Due to gender discrimination, women tend to stay in education and get higher degrees, including masters,' says Hou Jiawei, a member of the research team. About 8.86 million people aged 16-29 belong to the NEET (Not in Education, Employment or Training) group. Experts say the NEET group can't be simply defined as those who 'feed off the parents'. Xia points out that in most cases people in the NEET group are undergoing a transitional stage in their lives, during which it's fine for them to seek help. Their longer or ultimate aim is always to find a job or study abroad. Passage Two Concerned about its appeal to sponsors, the women's professional golf tour, which in recent years has been dominated by foreign-born players, has warned its members that they must become conversant in English by 2017 or face suspension. 'We live in a sports-entertainment environment,' said Libba Galloway, the deputy commissioner of the tour, the Ladies Professional Golf Association (L.P.G.A.). 'For an athlete to be successful today in the sports entertainment world we live in, they need to be great performers on and off the course, and being able to communicate effectively with sponsors and fans is a big part of this. 'Being a U.S.-based tour, and with the majority of our fan base, pro-am contestants, sponsors and participants being English speaking, we think it is important for our players to effectively communicate in English.' The L.P.G.A. and the other professional golf tours, unlike professional team sports, are dependent on their relationships with corporate sponsors for their financial survival. Although Galloway insisted that 'the vast majority' of the 120 international players on the L.P.G.A. circuit already spoke enough English to get by, she declined to say how many did not. There are 26 countries represented on the L.P.G.A. Tour. Republic of Korea, with 45 golfers, has the largest contingent. The L.P.G.A.'s new language policy—believed to be the only such policy in a major sport—was first reported by Golfweek magazine on its website on Monday. According to Golfweek, the L. P.G.A. held a meeting with the tour's Republic of Korea players last week before the Safeway Classic, at which the L.P.G.A. commissioner, Carolyn Bivens, outlined the policy. Golfweek reported that many in attendance misunderstood the penalty, believing they would lose their tour cards if they did not meet the language requirement. Even so, the magazine reported, many Republic of Korea players interviewed supported the policy, including the Hall of Famer Se Ri Pak. 'We agree we should speak some English,' said Pak, who added that she thought fines seemed a fairer penalty than suspensions. 'We play so good over all. When you win, you should give your speech in English.' She added: 'Mostly what comes out is nerves. Totally different language in front of camera. You're excited and not thinking in English.' Major League Baseball, which has a high percentage of foreign-born athletes, said it had not seen the need to establish a language guideline. Pat Courtney, a spokesman for M.L.B., said baseball had not considered such a policy because it wanted its players to be comfortable in interviews and wanted to respect their cultures. 'Given the diverse nature of our sport, we don't require that players speak English,' he said. 'It's all about a comfort level.' The National Hockey League, which is based in Canada where English and French are the official languages, also places no such requirements on its players, although several clubs provide players with tutors if they express a desire to learn English. The National Basketball Association, which had 76 international players from 31 countries and territories last season, follows a similar approach to the N. H. L. 'This is not something we have contemplated,' said Maureen Coyle, the N.B.A.'s vice president for basketball communications. The only N. B. A. players in recent years to have used an interpreter are China's Yao Ming and Yi Jianlian. Yao, who began playing in the N. B. A. with the Houston Rockets in 2002, no longer needs an interpreter. In fairness, comparisons between the L.P.G.A., an independent organization not affiliated(隶属) with the PGA Tour, and other sports bodies are imprecise. The L.P.G.A., much like the PGA Tour, is a group of individual players from diverse backgrounds whose success as an organization depends on its ability to attract sponsorship from companies looking to use the tour for corporate entertainment and advertisement. Passage Three Two weeks ago, I placed an order on Amazon.com for a book titled Love and Consequences. The memoir's dust jacket promised a story of a young woman, named Margaret B. Jones, who survived Los Angeles gang life—and lived to tell about it. Problem is: The telling is a 300-page lie. Before the author's older sister notified the publisher that the book was made-up, New York Times book critic Michiko Kakutani wrote glowingly, 'She captures the brutal realities of a place where children learn to sleep on the floor to avoid the random bullets that might come smashing through the windows and walls at night... She conveys the extraordinary stoicism (坚忍，克己) of women like Big Mom, her foster mother, who raised four grandchildren while working a day job and a night job.' But in fact, the name Margaret B. Jones was a pseudonym for Margaret Seltzer, a young woman who, according to a subsequent story in the Times, 'grew up with her biological family in the prosperous Sherman Oaks neighborhood of Los Angeles.' In that neighborhood, bullets don't often tear into walls, and morns don't often have to work two jobs to keep food on the table. Seltzer, 33 and now living in Oregon, reportedly got her inspiration for the book after working with LA organizations to fight gang violence. 'I'm not saying, like, I did it right,' Seltzer said. 'I did not do it right... Maybe it's an ego thing—I don't know. I just felt that there was good that I could do and there was no other way that someone would listen to it.' This fabrication is just one of several that have recently managed to hit the bookshelves before publishers realize that they have been duped. At the beginning of March, a Holocaust(大屠杀) memoir, Misha: A Memoire of the Holocaust Years by Misha Defonseca, was exposed as a fake. Two years ago, a popular memoir about a man's recovery from drug addiction, A Million Little Pieces by James Frey, was also famously discredited. Besides embarrassing the publishers and, no doubt, ruining the reputation of the writers, such books also pose problems (though much smaller in scale) to those of us who have bought and/or read them. After all, memoirs are supposed to carry an extra amount of authority. When readers pick them up, they expect to enter a reality as seen by someone who has participated in it. Readers believe the conversations, characters and experiences—along with the emotions they invoke—to be genuine (if sometimes a bit embellished). So when that lie finally arrives in the mail, will I be able to read it? I doubt it. The book will probably end up getting an undeserved slot on my bookshelf, and I'll probably never crack it open. After all, while reading about gunfire in the streets and morns raising kids in fatherless homes, I'd be unable to get this image of a younger Seltzer out of my mind: Instead of ducking her head when bullets pound her living room wall, she's sleeping soundly in a bed covered with pillows. Instead of being cared for by a tired woman working two jobs, she's the daughter of two successful professionals, and a loyal viewer of a popular crime drama on TV. Passage Four Ever since Jing Youliang graduated from Wuhan University in 2003, he's been on the move. In the past four years, the 26-year-old has worked in Guangzhou, Wuhan and now Beijing. Each of those moves gave Jing a headache—not because of all the packing, but because of the bureaucracy surrounding social security, which includes medical care, pension and unemployment. Moving to another place in China means a lot more than leaving old friends and making new ones. It also requires leaping over hurdles that, if ignored, could jeopardize one's future benefits. 'Every time I settle down in a new city, I have to set up a new social security account,' explained Jing, a real estate agent. 'When I want to leave, I have to transfer my accumulated payments to an account in Chongqing, or it may hurt my benefits in the future.' According to the National Bureau of Statistics in 2006, about 147 million Chinese were part of the 'floating population'. About 52 million of them, or 35 percent, were young people aged 14 to 29. Such movement, however necessary for young people trying to settle into a career, can create problems that last long into the future. Social security funds are collected at the city and county level. Because of this, moving from one place to another means that wage-earners can lose some or all of their required investment. Under the current system, people cannot carry their whole social security funds with them during a move. Payments made by their former employer into the fund are surrendered to the local government. In most cases, those paid by wage-earners may only be transferred to the city on their residence permit, or hukou. Zheng Bingwen, a pension fund expert at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS), blames this bureaucracy on local government protectionism. In China, around 2,200 units at county and city level collect and manage the social security funds of local citizens. 'Cities don't want newcomers. Usually, they can't take the portion paid by their former employers. It is much larger than the amount individuals pay to the accounts. This means their arrival won't help much in expanding the city's fund, but there will be more to share it,' said Zheng. Local governments gained control over social security in the 1980s, when the system was first established. 'The central government didn't have the money to take on the financial burden of providing pension and medical care for the people,' explained Zheng. So the local governments were requested to do it and they began to manage the fund, said Zheng. Last week, however, the central government took steps to begin fixing this problem. It aims to move control of the funds from the city and county levels to the provincial level. The move would combine those 2,200 separate funds into fewer, more centralized funds. However, as Zheng Gongcheng, professor of social security at Renmin University of China, explained, this reform has its own problems: 'In Guangdong, for example, Guangzhou residents pay 8 percent of their personal wages towards social security. But in poor cities like Shaoguan, wage-earners pay only 6 percent,' said Zheng. 'The provincial government has to consider the difference and find a way around it.'