单选题The republican movement has been gathering momentum in Australia since ______ became Prime Minister in 1992.A. John HowardB. Bob HawkeC. Malcolm FraserD. Paul Keating

单选题In the novel ______, Samuel Butler satirizes the religion, school education and the theory of positivism.

单选题The hypothetical example of Ron and Louise is to illustrate ______.

单选题WhichofthefollowingaboutBBCinNOTcorrect?

单选题{{B}}TEXT C{{/B}} "Winners" Winners have different potentials. Achievement is not the most important thing, authenticity is. The authentic person experiences the reality of himself by knowing himself, being himself, and becoming a credible, responsive person. He actualizes his own unprecedented uniqueness and appreciates the uniqueness of others. A winner is not afraid to do his own thinking and to use his own knowledge. He can separate facts from opinion and doesn't pretend to have all the answers. He listens to others, evaluates what they say, but comes to his own conclusions. While he can admire and respect other people, he is not totally defined, demolished, bound, or awed by them. A winner can be spontaneous. He does not have to respond in predetermined, rigid ways. He can change his plans when the situation calls for it. A winner has a zest for life. He enjoys work, play, food, other people, sex, and the world of nature. Without guilt, he enjoys his own accomplishments. Without envy he enjoys the accomplishments of others. Although a winner can freely enjoy himself, he can also postpone enjoyment. He can discipline himself in the present to enhance his enjoyment in the future. He is not afraid to go after what he wants but does so in appropriate ways. He does not get his security by controlling others. He does not set himself up to lose. A winner cares about the world and its peoples. He is not isolated from the general problems of society. He is concerned, compassionate, and committed to improving the quality of life. Even in the face of national and international adversity, he does not see himself as totally powerless. He does what he can to make the world a better place. "Losers" Although people are born to win, they are also born helpless and totally dependent on their environment. Winners successfully make the transition from total helplessness to independence and then to interdependence. Losers do not. Somewhere along the line they begin to avoid becoming self-responsible. As we have noted, few people are total winners or losers. Most of them are winners in some areas of their lives and losers in others. Their winning or losing is influenced by what happens to them in childhood. A lack of response to dependency needs, poor nutrition, brutality, unhappy relationships, disease, continuing disappointments, inadequate physical care, and traumatic events are among the many experiences that contribute to making people losers. Such experiences interrupt, deter, or prevent the normal progress toward autonomy and self-actualization. To cope with negative experiences a child learns to manipulate himself and others. These manipulative techniques are hard to give up later in life and often become set patterns. A winner works to shed them. A loser hangs on to them. A loser represses his capacity to express spontaneously and appropriately his full range of possible behaviour. He may be unaware of other options for his life if the path he chooses goes nowhere. He is afraid to try new things. He maintains his own status quo. He is a repeater. He repeats not only his own mistakes but often those of his family and culture also. A loser has difficulty giving and receiving affection. He does not enter into intimate, honest, direct relationships with others. Instead, he tries to manipulate them into living up to his expectations and channels his energies into living up to their expectations. When a person wants to discover and change his "losing streak", when he wants to become more like the winner he was born to be, he can use gestalt-type experiments and transactional analysis to make change happen. These are two new, exciting, psychological approaches to human problems. The first was given new life by Dr. Frederick Peris; the second was developed by Dr. Eric Berne. Gestalt therapy is not new. However, its current popularity has grown very rapidly since it Was given new impetus and direction by Dr. Frederick Peris. Gestalt is a German word for which there is no exact English equivalent; it means, roughly, the forming of an organised, meaningful whole. Peris perceives many personalities as lacking wholeness, as being fragmented. He claims people are often aware of only parts of themselves rather than of the whole self. For example, a woman may not know or want to admit that sometimes she acts like her mother; a man may not know or admit that sometimes he wants to cry like a baby. The aim of gestalt therapy is to help one to become whole-to help the person become aware of, admit to, reclaim, and integrate his fragmented parts. Integration helps a person make the transition from dependency to self-sufficiency; from authoritarian outer support to authentic inner support.

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单选题What marked the beginning of the Romantic Age?[A] The finish of the novel Oliver Twist.[B] The use of rimed couplet.[C] The publication of the work named Lyrical Ballads.[D] The finish of the prose Utopia.

单选题{{B}}TEXT B{{/B}} The romantic image of the trusty postman, delivering letters to the farthest-flung corners of the land, makes the reform of postal services a sensitive subject. This is especially true when the impetus for reform comes from the European Union. This month the European Parliament starts work on a directive, drawn up by the European Commission, to remove the last monopolies in postal markets by 2009--the final stage in a slow and laborious liberalisation that began in 1992. Directives in 1997 and 2002 chipped away at the centuries-old monopolies enjoyed by national operators, and the proposed new law will open the whole market to competition by abolishing the "reserved area" on mail weighing less than 50 grams. But although the legislative wheels are in motion, some countries are as sceptical as ever. The commission says it has deliberately pursued postal liberalisation at a slower pace than other market openings. This is partly due to its technical complexity. Unlike in telecoms, post has no physical network to share. Many countries had to create independent regulators from scratch in order to monitor mar ket access and prices. The size of the heavily unionised postal industry also prompted caution. It employs some 5m people directly and indirectly, and its turnover is roughly 1% of Europe's combined GDP. But arguably the biggest drag on liberalisation is old-fashioned resistance to open markets, plus a dash of reverence for letter writing. One opponent of the 2009 deadline talks of "a noble industry that we want to protect" and lauds the virtues of pen and paper. All postal operators recognise, however, that the epistolary habit has taken a hit from the Internet. With deadening pragmatism, the commission says liberalisation will improve quality and choice and reduce state subsidies. Countries that have already opened their markets, such as Sweden and Britain, agree. Since Sweden's Posten AB was privatised in 1993, prices for business customers have fallen by 30%, though they have risen for consumers. The postal network has been extended, with new outlets in supermarkets and longer opening hours. Proponents of reform argue that Sweden, which has one of the lowest population densities in the EU, disproves the argument that rural countries cannot both have open markets and provide a standard service for everyone. But France, Spain, Italy and other countries worry that abolishing the "reserved area" will damage this universal-service obligation. Last month Francois Loos, France's industry minister, said 2009 was "an indicative date" for competition rather than a firm deadline. A spokesman for PostEurop, a lobby group representing European postal operators, says several countries would prefer a deadline of 2012 at the earliest, with the wholly implausible argument that more time is needed to research the impact of liberalisation. The commission knows a delaying tactic when it sees one. Operators have had years to prepare for liberalisation. But some countries, such as Greece and Luxembourg, seem to want to protect their national monopolies at any cost. The attitudes of central European countries are more difficult to predict. Their governments supported the liberal services directive, which favoured their mobile, comparatively cheap workforces, but have expressed doubts about opening protected home markets to competition. Incumbents may have less to fear from competition than they think, however. In countries with open markets, the former monopolists have remained dominant. In Britain the Royal Mail has 96.5% of the market; in Sweden Posten AB has 91.5%. Regulators do not expect big changes in either country. Indeed, some advocates of liberalisation worry that open postal markets will fail to attract new entrants and that eliminating the reserved area will not guarantee competition. The debate over market opening is an opportunity to find out what people really want from their postal services and a chance to rethink how they work, says Michael Critelli, the boss of Pitney Bowes, a company that makes postal equipment and software. Some people might, for example, choose to have domestic mail delivered to their offices on weekdays, he suggests. But such innovations will happen only if national governments can be discouraged from stamping the commission's proposals "return to sender".

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单选题The first successful English colony in North America was founded in[A] 1773.[B] 162o.[C] 1607.[D] 1763.

单选题Though rather young in comparison with some others, ______ is the biggest university in England.[A] The University of Manchester[B] The University of Wales[C] The University of Edinburgh[D] The University of London

单选题The Western world's leading cause of early death is ______.

单选题 Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the new, item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news.

单选题VargashadbeeninHatch,NewMexico,onlysixmonths,sinceMarch,andalreadyheownedhisownbusinesstocompetewithNetflix,deliveringDVDsandvideogamestoranchersandpeoplewholivedwithin20milesoftown.HehadworkedoutadealwithGaspar,whoownedthevideostore,topayhim90percentofthedeliveryfee,andifhetookoutmorethan50videosinaweek,apremiumontheextras.hadalightweightmotorizedbicycle,whichmadeitfeasible.Gaspriceswerehigh,anddeliveryandpickupsavedcustomersmoney.Also,itwasconvenient—theydidn"thavetowaittilltheyhadanerrandintown.MostofthecustomerswereMexicanfamilieswhoworkedthelandforAnglos,orAngloswhoownedcattleorpecangroves.organizedhisscheduletoavoidrandomtrips.Itwasalotofriding,buthelikedtheterrain—thelowhills,thebaremountains,paleblueinthedayandshadowedintheevenings,thevastsky.Helikedseeingthefieldsofonionsandchiles,thepecantrees,thealfalfagrowing,thecattlegrazing.Hesawhawks,antelope,badgers,anddeer,andlearnedtheirhabits.Inafewweeksheknewmostofhiscustomers—theGallegosfamilyoutonCastanedaRoad,whogrewgreenchiles,theBrubakersfartheron,thewidowwoman,Obregón,whostillrantheBarSWranch.TheMichaelsfamilywasamileeast,theGarciaswereontheothersideofInterstate25—theyownedthebakery—andTomMartínezlivedinthetraileramilepast.Manyofthefamiliesgrewchiles—that"swhatHatchwasfamousfor—andmarketedthemtotheco-opinAlbuquerqueoralongthetownhighway,pickledorfresh,injelliesorasristras.Everyoneknew,too,thechicolocoonhismoped.Themorepeopleknewhim,ofcourse,themorepeopleknewabouthisbusiness.Hewasstrong,hadagoodsmile,andwasanaturalsalesman.HetalkedtotheMexicanfamiliesinSpanish,askedwheretheirrelativescamefrom,whowasleftinHermosilloorJuárezorOaxaca.HetalkedtotheAnglostoimprovehisEnglishandtoshowhewasaseriousbusinessman.Heexpectedgreatthingsofhimselfoneday.Englishwaspassable,becausehe"dworkedalmostayearinDemingbeforehecametoHatch.He"dwasheddishesatSífromsixtotwo,andatfourhemoppedfloorsattheelementaryschool.InbetweenhespenthisoffhoursattheBrokenSpoke,wherehemetpeople,evensomewomen,likeBrenda,whowasahairdresser,thenunemployed.Atelevenonenightwaswalkinghometohistrailer,andBrendastoppedinherTransAmwiththemufflerdragging.Shegavehimaride,andonethingledtoanother.Afteramonth,Brendawantedtogetmarried—shewaspregnant,shesaid—andsaidwhynot.Twoweeksafterthewedding,hefoundouttherewasnobaby,andBrendaranofftoCaliforniawithawinesalesman.TopayoffBrenda"sdebts,usedhismeagersavingsandtookathirdjobunloadingfreightatthetrainyard,thoughhestillwasn"tmakingenoughmoney,orsleepingenough,either.Oneevening,afterwasthreatenedwithevictionfromBrenda"sapartment,hisbossattheschoolfoundhimdozingatateacher"sdesk,andhewasfinishedinDeming.Hewalkednorthwithhisthumbout,butnoonepickedhimup.Intwodays,46mileslater,withnothingbuttheclothesheworeandablankethe"dbroughtfromhome,hestaggeredpastLasUvasDairyandafewbroken-downhousesandintoHatch,wherehesawaHELPWANTEDsigninthewindowoftheFronteraMercado.Hewentinandgotajobstockinggroceries.

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单选题{{I}}Questions 8 to 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given I0 seconds to answer each of the following questions. Now listen to the news.{{/I}}

单选题AccordingtoBob,SriLankaiswell-knownforthefollowingEXCEPT______.

单选题Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview.

单选题 In 2011, many shoppers opted to avoid the frenetic crowds and do their holiday shopping from the comfort of their computer. Sales at online retailers gained by more than 15%, making it the biggest season ever. But people are also returning those purchases at record rates, up 8% from last year. What went wrong? Is the lingering shadow of the global financial crisis making it harder to accept extravagant indulgences? Or do people shop more impulsively—and therefore make bad decisions—when on-line? Both arguments are plausible. However, there is a third factor: a question of touch. We can love the look but, in an online environment, we cannot feel the quality of a texture, the shape of the fit, the fall of a fold or the weight of an earring. And physically interacting with an object makes you more committed to your purchase. When my most recent book Brandwashed was released, I teamed up with a local bookstore to conduct an experiment about the differences between the online and offline shopping. I carefully instructed a group of volunteers to promote my book in two different ways. The first was a fairly hands-off approach. Whenever a customer would inquire about my book, the volunteer would take them over to the shelf and point to it. Out of 20 such requests, six customers proceeded with the purchase. The second option also involved going over to the shelf but, this time, removing the book and then subtly holding onto it for just an extra moment before placing it in the customer's hands. Of the 20 people who were handed the book, 13 ended up buying it. Just physically passing the book showed a big difference in sales. Why? We feel something similar to a sense of ownership when we hold things in our hand. That's why we establish or reestablish connection by greeting strangers and friends with a handshake. In this case, having to then let go of the book after holding it might generate a subtle sense of loss, and motivate us to make the purchase even more. A recent study conducted by Bangor University together with the United Kingdom's Royal Mail Service also revealed the power of touch, in this case when it came to snail mail. A deeper and longer-lasting impression of a message was formed when delivered in a letter, as opposed to receiving the same message online. FMRIs (功能性磁共振成像) showed that, on touching the paper, the emotional centre of the brain was activated, thus forming a stronger bond. The study also indicated that once touch becomes part of the process, it could translate into a sense of possession. In other words, we simply feel more committed to possess and thus buy an item when we've first touched it. This sense of ownership is simply not part of the equation in the online shopping experience. As the rituals of purchase in the lead-up to Christmas change, not only do we give less thought to the type of gifts we buy for our loved ones but, through our own digital wish lists, we increasingly control what they buy for us. The reality, however, is that no matter how convinced we all are that digital is the way to go, finding real satisfaction will probably take more than a few simple clicks.