单选题In 1066, Britain was conquered by ______. A. Rome B. Portman C. Vikings D. Norman

单选题Questions 6 is based on the following news item. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.

单选题Paradise Lost is the masterpiece of ______.

单选题What does "the language of space" refer to?

单选题It is ______ who proposed Language Acquisition Device (LAD).

单选题In the United States, Halloween is night-time ______ holiday.

单选题Which of the following is NOT written by William Butler Yeats? A. Sailing to Byzantium. B. The Lake Isle of Innisfree. C. Leda and the Swan. D. The Waste Land.

单选题The grapes are harvested on a date that ______.

单选题{{B}}TEXT E{{/B}} Imagine you found out that ideas invented by a computer were rated higher by independent experts than ideas created by a group of humans asked to perform the same task. Would you praise the designer of the "creative computer" for a great achievement or would you question why human talent -- usually so potent in coping with complex cognitive challenges -- created such poor ideas? Or maybe you would question your view of the notion of creativity. In fact, such a scenario was played out when we used a simple computerized routine to generate ideas and compared them as superior to human ideas when they performed the same task? Creativity is considered the ultimate human activity, a highly complex process, difficult to formalize and to control. Although there is a general agreement regarding the distinctive nature of the creative product(idea, painting, poem, and so on). there is a controversy over the nature of the creative process. Some researchers hold that the creative thinking process is qualitatively different from "ordinary" day-to-day thinking, and involves a leap that cannot be formulated, analyzed, or reconstructed -- the creative spark. Others adopt a reductionism view that creative products and the outcome of ordinary thinking, only quantitatively different from everyday thinking. Because creative ideas are different from those that normally arise, people often believe that such ideas require conditions dramatically different from the usual. The notion goes that, in order to overcome mental barriers and reach creative ideas, total freedom is necessary -- no directional guidance, constraints, criticism, of thinking within bounded scope. Then ideas can be drawn and contemplated from an infinite space during the creativity process. This view prompted the emergence of various idea-generating methods: brainstorming, synectics, lateral thinking, random stimulation, and so on, all of which consist of withholding judgement and relying on analogies from other members in the group of on randomly selected analogies. This family of methods relies on the assumption that enhancing randomness, breaking rules and paradigms, and generating anarchy of thought increase the probability of creative idea emergence. Do these methods work? A number of researchers indicate that they do not. Ideas suggested by individuals working alone are superior to ideas suggested in brainstorming sessions and the performance of problem solvers instructed to "break the roles, get out of the square, and change paradigms" was not better than that of individuals who were not given any instruction at all. The failure of these methods to improve creative outcomes has been explained by the unstructured nature of the task. Reitman observed that many problems that lack a structuring framework are ill-defined in that the representations of one or more of the basic components -- the initial state, the operators and constraints, and the goal -- are seriously incomplete, and the search space is exceedingly large. Indeed, many ill-defined problems seem difficult, not because we are swamped by the enormous number of alternative possibilities, but because we have trouble thinking even of one idea worth pursuing.

单选题The word "girl" originally meant "young person of either sex", but now it means "young people of female sex". This is an example of A. meaning-shift. B. loss of meaning. C. widening of meaning. D. narrow of meaning.

单选题"The novel is structured around the discovery of the hero's origin." Probably this refers to the novel

单选题{{B}}TEXT D{{/B}} Two related paradoxes also emerge from the same basic conception of the aesthetic experience. The first was given extended consideration by Hegel, who argued roughly as follows: our sensuous attention and that gives to the work of art its peculiar individuality. Because it addresses itself to our sensory appreciation, the work of art is essentially concrete, to be understood by an act of perception rather than by a process of discursive thought. At the same time, our understanding of the work of art is in part intellectual; we seek in it a conceptual content, which it presents to us in the form of an idea. One purpose of critical interpretation is to expound this idea in discursive form--to give the equivalent of the content of the work of art in another, nonsensuous idiom. But criticism can never succeed in this task, for, by separating the content from the particular form, it abolishes its individuality. The content presented then ceases to be the exact content of that work of art. In losing its individuality, the content loses its aesthetic reality; it thus ceases to be a mason for attending to the particular work and that first attracted our critical attention. It cannot be this that we saw in the original work and that explained its power over us. For this content, displayed in the discursive idiom of the critical intellect, is no more than a husk, a discarded relic of a meaning that eluded us in the act of seizing it. If the content is to be the true object of aesthetic interest, it must remain wedded to its individuality: it cannot be detached from its "sensuous embodiment'' without being detached from itself. Content is, therefore, inseparable from form and form in turn inseparable from content. (It is the form that it is only by virtue of the content that it embodies.) Hegel' s argument is the archetype of many, all aimed at showing that it is both necessary to distinguish form from content and also impossible to do so. This paradox may be resolved by rejecting either of its premises, but, as with Kant's antinomy, neither premise seems dispensable. To suppose that content and form are inseparable is, in effect, to dismiss both ideas as illusory, since no two works of art can then share either a content or a form--the form being definitive of each work' s individuality. In this case, no one could ever justify his interest in a work of art by reference to its meaning. The intensity of aesthetic interest becomes a puzzling, and ultimately inexplicable, feature of our mental life. If, on the other hand, we insist that content and form are separable, we shall never be able to find, through a study of content, the reason for attending to the particular work of art that intrigues us. Every work of art stands proxy for its paraphrase. An impassable gap then opens between aesthetic experience and its ground, and the claim that aesthetic experience is intrinsically valuable is thrown in doubt.

单选题At the beginning of the Imperial period, the foreign auxiliaries ______.

单选题AT&T is the name of a/n ______.

单选题 {{B}}TEXT A{{/B}} {{B}}Governments Are Trying{{/B}} A 1990 United Nations survey revealed that the more highly developed countries spend an average of 2 to 3 percent of their annual budgets on crime control, while developing countries spend even more, an average of 9 to 14 percent. Increasing the size of the police force and providing it with better equipment takes priority in some localities. But results are mixed. Some Hungarian citizens complain: "There are never enough policemen to catch the criminals but always enough to catch traffic violators." Many governments have recently found it necessary to pass tougher crime laws. For example, since "kidnapping is on the rise across Latin America," says Time magazine, the governments there have responded with .laws that are "at once vigorous and ineffectual". "Passing laws is one thing," it admits, "applying them another." It is estimated that in Britain more than 100,000 neighborhood watch schemes, covering at least four million homes, existed in 1992. Similar programs were implemented in Australia in the mid1980's. Their aim, says the Australian Institute of Criminology, is to reduce crime "by improving citizens' awareness about public safety, by improving residents' attitudes and behaviour in reporting Crime and suspicious events in the neighbourhood and by reducing vulnerability to crime with the help of property identification and installation of effective security devices." Closed-circuit television is used in some places to link police stations with commercial premises. Video cameras are used by police, banks, and stores as a crime deterrent or as a tool for identifying lawbreakers. In Nigeria the police have Checkpoints on highways in efforts to apprehend robbers and carjackers. The government has set up a task force on trade malpractices to combat fraud. Police-community relations committees made up of community leaders inform the police of criminal activity and people of questionable character. Visitors to the Philippines note that homes are generally not left unattended and that many people have watchdogs. Businessmen employ private security guards to protect their businesses. Anti-theft devices for cars sell well. People who can afford to do so withdraw to tightly secured subdivisions or condominiums. The London newspaper The Independent commented: "As confidence in the rule of law falls, citizens are organizing the defense of their own communities in increasing numbers." And more and more people are arming themselves. In the United States, for example, it is estimated that every second household owns at least one gun. Governments are, constantly developing new methods of combating crime. But V. Vsevolodov, of the Academy of Home Affairs in Ukraine, points out that according to UN sources, so many gifted people are finding "unique methods of carrying on criminal activity" that "the training of law enforcement personnel" cannot keep up. Clever criminals funnel huge sums of money back into businesses and social services, merging with society and "gaining for themselves high positions in society."

单选题{{B}}TEXT D{{/B}} Water is the oldest form of transport. The original sailing vessels were replaced by steamboats in the early 1800s and by diesel power in the 1920s. A distinction is generally made between deep-water and navigable inland water transport. Domestic commerce centers on the Great Lakes, canals, and navigable rivers. In 1975 water transport accounted for 22.6 per cent of total inter-city tonnage. Its relative share of inter-city tonnage was 31.3 per cent in 1947 and 31.7 per cent in 1958. Tonnage declined to 27.9 per cent in 1965 but increased by 1970 to 28.4 per cent. This short- term increase did not stabilize. Market share dropped by 5.8 per cent by 1975. Forecasted market share by 1985 is 18.4 per cent of total inter-city tonnage. The water transport share of revenue has been less than 2 per cent of inter-city freight revenue since 1955. The exact miles of improved waterways in operation depend in part on whether coast- wise and inter-coastal shipping are included. Approximately 26,000 miles of improved inland waterways were operated in 1975. Fewer miles of improved inland waterways exist than of any other transportation mode. The main advantage of water transport is the capacity to move extremely large shipments. Deep-water vessels are restricted in operation, but diesel-towed barges have a fair degree of flexibility, in comparison to rail and highway, water transport ranks in the middle with respect to fixed cost. The fixed cost of operation is greater than that of motor carriers but less than that of railroads. The main disadvantage of water is the limited degree of flexibility and the low speeds of transport. Unless the source and destination of movement are adjacent to a waterway, supplemental haul by rail or truck is required. The capability of water to transport large tonnage at low variable cost places this mode of transport in demand when low freight rates are desired and speed of transit is a secondary consideration. Freight transported by inland water leans heavily to mining and basic bulk commodities, such as chemicals, cement, and selected agricultural products. In addition to the restrictions of navigable waterways, terminal facilities for bulk and dry cargo storage and load-unload devices limit the flexibility of water transport. Labor restrictions on loading and unloading at dock level create operational problems and tend to reduce the potential range of available traffic. Finally, a highly competitive situation has developed between railroads and inland water carriers in areas where parallel routings exist. Inland and Great Lakes water transport will continue to be a viable alternative for future logistical system design. The full potential of the St. Lawrence Seaway has not yet been realized with respect to domestic freight. The slow passage of inland river transport can provide a form of warehousing in transit if fully integrated into overall system design. Improvements in ice-breaking equipment appear on the verge of eliminating the seasonal limitations of water transport.

单选题 Questions 6 to 7 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news.

单选题Jane Eyre is the best known of ______ novels.

单选题It can be inferred from' the passage that the "colonialist'; approach is so called because its practitioners______.

单选题In ______, President Nixon met Mao Zedong and the two countries issued the Shanghai Communiqu.