单选题{{B}}TEXT C{{/B}} Skeletal remains with animal bone blades tied to the feet testify to skating' s existence as early as 10,000 BC. These remains were found in the Netherlands. Scandinavia is called the mother of skating because of the sport' s popularity there, beginning around 1000AD. Ice skating was primarily a means of transportation at first, although documents from the Netherlands indicate that speed races were held in towns as early as the 15th century. American athlete Jackson Haines is known as the father of modem figure skating. Haines was born in 1840 in New York City. After studying dance and ballet, he became a dancing master and applied his dancing techniques to figure skating. He performed around the world and became well known for his imaginative and artistic techniques. Haines's style was enthusiastically received in Europe and eventually became accepted internationally. The formation of national and international skating organizations began during the 1890s. In 1892 the International Skating Union (ISU) was established. Today the ISU defines the rules and sets performance standards for speed skating, figure skating, and ice dancing competitions. Also in the late 1800s the National Amateur Skating Association of the United States and the International Skating Union of America were founded. In 1921 national standards were set down for skating, and the United States Figure Skating Association (USFSA) was formed to govern the sport in the United States, superseding the earlier organizations. Speed skating in the United States is governed by the United States International Speed Skating Association and the Amateur speed skating Union of the United States, both of which are affiliated with the ISU. The first official men's world speed skating championships were held in 1893. Women's world champion- ship speed skating events first took place in 1947. The first men's world figure skating championships were held in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in 1896, and in 1906 the first women's championships were held in Davos, Switzerland. Figure skating was included in the Summer Olympics of 1908 and 1920 and at the first Winter Olympics in 1924, where men's speed skating events were also held. Women's speed skating made its Olympic debut in the 1960 Olympic Games. Ice dancing was added to Olympic competition in 1976, and short-track speed skating was first included in the 1988 Games. Norway's Sonja Henie played a large role in popularizing figure skating during the 1920s and 1930s. On the strength of her athletic jumps, modern costumes, and inventive choreography she won gold medals at the Winter Olympic Games in 1928, 1932, and 1936. Henie later skated in ice shows and in motion pictures, inspiring many people to take up skating. American skater Dick Button, a five-time world champion and two-time Olympic gold medalist, brought outstanding athleticism to skating. Along with inventing the flying camel sit spin, he was also the first skater to successfully complete a double axel and a triple jump in competition. In the 1970s Soviet pairs skaters Oleg and Ludmila Protopopov transformed pairs skating with their elegant, balletlike movements. In the 1980s British ice dancers Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean dominated competition with innovative routines that broke away from ice dancing traditions. The development of modem speed skating is credited to Jaap Eden, a Dutch skater born in 1873. He set a world record in 1894, completing a 5000-meter race in 8 minutes 37.6 seconds. Since then Eden's record has been broken many times and today the best skaters complete the same distance in a little over 6 minutes, primarily as a result of more sophisticated training methods. Other successful speed skaters include Eric Heiden of the United States, a three-time world champion who won five gold medals during the 1980 Winter Olympics; Norway' s Johann Olay Koss, who set three new world records during the 1994 Winter Olympics; and Dan Jansen of the United States, who dominated speed skating for more than ten years from the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, capping his success with a gold medal and a world record in the 1000-meter long-track race at the 1994 Olympics. Successful female speed skaters include Germany's Gunda Niemann, who won seven all- around world championship titles between 1991 and 1998, and Bonnie Blair of the United States, who won a total of five Olympic gold medals in the 1988, 1992, and 1994 Olympics. Blair was also the first woman to skate 500 meters in less than 39 seconds.

单选题After The Adventures of Tom Sawyer, Twain gives a literary independence to Tom's buddy Huck in a book entitled ______.

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单选题{{B}}TEXT C{{/B}} If you have ever dreamed of slipping into the comforting softness of a cashmere sweater you should follow the example of the habitual wearers and make sure that it has been knitted in the Scottish Borders-- nothing else will do for them as it is pure luxury. But what makes Scottish Borders Cashmere so special? To begin with the Border knitters insist on using only the best cashmere painstakingly produced in one of the most barren parts of China. The cashmere is hand combed from the under fleece of the Mongolian goat and one of them produces in a year only enough yarn to make a scarf. It takes three goats to produce one simple sweater! This rare natural fiber has then to be transported to Britain for processing. A highly skilled system, invented by Joseph Dawson in the 1880's, removes every impurity and coarse grade hair so that only the softest down is left. After spinning the Border knitters use their traditional expertise to ensure that this wonderful softness is kept by careful" milling" -- their term for washing the garment after knitting-in pure soft Scottish water. Of course all this care and attention makes cashmere very expensive but retailers have noticed that whenever there is a rise in the price of cashmere, all inevitably regular occurrence with a scarce, hard-to-produce commodity, customers rarely trade down even to finest lambs wool. They may attempt to ration themselves to one sweater less this season but, for them, it really is a matter of nothing but the best. But even the most traditional of garments are subject to fashion. The cashmere manufacturers of the Borders realized that, if they were to keep their grand old labels hot and desirable, they had to out Lauren Ralph and chivvy at Chanel's heels. "The strength of Borders cashmere", says Helen Bottle, the textile designer who manages The Studio," is its well known quality and status. But in today's market, you need other factors. Better, more fashionable, more exciting design is one. We have gone beyond the traditional Scottish jumper market and into the field of well-designed, fashioned knitted clothing." For cashmere addicts, life has never been more dangerous. Where once they could only satisfy their craving by having their little jumper in every color in both round neck and polo, now there is an embarrassment of choice.

单选题It can be inferred from the passage that a good salesman is one______.

单选题______is a variety of language (usually a native language of a country) which serves as a medium of communication among groups of people with diverse linguistic background.A. Lingua FrancaB. PidginC. CreoleD. Bilingualism

单选题The author is most probably a(n)_________.

单选题H. G. Wells was most famous for ______ . A. Around the World in Eighty Days B. Of Human Bondage C. The Moon and Sixpence D. The Time Machine

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单选题{{B}}TEXT B{{/B}} In recent years American society has become increasingly dependent on its universities to find solutions to its major problems. It is the universities that have been charged with the principal responsibility for developing the expertise to place men on the moon; for dealing with our urban problems and with our deteriorating environment; for developing the means to feed the world's rapidly increasing population. The effort involved in meeting these demands presents its own problems. In addition, however, this concentration on the creation of new knowledge significantly impinges on the universities’ efforts to perform their other principal functions, the transmission and interpretation of knowledge--the imparting of tile heritage of the past and the preparing of the next generation to carry it forward. With regard to this, perhaps their most traditionally sanctioned task, colleges and universities today find themselves in a serious bind generally. On the one band, there is the American commitment, entered into especially since World War I, to provide higher education for all young people who can profit from it. The result of the commitment has been a dramatic rise in enrollments in our universities, coupled with a radical shift from the private to the public sector of higher education. On the other hand, there are serious and continuing limitations on tile resources available for higher education. While higher education has become a great "growth industry", it is also simultaneously a tremendous drain on the resources of the nation. With the vast increase in enrollment and the shift in priorties away from education in state and federal budgets, there is in most of our public institutions a significant decrease in per capital Outlay for their students. One crucial aspect of this drain on resources lies in the persistent shortage of trained faculty, which has led, in turn, to a declining standard of competence in instruction. Intensifying these difficulties is, as indicated above, the concern with research, with its competing claims on resources and the attention of the faculty. In addition, there is a strong tendency for the institutions’ organization and functioning to conform to the demands of research rather than those of teaching.

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单选题______ is an American poet whose great work Leaves of Grass written in unconventional meter and rhyme, celebrates the self, death as a process of life, universal brotherhood, and the greatness of democracy.A. Ｅ.Ｅ.CummingsB. Walt WhitmanC. Robert FrostD. Ezra Pound

单选题Born in the trough of the Great Depression, Edmund Phelps, a professor at Columbia University who won the Nobel Prize for economics, has spent much of his intellectual life studying slumps of a different kind. The Depression, which cost both of his parents their jobs, was exacerbated by the monetary, authorities, who kept too tight a grip on the money supply. Mr. Phelps is interested in unemployment that even open-handed central bankers cannot cure. Most scholars stand on the shoulders of giants. But Mr. Phelps won his laurels in part tar kicking the feet from under his intellectual forerunners. In 1958 William Phillips, of the London School of Economics, showed that for much of the previous hundred years, unemployment was low in Britain when wage inflation was high, and high when inflation was low. Economists were too quick to conclude that policy makers therefore faced a grand, macroeconomic trade-off, embodied in the so-called "Phillips curve". They could settle for unemployment of, say, 6% and an inflation rate of 1%—as prevailed in America at the start of the 1960s—or they could quicken the economy, cutting unemployment by a couple of percentage points at the expense of inflation of 3% or so—which is roughly how things stood in America when Mr. Phelps published his first paper on the subject in 1967. In such a tight lab our market, companies appease workers by offering higher wages. They then pass on the cost in the form of dearer prices, cheating workers of a higher real wage. Thus policymakers can engineer lower unemployment only through deception. But "man is a thinking, expectant being,"as Mr. Phelps has put it. Eventually workers will cotton on, demanding still higher wages to offset the rising cost of living. They can be duped for as long as inflation stays one step ahead of their rising expectations of what it will be. The stable trade-off depicted by the Phillips curve is thus a dangerous mirage. The economy will recover its equilibrium only when workers' expectations are fulfilled, prices turn out as anticipated, and they no longer sell their labour under false pretences. But equilibrium does not, sadly, imply full employment. Mr. Phelps argued that inflation will not settle until unemployment rises to its "natural rate", leaving some workers moldering on the shelf. Given economists' almost theological commitment to the notion that markets clear, the presence of unemployment in the world requires a theodicy to explain it. Mr. Phelps is willing to entertain several. But in much of his work he contends that unemployment is necessary to cow workers, ensuring their loyalty to the company and their diligence on the job, at a wage the company can afford to pay. "Natural" does not mean optimal. Nor, Mr. Phelps has written, does it mean "a pristine element of nature not susceptible to intervention by man. " Natural simply means impervious to central bankers' efforts to change it, how much money they print. Economists, including some of his own students, commonly take this natural rate to be slow moving, if not constant, and devote a great deal of effort to estimating it. Mr. Phelps, by contrast, has been more anxious to explain its fluctuations, and to recommend measures to lower it. His book Structural Slumps, published in 1994, is an ambitious attempt to provide a general theory of how the natural rate of unemployment evolves. Some of the factors that he considered important--unemployment benefits or payroll taxes, for example—are widely accepted parts of the story. Others are more idiosyncratic. He and his French collaborator, Jean-Paul Fitoussi, have, for example, blamed Europe's mounting unemployment in the 1980s in part on Ronald Reagan's budget deficits, which were expansionary at home, but squeezed employment in the rest of the world. A few years ago David Walsh, an economic journalist, lamented that the glare of the Nobel Prize left other equally deserving economists, such as Mr. Phelps, languishing "in the half-lit penumbra of the shortlist". After an unaccountably long lag, professional acclaim for this bold, purposeful theorist finally converged on its natural rate.

单选题Consumers are concerned about the changes in package size, mainly because______.

单选题Robert Bums is remembered mainly for his songs written in the dialect on a variety of subjects.A. EnglandB. WelshC. ScottishD. Irish

单选题It can be inferred from the passage that Nairobi is ______.

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单选题Among the following four American colonial writers, who was the writer of Poor Richard's Almanac?[A] Anne Bradstreet.[B] Benjamin Franklin.[C] Michael Wigglesworth.[D] Edward Taylor.

单选题______is not a dominant figure of the Realistic Period?

单选题Which of the following factors does NOT contribute to the formation of new pronunciation?[A] Back-formation.[B] Loss.[C] Addition.[D] Assimilation.