单选题The words "rain" and "reign" are examples of ______.

单选题William Wordsworth was a poet of the ______ period. A. Romantic B. Neo-classical C. Victorian D. Elizabethan

单选题 Questions 7 to 8 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.

单选题The two major political parties in Britain are the Conservative Party and ______.A. the Liberal PartyB. the Labor PartyC. the Republican PartyD. the Democratic Party

单选题What is the Fed's main concern according to Mr. Gramley?

单选题We may infer that the author does not favor ______.

单选题 If there is a society of expert sleepers out there, a cult of smug snoozers satisfied that they're getting just the right number of restful hours a night, it must be a secretive one. Most people seem insecure about their sleep and willing to say so: they would like to get a little more; maybe they wish they could get by on less; they wonder if it's deep enough. And they are pretty sure that being up at 2 a.m., pacing the TV room like a caged animal, cannot be good. Can it? In fact, no one really knows. Scientists aren't sure why sleep exists at all, which has made it hard to explain the great diversity of sleeping habits and quirks in birds, fish and mammals of all kinds, including humans. Why should lions get 15 hours a night and giraffes just 5? Why is it that some people are early birds as young adults and night owls when they're older? The answer may boil down to time management, according to a new paper in the August issue of the journal Nature Reviews Neuroscience. In the paper, Jerome Siegel, a professor of psychiatry at the University of California, Los Angeles, argues that sleep evolved to optimize animals' use of time, keeping them safe and hidden when the hunting, fishing or scavenging was scarce and perhaps risky. In that view, differences in sleep quality, up to and including periods of insomnia, need not be seen as problems but as adaptations to the demands of the environment. "We spend a third of our life sleeping, and it seems so maladaptive — 'the biggest mistake nature has made,' scientists often call it," said Dr.Siegel, "But another way of looking at it is this: unnecessary wakefulness is a bigger mistake." As a field of study, sleep research is anything but sleepy — experts disagree strongly on almost every theory offered, and this one is no exception. Among other objections, critics point out that sleeping animals are less alert to predators than they are while awake, and that sleep appears to serve other essential functions. Some studies suggest that the brain consolidates the day's memories during slumber; others suggest that it needs sleep to repair neural damage. "My own theory, which is more consistent with the mainstream, is that neurons require sleep as part of the long-term process of modification to support learning," wrote Dr.Clifford Saper, a neuroscientist at Harvard, in an e-mail message. But, he added, his theory and Dr.Siegel's may not be mutually exclusive. For one thing, sleep is not nearly as vulnerable a state as it appears. Sleepers are highly sensitive to some sounds, like a baby's whine or an unusual thump or voice. Arid as Dr.Siegel put it, sleepers are less vulnerable to harm than they would be if they were out on the street late at night. For another thing, the new paper argues, evidence from other animals strongly suggests that the need for sleep drops sharply during the most important waking hours. Migrating killer whales are alert and swimming for weeks on end, and seemingly just as alert as when well rested, studies find. Consider the big brown bat, perhaps the longest-sleeping mammal of them all. It snoozes 20 hours a day, and spends the other 4 hunting mosquitoes and moths in the dusk and early evening. "Increased waking time would seem to be highly maladaptive for this animal, since it would expend energy and be exposed to predatory birds with better vision and better flight abilities," Dr.Siegel writes. In humans, it is well known that sleep quality changes with age, from the long, deep plunges of early childhood to the much lighter, more frequently interrupted five or six hours that many elderly people call a night's sleep. Doctors have long debated whether elderly people are sleep-deprived as a result, or simply need less restful slumber. In Dr.Siegel's view, it's a matter of tradeoffs: older people no longer have a child's need to grow, which requires deep, long sleep and may have more need and more ability to do things for themselves instead. The theory also supports what people already suspect about early birds and night owls: they are most alert when they are naturally most productive. And they can feel strung out if their work schedule doesn't match. None of which is to say that good sleep is unnecessary or that serious sleep problems do not exist. But the theory does suggest that a stretch of insomnia may not be evidence of a disorder. If sleep has evolved as the ultimate time manager, then being wired at 2 a.m. may mean there is valuable work to be done.

单选题The relatively low income of the commercial farmers is mainly caused by ______.

单选题______ Sunnis were appointed as advisers to the constitutional committee.

单选题Wallace Stevens won all kinds of prizes EXCEPT ______.

单选题The policy the United States actually pursued in the first two years of WWI was ______.

单选题An American survey has shown that each year every employed person loses three to four working days from colds and allied complaints, and every school child loses five to six days of schooling. Colds waste more time than strikes. The conquest of the common cold is therefore a thoroughly worthwhile ambition. In 1961, Sir Christopher Andrewes found that the great killing infections like syphilis or poliomyelitis are each caused by one specific micro-organism, or, at worst, a small group of closely related parasites. By contrast it has slowly become apparent that the common cold is not a disease but a large group of similar diseases, caused possibly, by anything between fifty and one hundred different organisms. Much of Sir Christopher"s book is taken up by an account of the struggle to identify, the genus which do cause colds. At first it was thought that bacteria were responsible because certain bacteria are commonly found in the noses and throats of cold victims. But Dr. W. Kruse of the Hygienic Institute of the University of Leipzig in 1914 provided the first evidence that a virus might be concerned by launching experimental infections. Since that time thousands of volunteers have subjected themselves to similar experimental infectious, and for early twenty years most of such work has been done at Salisbury where the guinea pigs are rewarded by a ten-day holiday, all found that this "clumsy, expensive and unreliable" use of human volunteers was necessary because for a long time chimpanzees were the only other animals known to be susceptible to infection by common cold germs, and chimpanzees were far too expensive and unruly for routine use. Growing cold viruses in the laboratory also proved difficult until one of the men involved demonstrated his possession of that most precious scientific faculty-serendipity. Cold viruses were being grown with only moderate success in laboratory cultures of lung tissue from human embryos. The lung tissue cultures were kept alive by a salt solution containing added vitamins and a number of other ingredients. One day at Salisbury Dr. David Tyrrell found that this salt solution was faulty, and in order to keep his tissue cultures going he hastily borrowed a supply from another laboratory. When the imported solution was added to tissue cultures infected with cold viruses the lung tissue cells began to degenerate in a manner typical of tissues parasitized by active viral particles. Dr. Tyrrell soon discovered that the borrowed fluid provided a more acid medium in his culture tubes than that produced by the native Salisbury brew. The nose provides a slightly acid environment, and Dr. Tyrrell realized that a degree of acidity was just what nose-inhabiting viruses needed in order to thrive outside the body. Thus a happy accident enabled a perspicacious scientist to modify the cold virus culture technique and thenceforward the whole exercise proved far easier and more profitable. Much of common cold folklore is demolished. Draughts, chilling and wet feet do not bring colds on, says Sir Christopher, and clean, healthy living with lots of fresh air, plenty of exercise, good, plain food and a cold bath every morning may be good for the soul and the waistline, but does nothing to keep cold viruses at bay. Colds are not very infectious — which will surprise most of us — so there is really no excuse for staying away from work when you have one. All the remedies so far invented have one thing in common — they are useless. In temperate countries, colds are commoner during the winter, but what the "winter factor" is which brings them on remains unknown. Most of us harbour cold viruses in our noses throughout the year, and many colds are probably not "caught" at all, but start because somehow the resident viruses become activated from time to time. To write a book about colds at this stage, says Sir Christopher, is rather like writing a review of a play in the middle of the first act. Since he wrote those words, workers at Salisbury have announced the production of the first cold vaccine which will protect against infection by one particular cold virus. Unfortunately there are very many cold viruses and complete immunity from colds by vaccination would require the administration of a separate vaccine for every virus in the book.

单选题[此试题无题干]

单选题New Zealand is sometimes called the world"s biggest farm. It is the world"s largest exporter of ______.

单选题In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet. Question 6 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.

单选题What makes science fiction become tomorrow's reality? A. Governor Jerry Brown. B. Self-driving car. C. Major auto manufactures. D. The US government agency DARPＡ.

单选题{{I}} Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview.{{/I}}

单选题The Tories were the forerunners of______, which still bears this nickname today.A. the Labour PartyB. the Conservative PartyC. the Liberal DemocratsD. the Democratic Party

单选题Given the lack of fit between gifted students and their schools, it is not surprising that such students often have little good to say about their school experience. In one study of 400 adults who had achieved distinction in all areas of life, researchers found that three-fifths of these individuals either did badly in school or were unhappy in school. Few MacArthur Prize fellows, winners of the MacArthur Award for creative accomplishment, had good things to say about their precollegiate schooling if they had not been placed in advanced programs. Anecdotal reports support this. Pablo Picasso, Charles Darwin, Mark Twain, Oliver Goldsmith, and William Butler Yeats all disliked school. So did Winston Churchill, who almost failed out of Harrow, an elite British school. About Oliver Goldsmith, one of his teachers remarked, "Never was so dull a boy." Often these children realize that they know more than their teachers, and their teachers often feel that these children are arrogant, inattentive, or unmotivated. Some of these gifted people may have done poorly in school because their gifts were not scholastic. Maybe we can account for Picasso in this way. But most fared poorly in school not because they lacked ability but because they found school unchallenging and consequently lost interest. Yeats described the lack of fit between his mind and school: "Because I had found it difficult to attend to anything less interesting than my own thoughts, I was difficult to teach." As noted earlier, gifted children of all kinds tend to be strong-willed nonconformists. Nonconformity and stubbornness (and Yeats's level of arrogance and self-absorption) are likely to lead to conflicts with teachers. When highly gifted students in any domain talk about what was important to the development of their abilities, they are far more likely to mention their families than their schools or teachers. A writing prodigy studied by David Feldman and Lynn Goldsmith was taught far more about writing by his journalist father than his English teacher. High-IQ children, in Australia studied by Miraca Gross had much more positive feelings about their families than their schools. About half of the mathematicians studied by Benjamin Bloom had little good to say about school. They all did well in school and took honors classes when available, and some skipped grades.

单选题 In 1896 a Georgia couple suing for damages in the accidental death of their two year old was told that since the child had made no real economic contribution to the family, there was no liability for damages. In contrast, less than a century later, in 1979, the parents of a three year old sued in New York for accidental-death damages and won an award of $750,0O0. The transformation in social values implicit in juxtaposing these two incidents is the subject of Viviana Zelizer's excellent book, Pricing the Priceless Child. During the nineteenth century, she argues, the concept of the "useful" child who contributed to the family economy gave way gradually to the present-day notion of the "useless" child who, though producing no income for, and indeed extremely costly to, its parents, is yet considered emotionally "priceless." Well established among segments of the middle and upper classes by the mid-1800's, this new view of childhood spread throughout society in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries as reformers introduced child-labor regulations and compulsory education laws predicated in pan on the assumption that a child's emotional value made child labor taboo. For Zelizer the origins of this transformation were many and complex, The gradual erosion of children's productive value in a maturing industrial economy, the decline in birth and death rates, especially in child mortality, and the development of the companionate family (a family in which members were united by explicit bonds of love rather than duty) were all factors critical in changing the assessment of children's worth. Yet "expulsion of children from the 'cash nexus,' ... although clearly shaped by profound changes in the economic, occupational, and family structures," Zelizer maintains, "was also pan of a cultural process 'of sacralization' of children's lives." Protecting children from the crass business world became enormously important for late-nineteenth-century middle-class Americans, she suggests; this sacralization was a way of resisting what they perceived as the relentless corruption of human values by the marketplace. In stressing the cultural determinants of a child's worth, Zelizer takes issue with practitioners of the new "sociological economics," who have analyzed such traditionally sociological topics as crime, marriage, education, and health solely in terms of their economic determinants. Allowing only a small role for cultural forces in the form of individual "preferences," these sociologists tend to view all human behavior as directed primarily by the principle of maximizing economic gain. Zelizer is highly critical of this approach, and emphasizes instead the opposite phenomenon: the power of social values to transform price. As children became more valuable in emotional terms, she argues, their "exchange" or "surrender" value on the market, that is, the conversion of their intangible worth into cash terms, became much greater.