单选题English didn’t become the official language of the England until ______ after the Hundred Years' War.

单选题{{B}}TEXT C{{/B}} Rudolf Virchow was among the greatest minds in medicine in the 19th century. As a result of his hard work and determination, great strides were made in the fields of pathological and physiological medicine. Virchow attended Friederich Institute where he studied to become a physician. Throughout his studies, Virchow performed a plethora of research disproving that phlebitis was the cause of most diseases. Once he graduated from Friederich Institute, Virchow went on to study at the University of Berlin where he became a medical doctor in 1843. He was championed as the founder of cellular pathology because of his extensive research that disease is created and reproduced at the cellular level of the body. Virchow also took on the role of educator. He was involved in opening a school of nursing in Friederichshain Hospital and designed the new sewer system for the city of Berlin. In 1856, he was appointed as Chair of the Pathological Anatomy Department at the University of Berlin and the new Pathology Institute opened there as well. One of his greatest accomplishments in his career happened in 1874, when he introduced the standardized technique to perform autopsies. Virchow was extremely active in his community and had a passion for life-long learning. He was elected to the Berlin City Council for exclusive work in the areas of public health. He reported that the poor housing conditions, declining milk supply and sepsis found throughout the area contributed to the high infant mortality rate in the area. In his opinion the Government was not living up to his expectations of taking care of the people of Germany. He had regularly authored articles through his journal, Medicinische Reform, demanding social change from the German government, focusing largely on the idea that the profession of physicians should be unified and that medical education should have more training in clinical medicine related to diagnosis based on physiologic medicine. Basically, he was a forerunner in the field of primary prevention of disease., treating the symptoms before the disease set into the body. He campaigned for drastic social reform and had also contributed to the development ,of anthropology as a modern science and in 1869 was a founder of the German Anthropological Society, and the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory, presiding over this body until he perished in 1902. His studies in anthropology began with the skulls of mentally disabled people often called cretins and what developmental basis for that condition was present in the skull. Virchow published many works. He was also editor of the Journal of Ethnology and Virehow's Archive. Virchow was not only a brilliant physician and researcher but he was a father and husband as well. In 1850 he married Rose Mayer and they became parents of 6 children. Virchow was always busy attempting to better the lives of the Geiman people. Even at the time of his death on September 5, 1902 in Berlin, Virchow was still serving on committees and counsels and working diligently as editor' of journals in medical education. He was constantly working to provide quality health care to his patients and fighting for their rights with the German Government.

单选题Later the Greeks moved east from Cumae to Neapolis, the New City, a little farther along the coast where modern Naples now stands. We have a very good idea what life in this sun-splashed land was like during the Roman era because of the recovered splendor of Pompeii and Herculaneum. But as the well-trod earth of Campania continues to yield ancient secrets, Mastrolorenzo and Petrone, with their colleague Lucia Pappalardo, have put together a rich view of an earlier time and what may have been humankind's first encounter with the primal force of Vesuvius. Almost all has come to light by chance. In May 2001, for example, construction workers began digging the foundation for a supermarket next to a desolate, weed-strewn intersection just outside the town of Nola. An archaeologist working for the province of Naples noticed several trances of burned wood a few feet below the surface, an indication of earlier human habitation. At 19 feet below, relicts of a perfectly preserved Early Bronze Age village began to emerge. Over the next several months, the excavation unearthed three large prehistoric dwellings: horseshoe shaped huts with clearly demarked entrances, living areas, and the equivalent of kitchens. Researchers found dozens of pots, pottery plates, and crude hourglass-shaped canisters that still contained fossilized traces of almonds, flour, grain, acorns, olive-pits, even mushrooms. Simple partitions separated the rooms; one hut had what appeared to be a loft. The tracks of goats, sheep, cattle, and pigs, as well as their human masters, crisscrossed the yard outside. The skeletons of nine pregnant goats lay in an enclosed area that included an animal pen. If a skeleton can be said to cower, the bones of an apparently terrified dog huddled under the eaves of one roof. What preserved this prehistoric village, what formed a perfect impression of its quotidian contents right down to leaves in the thatch roofs and cereal grains in the kitchen containers, was the fallout and surge and mud from the Avellino eruption of Vesuvius. Claude Albore Livadie, a French archaeologist who published the initial report on the Nola discovery, dubbed it "a first Pompeii". During May and June 2001, provincial archaeological authorities oversaw excavation of the site Mastrolorenzo hurried out to Nola, about 18 miles east of Naples. He and Pappalardo took samples of the ash and volcanic deposits, which contained chemical clues to the magnitude of the eruption. But then the scientific story veered off into the familiar opera buffa of Italian archaeology. The owner of the site agitated for construction of the supermarket to resume or to be compensated for the delay—not an unusual dilemma in a country where the backhoes and bulldozers of a modern economy clang against the ubiquitous remains of ancient civilizations. Government archaeologists hastily excavated the site and removed the objects. As it turns out, the supermarket was never built, and all that remains of a site that miraculously captured one of civilization's earliest encounters with volcanic destruction is a hole in the ground on a vacant, weed-choked lot, the foundation walls of the huts barely visible. A small, weathered sign proclaiming the "Pompeii of Prehistory" hangs limply from a padlocked gate. Despite the loss of Nola as well as some other archaeological sites, Mastrolorenzo, Petrone, Pappalardo, and American volcanologist Michael Sheridan triggered world wide fascination when they summarized these findings in the spring of 2006 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). But their research went beyond mere archaeological documentation. The Avellino event, they wrote, "caused a social-demographic collapse and abandonment of the entire area for centuries. " The new findings, along with computer models, show that an Avellino-size eruption would unleash a concentric wave of destruction that could devastate Naples and much of its surroundings. In the world before Hurricane Katrina and the Indian Ocean tsunami, these warnings might have sounded as remote and transitory as those prehistoric footsteps. Not anymore.

单选题 Question 9 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.

单选题{{B}}TEXT D{{/B}} Marriage in Men's Lives is a courageous and innovative book: courageous because it tackles a politically and socially charged issue—marriage as a social institution—in a time when texts on the family portray marriage as just one of any number of equally valuable lifestyle choices; innovative because it looks closely at the ways in which a key social institution affects individuals, in this case, the way that marriage affects men. Even as sex differences within marriage have diminished, the role of husband still plays a unique function in the lives of men. Steven Nock argues that adolescent boys face challenges in becoming men that adolescent girls do not face in becoming women. According to Nock, "Masculinity is precarious and must be sustained in adulthood. Normative marriage does this. A man develops, sustains, and displays his masculine identity in his marriage. The adult roles that men occupy as husbands are core aspect of their masculinity." The behaviors expected of married men as husbands, according to Nock, are the same behaviors expected of husbands as men. So getting married and successfully doing the things that husbands do allows men to achieve and sustain their masculinity. Nock argues that if marriage provides a mechanism through which men establish and maintain their masculinity, marriage should have consistent and predictable consequences. He reasons that normative marriage will have different consequences than other forms of marriage. Nock argues that marriage causes men to become more successful, participate in social life, and to become more philanthropic. This is, in today's climate of extreme caution about causal relationships, a bold claim. He tests it using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and fixed effect models, to separate changes that accompany aging from those that happen uniquely at marriage. To measure achievement, Nock uses annual income, annual weeks worked, and occupational prestige. He measures social participation with time spent on housework, social contacts, and organizational involvement; and he measures generosity with gifts to non-relatives and loans to relatives and non-relatives. To summarize his results too briefly, when men marry, their achievements rise on all measures; they reduce their time in housework; increase their contact with relatives, church services and church events, and coworkers; and decrease contact with friends and time in bars. When men marry, they give fewer and smaller gifts and loans to non-relatives and more and larger loans to relatives. Nock also looks at changes in each of the measures of adult achievement, social participation, and generosity with changes in each of the dimensions of normative marriage. He finds, generally, that moves toward normative marriage increase achievements, social participation with family and religious organizations, and generosity to relatives. Changes toward more normative marriage also reduce men's time in housework, their social contacts with friends, and social events in bars. (465 words)

单选题{{B}}TEXT D{{/B}} The earliest controversies about the relationship between photography and art centered on whether photograph's fidelity to appearances and dependence on a machine allowed it to be a fine art as distinct from merely a practical art. Throughout the nineteenth century, the defence of photography was identical with the struggle to establish it as a fine art. Against the charge that photography was a soulless, mechanical copying of reality, photographers asserted that it Was instead a privileged way of seeing, a revolt against commonplace vision, and no less worthy an art than painting. Ironically, now that photography is securely established as a fine art, many photographers find it pretentious or irrelevant to label it as such. Serious photographers variously claim to be finding, recording, impartially observing, witnessing events, exploring themselves -- anything but making works of art. They are no longer willing to debate whether photography is or is not a fine art, except to proclaim that their own work is not involved with art. It shows the extent to which they simply take for granted the concept of art imposed by the triumph of Modernism: the better the art, the more subversive it is of the traditional aims of art. Photographers' disclaimers of any interest in making art tell us more about the harried status of the contemporary notion of art than about whether photography is or is not art. For example, those photographers who suppose that, by taking pictures, they arc getting away from the pretensions of art as exemplified by painting remind us of those Abstract Expressionist painters who imagined they were getting away from the intellectual austerity of classical Modernist painting by concentrating on the physical act of painting. Much of photography's prestige today derives from the convergence of its aims with those of recent art, particularly with the dismissal of abstract art implicit in the phenomenon of Pop painting during the 1960's. Appreciating photographs is a relief to sensibilities tired of the mental exertions demanded by abstract art. Classical Modernist painting -- that is, abstract art as developed in different ways by Picasso, Kandinsky, and Matisse -- presupposes highly developed skills of looking and a familiarity with other paintings and the history of art. Photography, like Pop painting, reassures viewers that art is not hard; photography seems to be more about its subjects than about art. Photography, however, has developed all the anxieties and self-consciousness of a classic Modernist art. Many professionals privately have begun to worry that the promotion of photography as an activity subversive of the traditional pretensions of art has gone so far that the public will for get that photography is a distinctive and exalted activity -- in short, an art.

单选题In this section you'll hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview.

单选题The word "lewd'once referred to "ignorant", but now it is used to mean "lustful". This is an example of A. narrowing of meaning. B. widening of meaning. C. loss of meaning. D. meaning shift.

单选题______ is one of the greatest English poets, whose masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, was one of the most important influences on the development of English literature.[A] Geoffrey Chaucer[B] Jonathan Swift[C] Walter Scott[D] Samuel Taylor Coleridge

单选题N. Chomsky defines as the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language. A. parole B. langue C. competence D. performance

单选题Questions 9 & 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the two questions. Now listen to the news.

单选题{{B}}TEXT C{{/B}} The trade and investment relationship between the European Union and the United States is the most important in the world. Despite the emergence of competitors, Europe and America are the dynamo of the global economy. This economic relationship is a foundation of our political partnership, which we all know has been through a difficult patch. The identity of interest between Europe and America is less obvious than during the cold war. But while the trans-Atlantic relationship is becoming more complex, that does not make it less important. As European commissioner for trade, I do not agree that European and American values are fundamentally diverging, or that our interests no longer coincide. We still share a belief in democracy and individual freedoms, and in creating opportunity and economic openness. We face the same security challenges. We look ahead to shared global problems: poverty, migration, resource crises, climate change. We need commitment and vision to redefine our relationship. I want to see a stronger and more balanced partnership -- one in which Europe is more united, more willing to take its role in global leadership and one where the United States is more inclined to share leadership with Europe. We need to find ways to complement each other, not compete in the political arena. We will not achieve either side of this equation without the other. Europe needs to build stronger foreign policies and to be ready to act on the world stage. But equally, the body language we see from America has a huge impact on how Europeans view the partnership. Our common interest requires a strong Europe, not a weak and divided one. I hope that the United States will reinforce its historical support for European integration. I am fortunate now to take over an area of policy in which Europe is highly effective: trade. Our top trade priority on both sides of the Atlantic must be to put our weight behind the multilateral Doha development agenda. Concluding this negotiation in a way that lives up to its ambition will bring enormous benefits. Collectively, we took a major step in reaching the framework agreement in Geneva last July, following the lead taken by the E. U. on agriculture export subsidies. We now look to the United States and others to follow that lead, and we need to accelerate work in other areas -- on industrial tariffs and services -- to achieve a balanced result. The Doha round of talks differs from any other in its focus on development. Europe and the United States must ensure that poorer countries are fully engaged and derive benefits. But the issues we need to tackle to stimulate growth and innovation in trans-Atlantic trade are not those on the Doha agenda. Our markets are relatively open and highly developed. We need to concentrate on removing regulatory and structural barriers that inhibit activity. This is about cutting international red tape. Our regulatory systems and cultures are different, but that is where real gains can be made. As E. U. trade commissioner I want to develop an ambitious but practical trans-Atlantic agenda. I am not inclined to set rhetorical targets or launch lofty initiatives. I want a set of achievable goals. Work on trans-Atlantic deregulation will also contribute to the central goal of the new European Commission: promoting growth and jobs in Europe. I am not naive. I am not turning a blind eye to the inevitable disputes in trans-Atlantic trade. They are relatively small as a proportion of total trade, but they make the headlines. They reflect the huge volume of our trade and investment flows. That is good. They also reflect our readiness to settle disputes in the World Trade Organization. That is also good. The WTO is the best example of effective multilateralism that the world has so far invented. I hope we will work together to uphold it. If multilateralism is to be worthwhile, it has to be effective -- and that goes for every part of the relationship between Europe and America.

单选题 When I was growing up, our former neighbors, whom we'll call the Sloans, were the only couple on the block without kids. It wasn't that they couldn't have children; according to Mr. Sloan, they just chose not to. All the other parents, including mine, thought it was odd-even tragic. So any bad luck that befell the Sloans-the egging of their house one Halloween; the landslide that sent their pool careering to the street below-was somehow attributed to that fateful decision they'd made so many years before. "Well, " the other adults would say, "you know they never did have kids." Each time I visited the Sloans, I'd search for signs of insanity, misery or even regret in their superclean home. yet I never seemed to find any. From what I could tell, the Sloans were happy, maybe even happier than my parents, despite the fact that they were childless. My impressions may have been swayed by the fact that their candy dish was always full, but several studies now show that the Sloans could well have been more content than most of the traditional families around them. In Daniel Gilbert's 2006 book Stumbling on Happiness, the Harvard professor of psychology looks at several studies and concludes that marital satisfaction decreases dramatically after the birth of the first child-and increases only when the last child has left home. He also ascertains that parents are happier grocery shopping and even sleeping than spending time with their kids. Other data cited by 2008's Gross National Happiness author, Arthur C. Brooks, finds that parents are about 7 percentage points less likely to report being happy than the childless. The most recent comprehensive study on the emotional state of those with kids shows us that the term "bundle of joy" may not be the most accurate way to describe our offspring. "'Parents experience lower levels of emotional well-being, less frequent positive emotions and more frequent negative emotions than their childless peers, "says Florida State University's Robin Simon, a sociology professor who's conducted several recent parenting studies, the most thorough of which came out in 2005 and looked at data gathered from 13, 000 Americans by the National Survey o1 Families and Households." In fact, no group of parents — married, single, step or even empty nest — reported significantly greater emotional well-being than people who never had children. It's such a counterintuitive finding because we have these cultural beliefs that children are the key to happiness and a healthy life, and they're not." Parents may openly lament their lack of sleep, hectic schedules and difficulty in dealing with their surly teens, but rarely will they cop to feeling depressed due to the everyday rigors of child rearing. "If you admit that kids and parenthood aren't making you happy, it's basical blasphemy, "says Jcn Singer, a stay-at-home mother of two from New Jersey who runs the popular parenting blog MommaSaid. net. "From baby-lotion commercials that make motherhood look happy and well rested, to commercials for Disney World where you're supposed to fccl like a kid because you're there with your kids, we've made parenthood out to be one blissful moment after another, and it's disappointing when you find out it's not." Is it possible that American parents have always been this disillusioned? Anecdotal evidence says no. In pre-industrial America, parents certainly loved their children, but their offspring also served a purpose-to work the farm, contribute to the household. Children were a necessity. Today, we have kids more for emotional reasons, but an increasingly complicated work and social environment has made finding satisfaction far more difficult. A key study by University of Wisconsin-Madison's Sara McLanahan and Julia Adams, conducted some 20 years ago, found that parenthood was perceived as significantly more stressful in the 1970s than in the 1950s; the researchers attribute part of that change to major shifts in employment patterns. The majority of American parents now work outside the home, have less support from extended family and face a deteriorating education and health-care system, so raising children has not only become more complicated-it has become more expensive. Today the U. S. Department of Agriculture estimates that it costs anywhere from $134, 370 to $ 237, 520 to raise a child from birth to the age of 17-and that's not counting school or college tuition. No wonder parents are feeling a little blue.

单选题{{B}}TEXT C{{/B}} In contrast to traditional analyses of minority business, the sociological analysis contends that minority business ownership is a group-level phenomenon, in that it is largely dependent upon socialgroup resources for its development. Specifically, this analysis indicates that support networks play a critical role in starting and maintaining minority business enterprises by providing owners with a range of assistance, from the informal encouragement of family members and friends to dependable sources of labor and clientele from the owner's ethnic group. Such self-help networks, which encourage and support ethnic minority entrepreneurs, consist of "primary" institutions, those closest to the individual in shaping his behavior and beliefs. They are characterized by the face-to-face association and cooperation of persons united by ties of mutual concern. They form an intermediate social level between the individual and larger "secondary" institutions based on impersonal relationships. Primary institutions comprising the support network include kinship, peer, and neighborhood or community subgroups. A major function of self-help networks is financial support. Most scholars agree that minority business owners have depended primarily on family funds and ethnic community resources for investment capital. Personal savings have been accumulated often through frugal living habits that require sacrifices by the entire family and are thus a product of long-term family financial behavior. Additional loans and gifts from relatives forthcoming because of group obligation rather than narrow investment calculation, have supplemented personal savings. Individual entrepreneurs do not necessarily rely on their kin because they cannot obtain financial backing from commercial resources. They may actually avoid banks because they assume that commercial institutions either cannot comprehend the special needs of minority enterprise or charge unreasonably high interest rates. Within the larger ethnic community, rotating credit associations have been used to raise capital. These associations arc informal clubs of friends and other trusted members of the ethnic group who make regular contributions to a fund that is given to each contributor in rotation. One author estimates that 40 percent of New York Chinatown firms established during 1900-1950 utilized such associations as their initial source of capital. However, recent immigrants and third or fourth generations of older groups now employ rotating credit associations only occasionally to raise investment funds. Some groups like Black Americans, found other means of financial support for their entrepreneurial efforts. The first Black-operated banks were created in the late nineteenth century as depositories for dues collected from fraternal or lodge groups, which themselves had sprung from Black churches. Black banks made limited investments in other Black enterprises. Irish immigrants in American cities organized many building and loan associations to provide capital for home construction and purchase. They in turn, provided work for many Irish home-building contractor firms. Other ethnic and minority groups followed similar practices in founding ethnic-directed financial institutions.

单选题[此试题无题干]

单选题Which of the following writers is a poet of the 20th century?

单选题The principal character in opposition to the hero or heroin of a narrative or drama is called a(n) ______.

单选题The Tower of London, located in the centre of London, was built by ______.A. King HaroldB. William the ConquerorC. Robin HoodD. Olive Cromwell

单选题The District of Manhattan is in the city of A. New York. B. Chicago. C. San Francisco. D. Washington D.C..

单选题When Arsenal, an English football club, took on Reading in 2007, the cover of the official program featured Theo Walcott, a young football player known for his speed. A copy is on display near the town of Bhigwan in the Indian state of Maharashtra, in a factory belonging to Ballarpur Industries Limited (BILT). It is India"s biggest maker of writing and printing paper, including the glossy stock that Arsenal supporters browse before kick-off. BILT is part of the Avantha Group, a corporation headed by Gautam Thapar that spans agribusiness, power and manufacturing, among other things. The group has grown at a pace that would shame Mr. Walcott, earning revenues of about $4 billion in 2009, compared with $1 billion in 2003. It provides one example of how corporate India might evolve, as it globalizes its operations, professionalizes its management and modernizes its technologies, while remaining a family corporation. The group was founded in the 1920s by Karam Chand Thapar, who passed it on to his son, Lalit Mohan. Like many family corporations, it split in its third generation. But it split amicably, leaving Mr. Thapar with the lion"s share of the businesses. Other corporate siblings squabble over the family name. Mr. Thapar dropped it, rebranding the group "Avantha" in 2007. Mr. Thapar cites a European tradition, where the heirs to family businesses first go off to try their luck elsewhere, before returning to the family fold. By accident, if not by design, he enjoyed a similar upbringing. As the second son of Lalit Mohan"s brother, Gautam grew up "twice removed from any position of inheritance." That was probably just as well. Sudhir Trehan, who runs Crompton Greaves, Avantha"s electrical equipment-maker, jokes that when he joined as a trainee in 1972, the management would not drink tea unless it were served with white gloves from a silver pot. That complacent culture could not survive the less sheltered economy of the 1990s. Mr. Thapar became boss of BILT after steering it clear of bankruptcy in the latter half of that decade. Thereafter his uncle left him free to get on with it. Mr. Thapar cultivates a similar relationship with those who work for him, giving promising young executives responsibility for smaller units early on, so they can make their mistakes before the stakes get too big. "You actually believe it"s your company," says Vineet Chhabra, head of Global Green, a subsidiary which exports foods to 50 countries. One advantage of a corporation is that it allows the ambitious to graduate from one company to another without leaving the group. When Mr. Chhabra began to feel irritated by Global Green"s small scale, he was given that option. But instead he chose to turn Global Green into the bigger company he wanted to run. With the group"s backing, it acquired Intergarden, a Belgian company three times its size. The purchase illustrates another advantage of the corporation: it gives units access to finance they could not raise on their own. Indian companies typically buy firms abroad to secure materials, markets, or technologies. Avantha has gone in search of all three. Intergarden, for example, gave Global Green valuable customer relationships. BILT bought a Malaysian firm to gain access to its timber. Crompton Greaves wanted Pauwels, a Belgian company, mainly for its know-how. Mr. Thapar is unusual among Indian businessmen in seeking inspiration (as well as acquisitions and markets) in continental Europe. In both Europe and India, he points out, the state remains a big owner of enterprise, the capital markets have yet to supersede banks as a source of corporate finance, and share ownership is often concentrated in family hands. Even the group"s new name is an unlikely mix of Indian and European. It evokes both the Sanskrit for "strong foundations" and the French for "advance" — a combination worth trading the family name for.