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单选题

单选题X: If La Coruna defeated Valensia in that match, it would have acquired qualification for the Champions’Cup.Y: La Coruna didn't defeat Valensia in that match.X ______ Y in semantics.

单选题The original American flag contains 13 horizontal stripes and 13 white stars arranged ______ to symbolize unity and equality of those colonies.A) in a circleB) in rowsC) between the stripesD) above the first stripe

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单选题In this section there are six reading passages followed by a total of twenty multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet. {{B}}TEXT A{{/B}} Scientists have long believed that constructing memories is like playing with neurological toys. Exposed to a barrage of sensations from the outside world, we connect together brain cells to form new patterns of electrical connections that stand for images, smells, touches and sounds. The most unshakable part of this belief is that the neurons used to build these memory circuits are depletable resource, like petroleum or gold. We are each given a finite number of cells, and the supply gets smaller each year. That is certainly how it feels as memories blur with middle age and it gets harder and harder to learn new things. Maybe it's time for this notion to be forgotten-or at least radically revised. In the past two years, a series of confusing experiments has forced scientific researchers to rethink this and other assumptions about how memory works. The perplexing results of these experiments remind scientists how much they have to learn about one of the last great mysteries-how the brain keeps a record of our individual passage through life, allowing us to carry the past inside our head. This much seems clear: the traces of memory-or engrams as neuroscientists call them-are first forged deep inside the brain in an area called the hippocampus. This area stores the engrams temporarily until they are transferred somehow (perhaps during sleep) to permanent storage sites throughout the cerebral cortex. This area, located behind the forehead, is often described as the center of intelligence and perception. Here, as in the hippocampus, the information is thought to reside in the form of neurological scribbles, clusters of connected cells. Until now our old view of brain functionality has been that these patterns ate constructed from the supply of neurons that have been in place since birth. New memories don't require new neurons-just new ways of connecting the old ones together. Retrieving a memory is a matter of activating one of these circuits, coaxing the original stimulus back to life. 6. The picture appears very sensible. The billions of neurons in a single brain can be arranged in countless combinations, providing more than enough clusters to record even the richest life. If adult brains were cranking out new neurons as easily ad skin and bone from new cells, it would serve only to scramble memory's delicate ornamental pattern. Studies with adult monkeys in the mid-1960s seemed to support the belief that the supply of neurons is fixed at birth. Therefore the surprise when Elizabeth Gould and Charles Gross of Princeton University reported last year that the monkeys they studied seemed to be producing thousands of new neurons a day in the hippocampus of their brain. Even more surprising, Gould and Gross found evidence that a steady stream of the fresh cells may be continually moving to the cerebral cortex. No one is quite sure what to make of these findings. There had already been hints that spawning of brain cells, a process called neurogenesis, occurs in animals with more primitive nervous systems. For years, Fernando Nottebohm of Rockefeller University has been showing that canaries create a new batch of neurons every time they learn a song, then slough them off when it's time to change tunes. But it was widely assumed that in mammals and especially primates this manufacture of new brain parts had long ago been phased out by evolution. With a greater need to store memories for a long time, these creatures would need to ensure that the engrams weren't disrupted by interloping new cells.

单选题In this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO. Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview.

单选题{{B}}TEXT E{{/B}} Cars account for half the oil consumed in the U.S., about half the urban pollution and one fourth the greenhouse gases. They take a similar toll of resources in other industrial nations and in the cities of the developing world. As vehicle use continues to increase in the coming decade, the U.S. and other countries will have to deal with these issues or else face unacceptable economic, health-related and political costs. It is un likely that oil prices will remain at their current low level or that other nations will accept a large and growing U.S. contribution to global climatic change. Policymakers and industry have four options: reduce vehicle use, increase the efficiency and reduce the emissions of conventional gasoline powered vehicles, switch to less harmful fuels, or find less polluting driving systems. The last of these-in particular the introduction of vehicles powered by electricity-is ultimately the only sustainable option. The other alternatives are attractive in theory but in practice are either impractical or offer only marginal improvements. For example, reduced vehicle use could solve traffic problems and a host of social and environmental problems, but evidence from around the world suggests that it is very difficult to make people give up their cars to any significant extent. In the U .S., mass-transit ridership and carpooling have declined since World War Il . Even in western Europe, with fuel prices averaging more than $ 1 a liter (about $ 4 a gallon) and with easily accessible mass transit and dense populations, cars still account for 80 percent of all passenger travel. Improved energy efficiency is also appealing, but automotive fuel economy has barely made any progress in 10 years. Alternative fuels such as natural gas, burned in internal-combustion engines, could be introduced at relatively low cost, but they would lead to only marginal reductions in pollution and greenhouse emissions (especially because oil com panics are already spending billions of dollars every year to develop less polluting types of gasoline) .

单选题{{I}} Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news.{{/I}}

单选题 In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark your answers on your answer sheet. {{B}}TEXT A{{/B}} "Leave him alone" I yelled as I walked out of the orphanage gate and saw several of the Spring Park School bullies pushing the deaf kid around. I did not know the boy at all but I knew that we were about the same age, because of his size. He lived in the old white house across the street from the orphanage where I lived. I had seen him on his front porch several times doing absolutely nothing, except just sitting there making funny like hand movements. In the summer time we didn't get much to eat for Sunday supper, except watermelon and then we had to eat it outside behind the dining room so we would not make a mess on the tables inside. About the only time that I would see him was through the high chain-link fence that surrounded the orphanage when weate our watermelon outside. The deaf kid started making all kinds of hand signals, real fast like. "You are a stupid idiot!" said the bigger of the two bullies as he pushed the boy down on the ground. The other bully ran around behind the boy and kicked him as hard as he could in the back. Tile deaf boy's body started shaking all over and he curled up in a ball trying to shield and hide his face. He looked like he was trying to cry, or something but he just couldn't make any sounds. I ran as fast as I could back through the orphanage gate and into the thick azalea bushes. I uncovered my home-made bow which I had constructed out of bamboo and string. I grabbed four arrows that were also made of bamboo and they had Coca Cola tops bent around the ends to make real sharp tips. Then I ran back out of the gate with an arrow cocked in the bow and I just stood there quiet like, breathing real hard just daring either one of them to kick or touch the boy again. "You're a dumb freak just like him, you big eared creep!" said one of the boys as he grabbed his friend and backed off far enough so that the arrow would not hit them. "If you're so brave kick him again now," I said, shaking like a leaf. The bigger of the two bullies ran up and kicked the deaf boy in the middle of his back as hard as he could and then he ran out of arrow range again. The boy jerked about and then made a sound that I will never forget for as long as I live. It was the sound like a whale makes when it has been harpooned and knows that it is about to die. I fired all four of my arrows at the two bullies as they ran away laughing about what they had done. I pulled the boy up off the ground and helped him back to his house which was about two blocks down the street from the school building. The boy made one of those hand signs at me as I was about to leave. I asked his sister "If your brother is so smart then why is he doing things like that with his hands?" She told me that he was saying that he loved me with his hands. Almost every Sunday for the next year or two I could see the boy through the chain-link fence as we ate watermelon outside behind the dining room, during the summer time. He always made that same funny hand sign at me and I would just wave back at him, not knowing what else to do. On my very last day in the orphanage I was being chased by the police. They told me that I was being sent off to the Florida School for Boys Reform School at Marianna so I ran to get away from them. They chased me around the dining room building several times and finally I made a dash for the chain-link fence and tried to climb over in order to escape. I saw the deaf boy sitting there on his porch just looking at me as they pulled me down from the fence and handcuffed me. The boy, now about twelve jumped up and ran across San Diego Road, placed his fingers through the chain-link fence and just stood there looking at us. They dragged me by my legs, screaming and yelling for more than several hundred yards through the dirt and pine-straw to the waiting police car. All I could hear the entire time was the high pitched sound of that whale being harpooned again.

单选题One way to overcome regional variation and facilitate the communication between speakers of different dialects is to enforce ______.

单选题{{B}}TEXT D{{/B}} A couple of years ago a group of management scholars from Yale and the University of Pittsburgh tried to discover if there was a link between a company's success and the personality of its boss. To work out what that personality was, they asked senior managers to score their bosses for such traits as an ability to communicate an exciting vision of the future or to stand as a good model for others to follow. When the data were analyzed, the researchers found no evidence of a connection between how well a firm was doing and what its boss was like. As far as they could tell, a company could not be judged by its chief executive any better than a book could be judged by its cover. A few years before this, however, a team of psychologists from Tufts University, led by Nalini Ambady, discovered that when people watched two-second-long film-clips of professors lecturing, they were pretty good at determining how able a teacher each professor actually was. At the end of the study, the perceptions generated by those who had watched only the clips were found to match those of students taught by those self-same professors for a full semester. Now, Dr Ambady and her colleague, Nicholas Rule, have taken things a step further. They have shown that even a still photograph can convey a lot of information about competence—and that it can do so in a way which suggests the assessments of all those senior managers were poppycock. Dr Ambady and Mr. Rule showed 100 undergraduates the faces of the chief executives of the top 25 and the bottom 25 companies in the Fortune 1,000 list. Half the students were asked how good they thought the person they were looking at would be at leading a company and half were asked to rate five personality traits on the basis of the photograph. These traits were competence, dominance, likeability, facial maturity (in other words, did the individual have an adult-looking face or a baby-face) and trustworthiness. By a useful (though hardly unexpected) coincidence, all the businessmen were male and all were white, so there were no confounding variables of race or sex. The study even controlled for age, the emotional expression in the photos and the physical attractiveness of the individuals by obtaining separate ratings of these from other students-and using statistical techniques to remove their effects. This may sound like voodoo. Psychologists spent much of the 20th century denigrating the work of 19th-century physiognomists and phrenologists who thought the shapes of faces and skulls carry information about personality. However, recent work has shown that such traits can, indeed, be assessed from photographs of faces with a reasonable accuracy. And Dr Ambady and Mr. Rule were surprised by just how accurate the students' observations were. The results of their study, which are about to be published in Psychological Science, show that both the students' assessments of the leadership potential of the bosses and their ratings for the traits of competence, dominance and facial maturity were significantly related to a company's profits. Moreover, the researchers discovered that these two connections were independent of each other. When they controlled for the "power" traits, they still found the link between perceived leadership and profit, and when they controlled for leadership they still found the link between profit and power. These findings suggest that instant judgments by the ignorant (nobody even recognized Warren BuffeR) are more accurate than assessments made by well-informed professionals. It looks as if knowing a chief executive disrupts the ability to judge his performance. Sadly, the characteristics of likeability and trustworthiness appear to have no link to company profits, suggesting that when it comes to business success, being warm and fuzzy does not matter much (though these milts are not harmful). But this result also suggests yet another thing that stock market analysts might care to take into account when preparing their reports: the physiognomy of the chief executive.

单选题Crippen was absent from the DNB

单选题{{B}}TEXT E{{/B}} There’s a simple idea that two of West Germany's top car manufacturers seriously studying at the moment, both out of self interest ,but also out of concern for the environment. The concept is to develop vehicles that can run on a virtually limitless element hydrogen which when burned does not produce damaging fumes, but instead a bit of water vapour. The concept can solve two problems at once. First, it is a hedge for that day in the 21st century when hydrocarbon fuels run out, a prospect of no minor concern for the automotive industry. Beyond that, the increasingly dire warnings by environmental scientists about the "greenhouse effect" in atomosphere caused by carbon dioxide exhausts adds urgency to the quest for a fuel that is less damaging to the environment. Of course, there is a hitch to hydrogen, both carmakers admit :though the know -how to run vehicles on nature’ slightest element is already available, hydrogen is far from being cost competitive compared to hydrocarbon fuels, and further refinements hydrogen -propulsion technology will be required. But what we are discussing today is the technology of the year 2020. But after several year's research Daimler and BMW engineers, in collaboration with other companies and research institutes in West Germany, independently have been tackling the technological and cost feasibility problems to be overcome in hydrogen fuel application. In addition to the two concerns of technology and economic feasibility, the carmakers say, there is the issue of safety. The spectacular explosion of the dirigible. Hindenburg in 1937 immediately comes to mind, and skeptics wonder what the German autobahn would look like in one of the hundred - car pileups that routinely happen every winter if all the cars and tanks loaded with hydrogen. A BMW engineer, Friedich Fickel, says that hydrogen is seen as less risky than gasoline. When leaked, hydrogen rises quickly up to the atmosphere, reducing the potential of explosion, whereas gasoline fumes linger close to the ground before dispersing. Still, both Daimler and BMW report that a considerable part of their development efforts are aimed at safe, lead - free storage of hydrogen fuel. The related question is what is the best method of storage. By now ,the tests by both carmakers have all but eliminated using hydrogen in gas form. As a gas it takes up about 14 times the space of liquid hydrogen and as much as 30 percent can be lost by leakege unless the tanks are perfectly sealed. Two other storage methods hold more promise. One is in liquid form, and the other in the form of metal hydrides. In the latter, hydrogen if mixed with a metal alloy ,a process whereby the gas molecules are stored within the metal's molecular structure.

单选题 Supernovae are massive exploding giant stars. A supernova is known as one of the most energetic explosive events. When the explosion occurs, the resulting illumination can be as bright as an entire galaxy. It occurs at the end of a star's lifetime, when its nuclear fuel is exhausted and it is no longer supported by the release of nuclear energy. This will cause a blast wave that ejects the star's envelope into interstellar space. The result of the collapse may be, in some cases, a rapidly rotating neutron star that can be observed many years later as a radio pulsar. As a result of gravitational forces acting against the nuclear structure of the core of a fuel depleted star, tremendous shock waves are generated, which causes the outside layers of the star to be blown away from the core. Gravitational forces condensing hydrogen gas raises the temperature at the center of the star to the point where nuclear fusion is initiated. Hydrogen is fused into helium and energy is given off in the process. As more helium accumulates at the center, the temperature rises due to compression until another nuclear fusion is initiated. This time helium is converted into carbon and oxygen and additional energy is given off during the nuclear fusion. A similar process continues with carbon and oxygen fusing to neon, magnesium and oxygen. These elements then undergo another fusion process as the temperature and pressure increase to produce silicon and sulfur. The latter two elements then fuse into iron. During each nuclear fusion, energy is given off. However, nuclear fusion stops at iron because energy is no longer produced by fusion. The iron core collapses very quickly ( within hours or less). Since the iron core can collapse only so far and can no longer undergo fusion, it becomes extremely hot and now begins to expand rapidly. The expanding iron and the collapsing outer gases collide with each other producing tremendous shock waves which blow the outer layers away from the cure, thus causing the supernova's gigantic explosion.

单选题Which of the following is correct?A. Superordinate is the word more specific in meaning.B. Hyponym is the word more general in meaning.C. Co-hyponyms are the hyponyms of the same superordinate.D. "Flower" is the co-hyponym of"rose", "morning glory", "carmination".

单选题From whose works did the term "The Beat Generation" in American literary history originate? A. Jack Kerouac. B. Earnest Hemingway. C. Mark Twain. D. Jack London.

单选题{{B}}TEXT B{{/B}} The Aleuts, residing on several islands of the Aleutian Chain, the Pribilof Islands, and the Alaskan Peninsula, have possessed a written language since 1825, when the Russian missionary Ivan Veniaminov selected appropriate characters of the Cyrillic alphabet to represent Aleut speech sounds, recorded the main body of Aleut vocabulary, and formulated grammatical rules. The Czarist Russian conquest of the proud, independent sea hunters was so devastatingly thorough that tribal traditions, even tribal memories, were almost obliterated. The slaughter of the majority of an adult generation was sufficient to destroy the continuity of tribal knowledge, which was dependent upon oral transmission. As a consequence, the Aleuts developed a fanatical devotion to their language as their only cultural heritage. The Russian occupation placed a heavy linguistic burden on the Aleuts. Not only were they compelled to learn Russian to converse with their overseers and governors, but they had to learn Old Slavonic to take an active part in church services as well as to master the skill of reading and writing their own tongue. In 1867, when the United States purchased Alaska, the Aleuts were unable to break sharply with their immediate past and substitute English for any one of their three languages. To communicants of the Russian Orthodox Church a knowledge of Slavonic remained vital, as did Russian, the language in which 0ne conversed with the clergy. The Aleuts came to regard English education as a device to wean them from their religious faith. The introduction of compulsory English schooling caused a minor renascence of Russian culture as the Aleut parents sought to counteract the influence of the schoolroom. The harsh life of the Russian colonial rule began to appear more happy and beautiful in retrospect. Regulations forbidding instruction in any language other than English increased its unpopularity. The superficial alphabetical resemblance of Russian and Aleut linked the two tongues so closely that every restriction against teaching Russian was interpreted as an attempt to eradicate the Aleut tongue. From the wording of many regulations, it appears the American administrators often had not the slightest idea that the Aleuts were clandestinely reading and writing their own tongue or even had a written language of their own. To too many officials, anything in Cyrillic letters was Russian and something to be stamped out. Bitterness bred by abuses and the exploitations the Aleuts suffered from predatory American traders and adventurers kept alive the Aleut resentment against the language spoken by Americans. Gradually, despite the failure to emancipate the Aleuts from a sterile past by relating the Aleut and English languages more closely, the passage of years has assuaged the bitter misunderstandings and caused an orientation away from Russian toward English as their second language, but Aleut continues to be the language that molds their thought and expression.

单选题Chile is disadvantaged in the promotion of its tourism by ______.

单选题Charley Foley calls into the Mater Misericordia Hospital to visit his wife. "How are you feeling?" he asks, sitting at the bedside, close to Dolly who is smiling up at him, her black hair resting against the white pillows. "I'm fine," Dolly says, quietly. She looks old and tired to Charley; she is deathly pale and has black pouches under her eyes. When she slips her fingers into Charley's he notices two ugly brown liver spots on the back of her small hand. "You look tired," Charley says. " Aren't you sleeping?" "I was a bit restless last night. " Dolly does not mention the pain: she doesn't want to upset her husband. "Any word from Linda?" she asks. "She phoned again last night. I told her you were grand. I said there was nothing to worry about. " Linda, their eldest, teaches in a university in Galway. Linda will come home for the holiday in August. Their son, Colin, and his children live in Australia. Cohn hasn't been told that his mother is unwell. Colm's a worrier: it's best he's not upset. Charley gazes dreamily across the chattering hospital ward, bright with pale afternoon sunlight. Other visitors are doing their duties, gathering around the sick, bringing flowers and fruit, offering words of hope and comfort. " Have you seen the doctor again?" Charley asks his wife. "Tomorrow maybe. " "Any idea how long they'll keep you in?" Dolly turns away and coughs into a tissue, then settles back. She takes Charley's hand again. "They'll let me know on Monday. They have to do lots more tests. They won't let me home until they know. I'm song to be such a bother. " Dolly's small chest heaves under her heavy nightdress. Charley thinks of a frightened bird. Sweet Dolores Delarosa he used to call her long ago when they were courting, mocking her sorrowful eyes and the way she took everything too seriously. He can't help wondering if she made herself sick with worry. Poor Dolly Delarosa! "Don't let them budge you until you're absolutely better," he says. "Are you managing all right, darling?" "Grand. " Charley is eating out and staying away from the house as much as possible. He's managing all right. The minutes pass in heated tedium. Charley is watching the visitors and glancing at the small alarm clock beside his wife's bed. He can hear its distant ticking and still recall the irritating ring when it dragged his wife from bed at the crack of dawn and moments later her breakfast sounds clattering in the kitchen keeping him awake, reminding him that there's a day's work ahead and children to be schooled and fed. The kids are all grown up now. Second grandchild is imminent. Time is running out. A grey face in the shaving rein'or reminds Charley of middle age and the rot ahead. Where's the point in having money if you can't enjoy it? Why can't clocks take their time? What's the hurry? Ah—God have mercy! Dolly Dolorosa. How different might it have been without her? Dolly's eyelids droop. Her mouth opens a fraction. She looks almost dead. Moments pass slowly. "This must be very boring for you," she says, without opening her eyes. "Not at all. It does me good to see you. " "It's not nice having to visit anybody in hospital. It's so depressing. " "Nonsense. " Dolly settles her dark head further back against the white pillows. Grimaces for an instant then braves a smile. "You should leave now, Charley. I think I might sleep for a while. " "Are you sure?" "Positive. " Charley bounces to his feet. "I'll come in later," he says. "Please don't. With it being Saturday the wards will be crammed with people. Leave it till the morning. Come after Mass. " "Is that what you want?" "It is, darling. " Doily opens her eyes, smiles like a child. It's been a long time since Dolly was a child. "You look tired, darling," she says. "Aren't you sleeping?" "I was a bit restless last night. " "Try to take things easy. " Dolly squeezes her husband's hand; presses her ringed finger against his gold wedding ring. Her fingers are light as feathers. "Off you go, darling," she says. "Try to not worry. " Charley bends and kisses Dolly's hot forehead. "I'll see you tomorrow," he says. Dolly's eyes close. Her fingers slip from his. Charley walks along a polished corridor and finds the exit. Outside in the bright ear park he locates his car and sits inside. He glances around at the visitors coming and going. Nurses walk past, reminding him of butterflies.