单选题{{B}}TEXT D{{/B}} The Roslin Institute announced last week that it had applied to patent the method by which its scientists had cloned Dolly the sheep. The patent, if granted, would apply to "nuclear transfer technology" in both human and animal cells. One point of the patent is to help fund research into cures for diseases such as Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, cancer and heart failure. Its other aim is to make some money. Last May, the Roslin Institute was taken over by Geron, an American biotech company. Geron has committed ＄32.5 million to research at the Roslin. It wants to get its money back. Two scientists from Stanford who developed the use of restriction enzymes, one of the fundamental techniques in biotechnology, made about pounds 80 million out of it in the 17 years before the patent expired. So you can see why Geron-Roslin is so keen to get its patent. There's nothing wrong with that. Without the prospect of a return at the end of investment, no one would ever lend money to anyone involved in bio-medical research—and given the huge sums now required to develop a new drug, or a new diagnostic test for some medical condition, that would mean there wouldn't be any research. It is wonderful when people give money to worthwhile causes with no hope of personal gain. But appealing to altruism simply won't raise the billions required to develop and market drugs and therapies that rely on biotechnology. For that, you have to appeal to investors' self-interest—which is why the bulk of medical research is funded not by charities or even tax-payers but by private companies and individuals. The fact that biotech research depends on patents generates profound hostility. The opposition to the patenting of genetic sequences, cells, tissues and clones—critics call it "the privatization of nature"—takes many forms, from a Luddite desire to stop scientific research to a genuine, if mistaken, conviction that common ownership is always morally preferable to private property. But all of the objections have a single root. the sense that it must be wrong to make money out of the constituents of the human body. They cannot be "owned" by any individual, because they belong to everyone. There cannot be "property in people". That is a profound mistake. The truth is rather the opposite: there is only property in things because there is property in people. People own their own bodies, and that ownership is the basis of their property rights (and most other individual rights, come to that). The problem with the law as it stands is that it doesn't sufficiently recognize an individual's property rights over his or her own body, and his or her entitlement to make money out of it. The outcome of a lawsuit in the US nearly 10 years ago defined the de facto rules governing the ownership of human tissues, and the financial exploitation of the discoveries that derive from them. In Moorev the Regents of UCLA the issue was whether an individual was entitled to a share of the profits that a biotech company made from developing drugs or treatments derived from cells that came from his body. Dr David Golde had discovered that John Moore, one of his patients, had a pancreas whose cells had some unusual properties that might be helpful in treating a form of cancer. In his laboratory, Golde developed what his called a "cell line" from Moore's cells and patented it. When Moore found out, he sued Dr Golde for a share of whatever profits the cell line generated. Mr. Moore lost. The court said he had no right to any of those profits, because he did not own the cells removed from his body. Moreover, the court held that since "research on human cells plays a critical role in medical research", granting property rights to the patient from whom the cells came threatened to "hinder research by restricting access to the raw materials". In essence, that decision said that biotech companies could own and make money out of human cells and tissue—but the person from whom that tissue or cells came could not. The logic behind that decision is bizarre. No one except the most unreconstructed communist disputes that I own my own body. Indeed, it is only because I own my body that I can come to own anything else independent of it, mixing my labor with something being the most fundamental means by which I can come to own it. If cells from Mr. Moore's body are his property, how can anyone else come to own them—unless he sells or gives those cells to them? (778 words)

单选题How many causes of bad breath does the passage cite?

单选题For nearly two years, Marisela Escobedo Ortiz led a one-woman campaign to bring the murderer of her 16-year-old daughter to justice. Ms. Escobedo was outraged after a three-judge panel ignored overwhelming evidence pointing to her daughter"s then boyfriend, a member of a criminal gangs Sergio Barraza, as the killer. The judges" decision was eventually overturned—but not before Barraza was released and Escobedo herself murdered this past December, while protesting in front of the Chihuahua state governor"s office. Escobedo"s death was recorded by a security camera and broadcast throughout the country, outraging the Mexican public and leading to the suspension of the three judges involved in the original trial. Her case is not only representative of the impunity with which activists are silenced in Mexico, but also highlights the marked increase in violence toward women as the country has been drawn deeper into its battle with organised crime. Since President Calderon began to take on Mexico"s crime in 2006, the country"s drug war has taken a total of 34,612 lives, nearly half of which were claimed solely in 2010. Unbeknown to many, the deaths resulting from organized crime have also coincided with the murder of over 4,000 women since 2006 from causes unrelated to the nation"s drug war. While violence toward women is not new to Mexico, the estimated number of female deaths suggests a callous disregard by Mexico"s government of this growing phenomenon. The authorities" negligence is especially evident in Escobedo"s native state of Chihuahua, home to the notorious Ciudad Juarez, where according to human rights organizations, femicides rose by 130% between 2009 and 2010, resulting in a total of 446 murdered women only last year. This worsening epidemic has led local authorities throughout the country to downplay the mounting violence by misclassifying murders, attributing deaths to drug violence, or simply under-report the figures. This national campaign of misinformation seems to be primarily motivated by electoral politics, as was recently demonstrated by Mexico state governor—and leading presidential candidate for the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)—Enrique Pefia Nieto. Earlier this month, authorities in Mexico state clashed with NGOs seeking to declare a "gender emergency" in the locality after federal prosecutors announced that over 900 women had been murdered in the state during the past five years. This figure would make Mexico state one of the most violent in the nation, and likely damage the closely guarded image of governor Pefia Nieto. The government of Pefia Nieto succeeded in lobbying national authorities to avoid applying the "gender emergency" designation to his state, prompting the condemnation of domestic and international NGOs. While Mexico"s authorities might continue to successfully obscure the extent of the country"s increasing violence toward women, the rising death toll and public outrage make this task increasingly, difficult. Ms. Escobedo"s death, along with that of activist Susana Chavez earlier this month, have already sparked protests throughout Mexico and at Mexican embassies around the world, as well as bringing mounting international criticism. As Mexico enters its fifth year of conflict and escalating militarisation, the country"s ability to ensure basic protections for its citizens—and, in particular, for those most at risk—has never been less certain. If Mexico"s political class is intent on improving its reputation for governance, it should focus less on muddling with the figures and more on resolving the nation"s problems.

单选题According to the passage, which of the following statements is true of the process that discolors and toughens foods?

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单选题In recent years American society has become increasingly dependent on its universities to find solutions to its major problems. It is the universities that have been charged with the principal responsibility for developing the expertise to place men on the moon; for dealing with our urban problems and with our deteriorating environment; for developing the means to feed the world's rapidly increasing population. The effort involved in meeting these demands presents its own problems. In addition, however, this concentration on the creation of new knowledge significantly impinges on the universities' efforts to perform their other principal functions, the transmission and interpretation of knowledge--the imparting of the heritage of the past and the preparing of the next generation to carry it forward. With regard to this, perhaps their most traditionally sanctioned task, colleges and universities today find themselves in a serious bind generally. On the one hand, there is the American commitment, entered into especially since World War I, to provide higher education for all young people who can profit from it. The result of the commitment has been a dramatic rise in enrollments in our universities, coupled with a radical shift from the private to the public sector of higher education. On the other hand, there are serious and continuing limitations on the resources available for higher education. While higher education has become a great "growth industry", it is also simultaneously a tremendous drain on the resources of the nation. With the vast increase in enrollment and the shift in priorties away from education in state and federal budgets, there is in most of our public institutions a significant decrease in per capital outlay for their students. One crucial aspect of this drain on resources lies in the persistent shortage of trained faculty, which has led, in turn, to a declining standard of competence in instruction. Intensifying these difficulties is, as indicated above, the concern with research, with its competing claims on resources and the attention of the faculty. In addition, there is a strong tendency for the institutions' organization and functioning to conform to the demands of research rather than those of teaching.

单选题According to the passage, the demand for recyclable materials in the manufacturing of new products is sometimes sluggish because ______.

单选题Which of the following is NOT in London? A. Brooklyn Bridge. B. St. Paul's Cathedral. C. Westminster Abbey. D. Buckingham Palace.

单选题{{B}}TEXT C{{/B}} The greatest impact on the family over the last 50 years has been the changing role of the wife. These changes have affected not only her life but also that of her husband and children. The family has changed from an economically defined unit under the authority of the father and having minimal interpersonal emotional ties to a unit with strong emotional ties directed primarily by the mother to her husband and children. This meant a removal of the woman from the community into the much more private setting of the nuclear family. One important result is greater emotional and general psychological seclusion of the woman, which clearly implied that the female role was culturally a secondary one. In recent decades it has become clear that for a distinct minority of American women the traditional mother role in the seclusion of the home is no longer acceptable. For many the family is of diminishing importance. The development of education for women has been a crucial factor in this change. Today, over 80% of all women complete four years of high school as compared to only 35% in 1940. This is related to the fact that marriage now occurs a year later for the average woman. The proportion of women aged 20 to 24 who are single increased from 28% in 1969 to 40% by the mid 1970s. Childbearing is being postponed so that, compared to the 1960s, 10% fewer women bear their first child in the two years immediately following marriage. Furthermore, more women today remain childless. Work, older age at marriage, and fewer children are the basic changes that have taken place in women's roles in recent years. The trend among women is toward increased education, and this is linked to other role changes. The higher a woman's educational attainment, the more likely she is to work, to stay in the labour force longer, and to have more job opportunities available to her. This further suggests that when women are married their work has a great impact on their marriage. For example, since working wives contribute 25% to 40% of their total family income, their position as decision-makers in the family is usually strengthened. A sociologist points out that the social trends towards increased education for women not only mean more work experience but also delayed marriage and decreased fertility. These changes, in turn, point the way toward even greater labour force participation throughout the life cycle. The number of women entering the work force is rapidly increasing. Women outnumber men in the total population by about 7 million. When that is added to the fact that labour force participation of males is slowly declining because of the trend toward earlier retirement, "it may not be too long before one out every two American workers is a woman."

单选题Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview.

单选题The writer of this article was probably______.

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单选题In the early time of 20th century, ______.

单选题 {{B}}TEXT A{{/B}} Most people can remember a phone number for up to thirty seconds. When this short amount of time {{U}}elapses{{/U}}, however, the numbers are erased from the memory. How did the information get there in the first place? Information that makes its way to the short term memory (STM) does so via the sensory storage area. The brain has a filter which only allows stimuli that is of immediate interest to pass on to the STM, also known as the working memory. There is much debate about the capacity and duration of the short term memory. The most accepted theory comes from George A. Miller, a cognitive psychologist who suggested that humans can remember approximately seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or number. Modem theorists suggest that one can increase the capacity of the short term memory by chunking, or classifying similar information together. By organizing information, one can optimize the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed on to long term storage. When making a conscious effort to memorize something, such as information for an exam, many people engage in "rote rehearsal". By repeating something over and over again, we are able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as a person stops rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear. When a pen and paper are not handy, you might attempt to remember a phone number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before you get the opportunity to make your phone call, you will forget the number instantly. Therefore, rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass information from the short term to long term memory. A better way is to practice "elaborate rehearsal". This involves assigning semantic meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre-existing long term memories. Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable. Retrieving information can be done by recognition or recall. Humans can recall memories that are stored in the long term memory and used often. However, if a memory seems to be forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by prompting. The more clues a person is given (such as pictures), the more likely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization. (426)

单选题The state church in England is______.A. the Roman Catholic Church B. the Baptist ChurchC. the Protestant Church D. the Church of England

单选题The publication of ______ marked the beginning of the Romantic Age.A. Don JuanB. The Rime of the Ancient MarinerC. The Lyrical BalladsD. Queen Mab

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单选题______ is Jack London's masterpiece and it is somewhat autobiographical. A. The Son of Ｗolf B. White Ｆan C. The Ｃall of the Wild D. Martin Ｅden

单选题Which of the following questions does the author answer in the first paragraph?

单选题______USsoldiershavebeenkilledinIraqsincePresidentBushdeclaredthatmajorcombatoperationsinIraqhadended.