单选题{{B}}TEXT E{{/B}} During adolescence, the development of political ideology becomes apparent in the individual; ideology here is defined as the presence of roughly consistent attitudes, more or less organized in reference to a more encompassing, though perhaps tacit, set of general principles. As such, political ideology is dim or absent at the beginning of adolescence. Its acquisition by the adolescent, in even the most modest sense, requires the acquisition of relatively sophisticated cognitive skills: the ability to manage abstractness to synthesize and generalize, to imagine the future. These are accompanied by a steady advance in the ability to understand principles. The child's rapid acquisition of political knowledge also promotes the growth of political ideology during adolescence. By knowledge, I mean more than the dreary "facts" , such as the composition of county government that the child is exposed to in the conventional ninth-grade civics course. Nor do I mean only information on current political realities. These are facets of knowledge., but they are less critical than the adolescent's absorption, often unwitting, of a feeling for those many unspoken assumptions about the political system that comprise the common ground of understanding—for example, what the state can "appropriately" demand of its citizens, and vice versa, or the "proper" relationship of government to subsidiary social institutions, such as the schools and churches. Thus, political knowledge is the awareness of social assumptions and relationships as well as of objective facts. Much of the naiveté that characterizes the younger adolescent's grasp of politics stems not from an ignorance of "facts" but from an incomplete comprehension of the common conventions of the system, of what is and is not customarily done, and of how and why it is or is not done. Yet I do not want to overemphasize the significance of increased political knowledge in forming adolescent ideology. Over the years I have become progressively disenchanted about the centrality of such knowledge and have come to believe that much current work in political socialization, by relying too heavily on its apparent acquisition has been misled about the tempo of political understanding in adolescence. Just as young children can count numbers in series without grasping the principle of ordination, young adolescents may have in their heads many random bits of political information without a secure understanding of those concepts that would give order and meaning to the information. Like magpies, children's minds pick up bits and pieces of data. If you encourage them, they will drop these at your feet—Republicans and Democrats, the tripartite division of the federal system, perhaps even the capital of Massachusetts. But until the adolescent has grasped the integumental function that concepts and principles provide, the data remain fragmented, random, disordered.

单选题{{B}}TEXT C{{/B}} The other problem that arises from the employment of women is that of the working wife. It has two aspects：that of tile wife who is more of a success than her husband and that of the wife who must rely {{B}}heavily{{/B}} on her husband for help with domestic tasks. There are various ways in which the impact of the first difficulty can be reduced. Provided that husband and wife are not in the same or directly comparable lines of work，the harsh fact of her greater success can be obscured by a genial conspiracy to reject a purely monetary measure of achievement as intolerably crude. Where there are ranks，it is best if the couple work in different fields so that the husband can find some special reason for the superiority of the lowest figure in his to the most elevated in his wife's. (2) A problem that affects a much larger number of working wives is the need to re-allocate domestic tasks if there are children. In The Road to Wigan pier George Orwell wrote of the unemployed of the Lancashire coalfields:“Practically never… in a working-class home，will you see the man doing a stroke of the housework. Unemployment has not changed this {{B}}convention{{/B}}，which on the face of it seems a little unfair. The man is idle from morning to night but the woman is as busy as ever-more so，indeed，because she has to manage with less money. Yet so far as my experience goes the women do not protest. They feel that a man would lose his manhood if，merely because he was out of work，he developed in a 'Mary Ann'.” (3) It is over the care of young children that this re-allocation of duties becomes really significant. For this, unlike the cooking of fish fingers or the making of beds，is an inescapably time-consuming occupation，and time is what the fully employed wife has no more to spare of than her husband. (4) The male initiative in courtship is a pretty indiscriminate affair, something that is tried on with any remotely plausible woman who comes within range and, of course, with all degrees of tentativeness. What decides the issue of whether a genuine courtship is going to get under way is the woman's response. If she shows interest the {{B}}engines{{/B}} of persuasion are set in movement. The truth is that in courtship society gives women the real power while pretending to give it to men. (5) What does seem clear is that the more men and women are together，at work and away from it, the more the comprehensive amorousness of men towards women will have to go，despite all its past evolutionary services. For it is this that makes inferiority al work abrasive and，more indirectly，makes domestic work seem unmanly. If there is to be an equalizing redistribution of economic and domestic tasks between men and women there must be a compensating redistribution of the erotic initiative. If women will no longer let us beat them they must allow us to join them as the blushing recipients of flowers and chocolates.

单选题Questions 7 and 8 are based on the following news item. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each question. Now listen to the news.

单选题Why does the general appearance of actresses look ludicrous?

单选题______ by Stephen Crane shows an unabashed picture of the bitter life of New York slum-dweller.A. Ligeia B. Maggie: A Girl of the StreetC. Poems D. The City in the Sea

单选题As in the field of space travel, so in undersea exploration new technologies continue to appear. They share a number of similarities with each other--as well as some important differences. Manned submersibles, like spaceships, must maintain living conditions in an unnatural environment. But while a spaceship must simply be sealed against the vacuum of space, a submersible must be able to bear extreme pressure if it is not to break up in the deep water. In exploring space, unmanned vehicles were employed before astronauts. In undersea exploration, on the other hand, men paved the way, and only recently have unmanned re- mote-operated vehicles (ROVs) been put to use. One reason for this is that communicating with vehicles in orbit is much easier than talking to those underwater. A vacuum is an ideal medium for radio communications, but underwater communications are limited to much slower sound waves. Thus, most undersea vehicles-particularly ROVs-operate at the end of long ropes. For a similar reason, knowing where you are undersea is much more difficult than in space. A spaceship's position can be located by following its radio signal, or by using telescopes and radar. For an undersea vehicle, however, a special network of sonar devices must be laid out in advance on the ocean floor in the area of a dive to locate the vehicle's position. Though undersea exploration is more challenging than outer space in a number of aspects, it has a distinct advantage, going to the ocean depths doesn't require the power necessary to escape Earth's gravity. Thus, it remains far less expensive.

单选题Originally the Cancun meeting aimed at ______

单选题The deepest lake in Canada is[A] Lake Superior.[B] Great Bear Lake.[C] Great Slave Lake.[D] Lake Ontario.

单选题The Lake District, which is well-known for its beautiful scenery, is located in the

单选题{{B}}TEXT B{{/B}} Frustrated with delays in Sacramento, Bay Area officials said Thursday they planned to take matters into their own hands to regulate the region's growing pile of electronic trash, A San Jose councilwoman and a San Francisco supervisor said they would propose local initiatives aimed at controlling electronic waste ff the California law-making body fails to act on two bills stalled in the Assembly. They are among a growing number of California dries and counties that have expressed the same intention. Environmentalists and local governments are increasingly concerned about the toxic hazard posed by old electron/c devices and the cost of safely recycling those products. An estimated 6 million televisions and computers are stocked in California homes, and an additional 6,000 to 7,000 computers become outdated every day. The machines contain high levels of lead and other other substances, and are already banned from California landfills. Legislation by Senator Byron Sher would require consumers to pay a recycling fee of up to $ 30 on every new machine containing a cathode ray tube. Used in almost all video monitors and televisions, those devices contain four to eight pounds of lead each. The fees would go toward setting up recycling programs, providing grants to non-profit agencies that reuse the tubes and rewarding manufacturers that encourage recycling. A separate bill by Los Angeles-area Senator Gloria Romero would require high-tech manufacturers to develop programs to recycle so-called e-waste. If passed, the measures would put California at the forefront of national efforts to manage the refuse of the electronic age. But high-tech groups, including the Silicon Valley Manufacturing Group and the American Electronics Association, oppose the measures, arguing that fees of up to $ 30 will drive consumers to online, out-of-state retailers. "What really needs to occur is consumer education. Most consumers are unaware they're not supposed to throw computers in the trash," said Roxanne Gould, vice president of government relations for the electronics association, Computer recycling should be a local effort and part of residential waste collection programs, she added. Recycling electronic waste is a dangerous and specialized matter, and environmentalists maintain the state must support recycling efforts and ensure that the Job isn't contracted to unscrupulous junk dealers who send the toxic parts overseas. "The graveyard of the high-tech revolution is ending up in rural China," said Ted Smith, director of the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition. His group is pushing for an amendment to Shed's bill that would prevent the export of e-waste.

单选题Fossilization is an important characteristic of the ______. A. native language B. second language C. target language D. interlanguage

单选题{{B}}TEXT D{{/B}} In 1995 about 700,000 robots were operating in the industrialized world. Over 500,000 were used in Japan, about 120,000 in Western Europe, and about 2,000 in the United States. Many robot applications are for tasks that are either dangerous or unpleasant for human beings. In medical laboratories, robots handle potentially hazardous materials, such as blood or urine samples. In other cases, robots are used in repetitive, monotonous tasks in which human performance might degrade over time. Robots can perform these repetitive, high-precision operations 24 hours a day without fatigue. A major user of robots is the automobile industry. General Motors Corporation uses approximately 16,000 robots for tasks such as spot welding, painting, machine loading, parts transfer, and assembly. Assembly is one of the fastest growing industrial applications of robot ics. It requires higher precision than welding or painting and depends on low-cost sensor systems and power ful inexpensive computers. Robots are used in electronic assembly where they mount microchips on circuit boards. Activities in environments that pose great danger to humans, such as locating sunken ships, cleanup of nuclear waste, prospecting for underwater mineral deposits, and active volcano exploration, are ideally suited to robots. Similarly, robots can explore distant planets. NASA's Galileo, an unpiloted space probe, traveled to Jupiter in 1996 and performed tasks such as determining the chemical content of the Jovian atmosphere. Robots are being used to assist surgeons in installing artificial hips, and very high-precision robots can assist surgeons with delicate operations on the human eye. Research in telesurgery uses robots, under the remote control of expert surgeons that may one day perform operations in distant battlefields. Robotic manipulators create manufactured products that are of higher quality and lower cost. But robots can cause the loss of unskilled jobs, particularly on assembly lines in factories. New jobs are created in software and sensor development, in robot installation and maintenance, and in the conversion of old factories and the design of new ones. These new jobs, however, require higher levels of skill and training. Technologi cally oriented societies must face the task of retraining workers who lose jobs to automation, providing them with new skills so that they can be employable in the industries of the 21st century. Automated machines will increasingly assist humans in the manufacture of new products, the maintenance of the world' s infrastructure, and the care of homes and businesses. Robots will be able to make new highways, construct steel frameworks of buildings, clean underground pipelines, and mow lawns. Prototypes of systems to perform all of these tasks already exist. One important trend is the development of micro-electromechanicai systems, ranging in size from centimeters to millimeters. These tiny robots may be used to move through blood vessels to deliver medicine or clean arterial blockages. They also may work inside large machines to diagnose impending mechanical problems.

单选题Concern with money, and then more money, in order to buy the conveniences and luxuries of modern life, has brought great changes to the lives of most Frenchmen. More people are working than ever before in France. In the cities the traditional leisurely midday meal is disappearing. Offices, shops, and factories are discovering the great efficiency of a short lunch hour in company lunchrooms. In almost all lines of work emphasis now falls on ever-increasing output. Thus the "typical" Frenchman produces more, earns more, and buys more consumer goods than his counterpart of only a generation ago. He gains in creature comforts and ease of life. What he loses to some extent is his sense of personal uniqueness, or individuality. Some say that France has been Americanized. This is because the United States is a world symbol of the technological society and its consumer products. The so-called Americanization of France has its critics. They fear that "assembly-line life" will lead to the disappearancg of the pleasures of the more graceful and leisurely (bout less proiuctive) old French style. What will happen, they ask, to taste, elegance, and the cultivation of the good things in life—to joy in the smell of a freshly picked apple, a stroll by the river, or just happy hours of conversation in a local cafe? Since the late 1950's life in France has indeed taken on qualities of rush, tension, and the pursuit of material gain. Some of the strongest critics of the new way of life are the young, especially university students. They are concerned with the future, and they fear that France isthreatened by the triumph of this competitive, goods-oriented culture. Occasionally, they have reacted against the trend with considerable violence. In spite of the critics, however, countless Frenchmen are committed to keeping France in the forefront of the modern economic world. They find that the present life brings more rewards, conveniences, and pleasures than that of the past. They believe that a modern, industrial France is preferable to the old.

单选题One disadvantage of alliances foreseen by the critics is that air travel may be moreexpensive as a result of

单选题There are two major national parties in Britain: the Conservative party and ______ .

单选题Mornings at Seven For several years now my newsagent has been spelling my name incorrectly. Every morning I glance hopelessly at the top right - hand corner of my newspaper and wince. There is something vaguely uplifting about seeing one's own name, one's correct name written out in blue pencil at the top of a newspaper; and there is something litterly degrading about seeing one's name carelessly distorted. I have mentioned the matter to my newsagent several times, but it makes no difference. He is a surly, militant, independent devil, a monopolist of the worst kind. He does not realise of course that his carelessness causes me endless trouble and no little embarrassment. I take my newspaper to the office, I read it on the train, and the people with whom I travel mispronounce my name because they have only the newsagent's written instruction to go on. When I fail to recognise my spoken name they look at me suspiciously —— as though I have momentarily forgotten my latest alias. I used to rub out the newsagent's blue pencillings before I left home, but modern newsprint does not stand up to modern erasers for long and my paper was always very much the worse for wear when I reached the station. For a few weeks I drafted an imaginary dog whenever I unfolded the newspaper in public. My travelling companions and office colleagues remained puzzled, however. Some of them seemed to think that I was leading a double life ;the rest, that I was robbing somebody's letter- 60X on my way to work. Later I tried crossing out the newsagent's mark and writing my correct name underneath it, but even this move was misinterpreted. At the office it was assumed that I made a practice of collecting discarded newspapers from the train and passing them off as my own. No one actually said as much, but action sometimes speak louder than words. Naturally, I could not tell the newsagent of all these things. He would have laughed me out of the shop. I could only repeat my earlier protest... I was at the shop early. He was standing behind the counter, and as soon as I saw him I knew that there would be some unpleasantness. Mr Higson is never at his best unshaven, in slippers atmosphere and braces, and smoking on an empty stomach. The little shop was heavy with the bitter - sweet odour of fresh newsprint and ink: stacks of crisp newspapers and magazines lay neatly on the counter, and Higson and the boy were making up the daily round. "Express, Mirror and Woman, " said Higson with his eye on a grubby notebook. The boy collected the newspapers , flicked the magazine between their pages and placed the folded bundle before his master. Higson bent and scrawled a name in the top right - hand corner of the Express -- just to the right of the Crusader in Chains. "Times, Financial Times , Mail, "he barked. "Good morning, "I said, " Just a small point, I wonder... " Higson let his blue pencil clatter to the counter and looked up. "I thought it wouldn' t be long!" he said. "Must be a week or more since you last changed your order. " "I don't think... " "No use denying it, " he broke in. "All here in black and white. "He licked a finger and pushed at the pages of the notebook. "Here we are, " he said. "February 14, Mail instead of Chronicle. March 14, Herald instead of Mail and cancel Telegraph for eight days. April 1, Worker for Herald. May 26, Times instead of Felegraph, Chronicle instead of Worker. July 21th... " "Surely, "I said, "I' ve a perfect right to read which papers I like !" "You and old Topham!" he said. "What's Mr Topham to do with it?" I said. "Well he's another of 'em. Chop and change, chop and change. Must think I' ve nothing better to do. " "As a matter of fact, "I said, "I called on quite another matter. I wanted to draw your attention to the fact that there are two L's in my name. " "You gone and changed it again then he said. "And I should be obliged if you would spell it properly in future. " "O. K. , O. K. , "he said. "Two L's, anything else while we' re about it? How about ordering the Manchester Guardian every other Friday?" "No, that's all, "I said with all the digmity I could master. "Chronicle and Graphic, "he yelled. "Come on, boy, wake up ! Haven' t got all day !" Half an hour later my newspaper crashed through the letter-box. In the top right - handed corner, heavily underlined, was the word"Topham. /

单选题Canada's official national sport is______. A. curling B. skating C. cricket D. ice hockey

单选题In discussing the forces that influence health, the author implies that medical care services are ______.

单选题All of the following are true of the transplantation technique EXCEPT that ______.

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